 As part of a private and public sector education, we look at quality of teaching and learning in the private sector. We see that quality of teaching and learning is supposed to be the main factor for the rapid growth and acceptance of private educational institutions of Pakistan. Because that could be one thing which is compared with the public sector education system. And if this thing looks good in that, then they are trying to patronize these private sector schools. And the reason for their growth is that the perception of private sector educational institutions is better than what we see in the public sector schools. Now this is an image, this is an impression, this perception can be debated and we see that despite having a good building, it is not necessary that there is quality of education at the top. Where the fee is taken too much, we can expect it but again we see a lot of things. So the high cost schools which are running according to the chain, there the quality is assumed to be high and there is no questioning. Maybe higher the fee that might be a proxy for the quality of that educational institution. So the issue of quality is raised more frequently in low cost private schools. And these are those which are of low cost and assume, in fact the effect is that they are serving the low income population. So their quality is very different compared to that but still their quality is not questioned. Because these charges, their fee is very low compared with the chain private sector schools. So for the high cost private schools, parents have positive opinion and they run on that. So that is how we see that the fee might be one of the indicators or as a proxy could be used as a proxy for the quality of education. So in that there are some important things of quality. We can compare the qualifications of teachers and see what are the qualifications of the teachers in the private sector and what are the qualifications of the public sector. There is professional training or not, that could be one indicator. And then another indicator of quality is the student-teacher ratio. If the student-teacher ratio is low, then the interaction between the teacher and the student can be more. And if there is a big class, then it becomes difficult. And in the private sector, we see that since the classes are small, that is why the student-teacher ratio is less. That could be used as a proxy for let's say quality of education. So you can call these things as inputs. And these inputs might be considered as indicators or proxies for measuring the quality of education. But along with this, the schools of the private sector come up with other things. One of the very important things is that parents have personal preferences where their distance is. And some others are going there, some neighbours are going there. There are many things that can happen. And along with that, there is their marketing. How do they do their marketing publicity? So that is, these are the two important factors. The third factor is the past percentage of the students there. Not only past percentage but rather their grades level. That could be another important thing. So we see that assessment of learning and student achievements shape an idea of overall level of quality in private schools. But they might present different pictures. One or two researches are giving some kind of contradictory evidence. For example, assessment of third graders of public and private schools in Punjab by a 2007 World Bank study showed that pupils in private schools outperformed the public schools. So this is going into their sport. But we see another study in which we don't see this. So data from other studies. And there is an example of Punjab Examination Commission in Punjab and National Educational Assessment System nationally. They did assessment of grades 5 to 8 pupils. And in this study we saw that there are marginal differences between the students' performance from the public sector schools and the private sector schools. So one could come across various discrepancies in these studies. Therefore, we can give a conclusive statement. Nevertheless, private schools may look good only because the public schools' performance is miserable and due to that, the preference can be taken to other schools. And then there may be chances of low income schools where the students have to come to the private sector schools and come to the private sector schools. So that is how we look at the quality of learning in the private sector and public sector schools.