 Welcome everyone to the fourth plenary of the International Conference on Sustainable Development. We are thrilled that you are with us today for this plenary. We will be speaking to Minister Erica Munez of Panama and Dr. Agnes Calabata. Professor Sacks over to you for our first section with Minister Munez. Greetings everybody. I'm really excited. We were going to have a fantastic discussion with the Minister Munez who's a terrific dynamic leader, you're going to see in just a moment. She has had leadership responsibilities throughout her country's government throughout Panama's government, but also tremendous international experience in international commerce global negotiations. And so she has been a part of our very dynamic global negotiating and political and sustainable development environment. And Panama is stepping forward to be one of the world's leaders in not only getting to zero but as I understand it going negative on a mission so I want to understand what what that means in Panama's context, but Minister thank you so much for joining ICSD we're really thrilled. Are you in New York actually or are we speaking to you from Panama. You're in New York. You're in New York for the General Assembly fantastic so welcome. I hope all is well. Panama is staking out a very bold position I think you're, you're pushing that forward. Could you explain what that position is for everybody. Sure. Thank you. Excited to be here. I just actually finished and I think it's very relevant to mention I just finished a meeting with Surinams and Minister of Foreign Affairs as well as delegates from Bhutan, the three countries that are carbon negative right now in our planet. I think it's fascinating as we discussed and we're trying to form an alliance that will present at the COP26 were very different countries, yet we were all were the three of us were able to achieve being carbon negative, which means that in our view that everybody can and I'll start the Panama's view you know we have one of the main waterways in the world. We are economy. You don't think of Panama you think well they only their economy is based off tourism know we also have a robust industry based off a banking and and services, yet we were also able to achieve being carbon negative. And I think this leadership should also motivate other key players to do the same and I think as we are discussing how to forge this alliance I think some of the different strategies that three of us have adapted is very interesting in coming to the same conclusion to the same basic principle and commitment and now also maintain it because one thing is to be able to be carbon negative, but you also have to maintain it so you have to make sure that your energy matrix that everything that you have in place will not go out of balance as you as we all are aiming towards a greener future. So I think that's one example of when we think of COP26 and and what we can achieve the whatever we can do individual is great, but the real challenge is to coming across and a united forces and to actually drive meaningful change. Can you explain what is carbon negative in. How can you be carbon negative, given people are driving cars, driving cars and doing other things that you still are using gasoline for the moment. I imagine your power system that the electricity generation is all green. I imagine you're storing a lot of carbon in nature so could you describe to us what carbon negative means. So we are we receive, or we put out less than what we receive. And the way to think about this or the interesting aspect of this is yes our energy matrix is not completely but it's very green, but it's not the only aspect. We've had for a number of years to driving forces that have been able to maintain a very green country, one being there is a protection by law of indigenous populations and where they live and that is massive it's almost 60 or 70% of the country. And in addition to that, because of the Panama Canal and the water reserve there's also reserve land to make sure that there is enough rainfall to account for the water that a Panama Canal needs. So all those factors and have layered one on top of the other creating this environment where we are all times are able to to maintain this. What is the power to is, is the power hydropower mainly or mostly hydropower yes we we have also fuel base fossil fuel base but it's mostly hydro yes. And to secure your number one rank in the world of the negative or together with the button and sir sir and am is the third. Actually, you mentioned. I did not. Okay, we did not know that I did not know that so this is great to know. Are you going to electrification of vehicles and trying to actually even drive out the remaining little bit of fossil fuels. We have very aggressive objectives in all those fronts on the energy matrix on the electrification of cars there's a very, I think excited and aggressive and I think it goes to. A little bit and how do you maintain that and when it comes to citizens so it's not only public policy driven, but your actual citizens are believing and it goes to the identity. There are certain pride now within Panamanians of being carbon negative. So now these identity value percolates into people embracing our people embracing the idea and any new initiative it seems to be very well, well received from our citizens and so I think that goes to the identity and then this sort of pride of what you have and and being able to maintain it. And you send our congratulations also because this is it's really a great accomplishment and something to really something to admire. Can you describe what climate change threatens for the Panama Canal itself, because I imagine that's a major concern. And what are the concerns actually. Yeah, it so in the last decade we had less waterfall rainfall that less rainfall than ever in our history. And that essentially means that we don't have enough water reserves or fresh water to keep the Panama Canal going. We are going to invest over $1 billion in making sure that there is a proper water management system, and that I think goes to, or it makes it relevant to understand on one side one country that is going above and beyond so we don't have the goal of being carbon neutral for 30 years or 30 years, we're already carbon negative on one side. And then the other, you can see with the exact dollar amount, how much we're being affected by the climate change and I think this is something that we go through the Caribbean there are a number of countries greatly affected and that every time there's this cycle where climate change drives this natural disasters and all the resources go to are allocated essentially in dealing with the natural disaster rather than with and then the poverty cycle. Is Panama, or the three of you, Bhutan and Surinam calling for not only follow our lead but also changes in the international system, for example, you're protecting a lot of land area. The indigenous populations are protecting a lot of land area. Do you have a program or are you calling for a global program of payment for ecosystem services or payment to protect the standing forests. It seems that Panama should be receiving some kind of payments to make sure that the forest remain intact or even growing rather than chopped down as is happening in so many of the neighboring countries. I think that this this alliance also showcases the delegates from Bhutan as well as from Surinam kept saying but we're not receiving any resources neither are we I mean so you have here three to showcase like a true commitment on one side, zero in resources to actually ensure that that is maintained and that that the right incentives are there right for the proper policies that are for the benefit of the planet so I think that it's an interesting way to showcase what's happening and what we need to change. You're in the middle of a difficult region, by the way, are you seeing, and it has not gotten any easier with the crisis in Venezuela. We are being getting hit by lots of natural disasters. A lot of the neighboring countries to the just the north of Panama in Central America also reeling from what you described the drought. The lack of rainfall this is hurting a lot of small farmers who are migrating to the United States and that finding the border is closed and it's, there's, it's a kind of desperate situation. You and I have spoken a bit about the fragility of the region right now, and what, how the region somehow should get together, and what could be done, you know, to better understand and to dramatize the challenges that are really through the Caribbean Central America and much of South America right now. And, and it's interesting how you can link it all back to climate change so for instance, the massive migration that now we're receiving mostly from the Caribbean, because they're going themselves, the difficult time. Just links back to the first, first the principle that climate change is affecting us in all sorts of manners. One, and second, how are we dealing with this, and how are we actually making sure that the opportunities are that we're driving enough for the region support for all these economies that are in a very fragile state. You see it here in the United States where they are now, for instance, receiving agents that have migrated to South America and gone by foot all the way up to the north because it's unsustainable where they are at the moment so I think this is a phenomenon that we need to confront understand and actually deal with it because it will only get worse unless collectively they are true solutions that involve making sure that the resources are there to promote development. What's happening you're one of the lead diplomats of the region. Many countries are going through political political change, some political turmoil like Haiti, which is just awful, and it seems no end of escalating crisis. Is there a way right now for for the, for the Latin American Caribbean region to even come together to find a common voice right now because it's so urgent that this happen. The whole region is so interconnected as you say because migrants come across borders, it does nothing stops in one country. Everybody is feeling the ricochet effects. I think that there are two aspects that should give us some pause and now as we are at the United Nations to understand how we should be facing them. The pandemic for Latin America and the Caribbean. If you compare it to other regions was absolutely the worst we had a lot more deaths compared to the population, more cases, etc. So countries such as Haiti for instance just two months ago got their first shot. So we did not fare well on after the pandemic and we need to recognize the first thing is we need to recognize we were not well prepared we did not manage it well. And the second one, for instance, as we were talking about migration. There's not one country that can deal with that alone. So you can have the United States, you cannot have Panama you cannot have Haiti itself to, etc. Unless we come together and we understand that the solution has to be a joint decision in how we face how we confront how we deal with this. The better that we'll be at coming at the there's no other way it has become a matter of survival to understand that this types of crisis, the only solution is a solution that has to address it and have this multilateral fashion. And with respect to the polarization and the ideology, while there is one that we have to recognize, there are very urgent issues that are in all of our countries. We all have poverty regardless of whether you sit on the left or whether you sit on the right, we're all, we all need vaccines, we are all desperate for this economic recovery, we're all dealing with this migration. So at the end, they are the same underlying issues, and we need to put aside for a moment the political inclinations or whether you sit in one side or the other, and understand that they're very urgent matters that need to be addressed. You were, by the way, very much involved in the vaccine issues just trying to get the doses and organize the campaign and you've gotten a lot but could you describe what happened actually that made things so hard. From from your perspective because I think people that are listening would like to understand this better. So much of Latin America was not able to even get doses. And, you know, then they're criticized well why didn't they immunize their population so, could you describe a little bit of the milieu that you faced and that some countries still continue to face. We were lucky enough that we started very early so and and and starting early I will say and we have to recognize that when we're starting the idea of by lateral negotiations is not normal for vaccines we have a very robust vaccine system in Panama, never in our history to go in this bilateral agreement with the pharmaceutical, the natural way to go was through the WHO through the rotary function. So the normal sort of manners of acquiring vaccine. So even the idea when we presented it for our own citizens and within the government was not well received like why are we doing this and I think several countries face the same and they said, we're just going to wait it out and there will be this UN will come through. Yes. There will be availability for everybody and will be able to acquire it and that obviously did not happen so those that put a bet I guess, not knowing because I remember when we started this. There were 200 studies, 20 pharmaceutical companies of, you know, recognize and even coming up it was for countries to bet on a company and without knowing that there will be a product at the end. It's not an easy concept, especially if you have limited resources. So you have powerful economies that could say well I'm just going to bet in three or four and one of them will be fine. Well, if you have limited resources that maybe that's not available to you so there were a lot of challenges dealing with this and I think that we were lucky enough that we bet on the right one at the right time but that's a situation that we need to recognize. Of course I've been working with COVAX from the beginning which is the international WHO led effort and they could not get vaccines they signed contracts just like everybody else. And then, well the US or Europe or others said no you can't export vaccines there's an export ban. We're going to use the vaccines being produced here first. And so, all the countries that did not have your foresight, but went instead through the UN system which we were championing ended up at the back of the line. And until today, that queue is very long, you know, Africa still has only 4% of the population vaccinated and I speak pretty much weekly with the leadership in Geneva and it's very simple. We don't have vaccines. We can't get them. The companies are doing their deals or the big countries are taking, you know what what they want and so forth and so this is a massive crisis. I don't know if you'll be participating in Wednesday's vaccine summit, but it gives me a glimmer of hope. Well, I think it goes, that's a very important point. We can all sit and analyze what went wrong, but we're not doing anything different for next year. And that I think is a concerning part because you can say well, we didn't know everybody was scrambling around. Now we know yet for next year as because this is going to be every year, we're not doing anything different. The poor countries are sort of that with bigger resources are allotting and making sure that they have the same amount extra and then you'll see if you can deliver to some to other, and then the poor countries with less resources are still sort of waiting for that first one without even knowing what's going to happen for for next year so I think the most frustrating part is that we have not learned our lesson and we're not doing anything different for next year. But on Wednesday, there is this summit that President Biden has called a vaccine summit it's being called. And I'm advocating strongly that every vaccine producing country so that means China, Russia, India, European Union UK us is there so that this isn't geopolitics, you know one side or one country, but all of them are and that all the companies are there and the companies need also to participate in a multilateral system not just to make deals. And so, I'm hoping that Wednesday can be a breakthrough and that the UN finally can be actually empowered to have responsibility because right or I should say empowered to implement because it has responsibility but it can't implement. If there are no vaccines doses coming. It's when you take the politics out of it, because it from a politics standpoint, it's nice to say that you deliver vaccines for your population I understand that I recognize it. And we've come to understand also now that even if you provided all the vaccines to your population if there's another country out there without vaccines, the virus will modify itself and will end up with a strain that you were not able to prepare your population so. But this idea as it sounds okay in principle when you try to implement that you will still go back to the same. Well, I need to make sure that my, my folks are okay, and we'll see about the rest so we're going to have to change that mindset to get coverage, especially when people don't even have a first dose and the variants are spreading it's it's extremely, extremely dangerous. What's the mood that you're seeing you're probably at the start of your meetings this week, but on climate, do you see what you're hoping for, or is it skill confusion or overcome by geopolitics. Do you see the situation in New York today because we're all hoping that by the time we get to cop 26 countries are taking your lead, and though they can't be negative right away. They can at least say we're getting to zero at a minimum, and by a certain date. I think I am, I see, I am optimistic that at least I hear the concept over and over and that is, and I think a massive change as Panama we were talking about this for quite some time. It wasn't at the top of mind in terms of foreign policy or for several countries, and now it seems that it is an agenda topic in everybody's agenda and that I think is good it's positive and should be driving some change. I think the, the challenge is when you try to implement it where you try to deal with your own politics involved and and it's not always easy I will say for Panama we we passed a 30% protection of our oceans about two months ago. He wasn't easy. We had the fishermen industry that were not very thrilled about it. So, you know, like, once you try to implement all these changes you will have challenges and having this political backing from the international community, when you go back home I think it's important so I think optimistic that we need to actually drive the change. I heard the three of you going to put out some fact sheet or form a guiding edge for the world because I think it's a wonderful idea for Panama, Bhutan and Surinam to get together. And if you could explain how negative what does it mean and also this tremendous importance which I think is not well understood that any solutions require energy and land. Not only the energy system, but it's actually energy and land and then anything about land is also about human rights, inevitably. And so protecting indigenous populations is a wonderful added part of this that that they are stewards of traditional countries also you're protecting that legally. I think is an extraordinarily important message. So if the three countries could put out a fact sheet here's how you get to negative even now. And here's our energy matrix here's our land. Here's our spiritual and our, our guides of why we're doing this. It would be very inspiring I want to use that around the world in the next six weeks because we're in a very short time between now and 2026. There will be several important meetings. Not only this week's diplomacy but Pope Francis is meeting with religious leaders on climate in early October, then we have the G 20 meeting and I think what Panama, Bhutan and Surinam could help to show this hope, and that you're really doing it would be a Yes, no, thank you I we're also very excited and I think that you can see both the commonalities as you mentioned on the protection of land plus the energy matrix. And then also the differences that because I think that certain people associate or say well my country can do that because we don't live or you know we're not just the beach or we're not whatever it is that they think that makes sense or we're not just rain forest, you can do it regardless of where you said so long as you have the right policies in place and I, I think that seeing the differences and how you come to understanding Panama I think that before now or understand that what is good for the planet is also good for the economy so it's good for you you know so it goes to the education and the identity to understand because you need your citizens to embrace that because otherwise you don't come to the to the conclusion or the or the effects that you're looking for Fantastic I can tell you a minister one of my great choice was at the Panama canal a couple of years ago in one of the towers they let me press the button to give the clearance for the ship to move forward and the in the canal so it's extremely exciting. I'm also working and I will be back in touch with you on that with the the international efforts to make sure that the ships themselves are are going to be hydrogen fuel cell are going to be zero emission vessels there's a lot of exciting development with that I was in Athens recently talking to the Greek ship owners who are some of the largest shippers in the world. They're very determined to move to zero emission shipping that will come right through the canal so this is another area that we're going to be working on together no doubt, but let me close by thanking you for your leadership which is really exemplary and extremely important right now because we need we need leaders like you and we need governments and countries that are doing the things that need to be done for by all countries to give that inspiration and guidance and you're giving us a lot of inspiration so thank you for being at ICSD and it's a very important and memorable will carry forward your message and we'll look for the fact sheets also so that we can really make this known around the world. Awesome thank you for the opportunity wonderful to be here. Great to be with you will be seeing you soon. Bye bye. Great bye bye thanks a lot. Our next segment of this plenary is going to be a discussion between Professor Jeffrey sacks and Dr Agnes calabata. She is the special envoy of the secretary general in charge of leading the food system summit and we are very grateful to have her with us today because that event is on the 23rd and we know that she must be extremely busy with preparations for this very important and very large all encompassing event. So we are really grateful to have her and we are excited to hear about the preparations for that and I will put a link in the chat as well I'd encourage all of our participants to check out some of the food system summit events as well after ICSD is over. Agnes so welcome. So so so good to be with you and thank you. I can tell everybody listening and you you've had the most complicated job in the world in recent months because the food system is everything you know every one of us eats. There are hundreds of millions of people in farm families. Vast numbers of people whose livelihood is farming. And farming of course is both being hit hard by climate change the topic we were just talking about Agnes with the foreign minister of Panama moment ago, but it's also a contributor to all of the environmental stresses as well the greenhouse emissions, the water stress, the deforestation and so on so wherever you look land use sustainable food systems are at the center of the global agenda. And you were asked by the secretary general hey organize a summit on this so maybe you could describe but for everybody what is the UN food system summit it's an unprecedented occasion and what are the purposes and how is the preparation been going. Thank you Jeff and thank you for having me at this meeting and thank you for organizing this I just wanted to call you out because of the conferences you talked about you forgot to mention that this week. We have the food system summit on Thursday, the 23rd of September. Well of course I yes. This goes without saying that this week we're right here now. Yeah, very good. So this has been a culmination of an 18 months process the secretary general in 2019 came forward and asked that we actually launched the 2021 food system summit really recognizing two things that we are behind on SDG and that actually food systems touch nearly every SDG that is out there. And the fact that they are the solutions in our food system that could impact our food systems already exist and we just need to ensure that we raise the stakes enough from a people perspective and we harness the solutions that are already sitting among us. So what we did was to go out there and really start. I would call it a movement or a campaign to ensure that people everywhere understand what is at stake from a food systems perspective that our food systems are not serving. Some of the purposes would like to see coming out of food health diets for people really something that is challenged because we have over 3 billion people that have challenges of health that related diseases. Then the question of contribution to climate change where we know now that we contribute about 30% to climate change. Then the question of course of contributing to biodiversity loss which is huge, but at the end of the day food systems also about feeding people. And we are feeding people yes we figured out very good ways of feeding people except 811 million people still go to bed hungry. So all these are challenges that are very, very interconnected that are found near everywhere in the world that we have to deal with. So the summit put in place of course what we call national dialogues now we have over 148 countries engaging dialogues and the most important part of the dialogues is the pathways they are putting forward. A pathway is a country's strategy basically to deliver on a food systems approach. Really moving away from the siloed thinking about food from a hunger perspective or just a nutrition perspective to thinking about food as a combination of dealing with hunger, dealing with nutrition, dealing with environmental challenges, talking about the water we use and all those challenges and today I'm very happy to say that now. 83 countries have actually submitted national pathways that they will be talking about at the summit this week. We in terms of solutions again to the call the Secretary General made he talked about mobilizing solutions from the landscape. We've mobilized over 2500 solutions. Now clustered in 252 solution clusters and countries are using these solutions to really design their pathways, and you can click on a challenge that your priority that you have to address, and you'll find solution, you not only find a solution, but you find an institution that's behind that is that solution. You'll find experts that are behind those solutions. So that's really what we've been doing and then the scientific group has been working on the science of the summit trying to rationalize where we are coming from and where we are going. And they put out seven priorities that can be put on that science policy interface and help us move forward on how we can deal with the challenge of food systems. They've put out seven solutions that people can look at. And all this information is going to be made available at the time of the summit. So in a nutshell, Jeff, I'm feeling really happy that we've come to this moment where we get to show the world what the summit has been able to achieve, but also where we begin the journey of delivering against the food system because it actually begins on that very day. The journey of trying to deliver against a functional food system begins on the 23rd. So it's amazing because people didn't know even what a food system is exactly. Like you said, a food system is what's on the shelf of the grocery store or a food system is a farm but they didn't understand it as a system. So what happened in these dialogues when people got together, it must have been amazing at the beginning, just all of the different perspectives. So one of the things that has worked very well is governments coming up with what they are calling national conveners and these national conveners are very well placed people, many of them sitting in very high offices in the government. And the reason is very simple. I mean, in my own country as a minister of agriculture, so this you get in cross sectors to talk to each other and drop their individual sector logos and come to discuss how to move a sector forward from from an environmental perspective, health perspective, and even bring in trade ministries and the minister of finance and try to find ways of talking about food and the way it impacts health environment. It's not something that people do every day but having that type of convener has helped shape the conversation and the convener has worked with from a UN perspective with the each countries resident coordinator where they exist. And this really brought the UN system on one side and the national system on the other side and help bring in conversation that can move things forward. They also bring it brought in what we are calling constituencies, young people, women, and, and, and farm producers, farmers, officials and brought them into the conversation so that together they can think about how to move forward, you know, addressing the different challenges that the food system presents to people. So really, I think with the whole idea of having one stops, you might quote a one stop shop in this person, it helped governments really start thinking through how they can move out of their silos and come together in a conversation that can transform the food system. It's, it's, it's very impressive because you know these dialogues were complicated are complicated, but actually, they're essential for getting a common language on these issues, because I do think the natural thing is everyone has their particular perspective and they don't really see much across all these issues. So you paint a picture for you just so you get a sense of how, how complicated this can be but also how profitable and meaningful it can be. I mean, in my own country, I wonder, when I was still working with the government, you have a situation where you're trying to deal with nutrition, not really a malnutrition, but we always look at malnutrition most countries that have that challenge, look at malnutrition from a health perspective, never from a nutrition perspective. And then we never even ministries of environment really don't stop to think that actually Minister of Agriculture must be the who is the number one carpet of how we use this environment in an agricultural country. That's two things we did really moving resources from a Minister of Health that you're using to deal with the challenge of malnutrition and put it in investing in an investment instrument that produces food for 1000 days and mothers that were having challenges. So we did make an investment in a business as a country in a business to produce food for for kids 1000 days, which is extremely important. This is money that otherwise would go to pay for malnutrition, right. Right. We also are doing the same environmental perspective where we are removing people from sensitive areas from a very fragile areas and moving them to places where the environment is more stable to avoid the situation where you will have to pay for the cost of not having done the right thing. So these are all beginning to emerge as the true value of food, you know, a concept that is becoming more and more important as in this food system, but the concept that definitely would serve us very well, because if we do it right. What's going to happen on Thursday. How is how will this. It's so vast. So what what's the what's the hope for Thursday in terms of the main actors coming together and saying Oh, I get it now. So, like you're saying it's vast because food systems are complex. And one, we've, we've made a few mistakes along the way of trying to simplify things and always came back to bite us every time we try to simplify things. So food systems are extremely. Yeah, because every time you simplify someone says hey but what about us or our group we're part of this it's incredible actually yeah. Exactly, exactly, but I will say one thing. Now, you know, moving forward, I would say we have a number of pieces that we've agreed on that can take us forwards that have built significant momentum, the pathways so I'll not repeat them but the pathways are huge opportunity for countries to define priorities investment areas implementation modernities. In fact in Africa the Africa already Africa already has a common position and has already figured out using its existing conduct mechanism has already figured out how they are going to undo I mean to redo or adjust sorry the word is adjust to adjust the conduct mechanism tracking so that they can start reporting from a system perspective that's already happening. And that's huge. That's that the whole continent is ready to adjust its monitoring mechanism to be able to address the challenge of food and the rest of the world is being the same. From a solutions perspective, we have identified so many solutions but when it came to really picking and saying you know these are going to be the areas of focus. We really found ourselves getting into that space where people are saying how about me how about, how about the other then you realize how complex food systems are what so what we've done is we've provided areas of focus major areas of focus and we'll see these as five major major areas of focus. The whole area of nourishing people that deals with malnutrition that deals with ending hunger but deals with health as well so that's critical area, as we speak today. The area of dealing with climate, I mean environmental and climate related issues we need to address the question of climate change, but we'll send it to address the question of biodiversity. The area of living income and equity I could call it the question of equity, ensuring that there's a living income for people working in the value chain, decent work and empowerment of communities. This is something that came really to the fore during COVID-19 with so many people falling out of the ability to feed their families so that's very critical. This is a question of resilience. Communities everywhere, especially many of us that live around the equator and not going to be able to move out of poverty, unless we do two things we need to fix resilience as people that are living around the equator, but also the need to fix the question of climate change. So there's no way there's no way around these two. But then there's the last point of course that we are trying to address here is implementation how do we get all this done and there are three things here. Access to funding and finance mobilizing financial resources to accompany all this work. Governance recognizing that foods delivering on food system is going to require governance that brings sectors together but also brings other stakeholders in and then innovation recognizing that this whole process has to be laid by science to policy to investment. That area has to always continuously evolve and it's a huge opportunity. So those are the areas that we are focusing on and in that umbrella we are allowing people to really define themselves conscious to define themselves and find themselves because it's really critical to to localize the solution that we are going to be talking about. I know you've thought a lot about what's supposed to happen the next day, although all the attention is oh my God we've got a summit unprecedented and every part of the world engage but how will the process continue onward. And I want a couple of points I want to mention one is that, you know, I'm thrilled to help lead for the UN, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network which is a host of the conference but that's 1500 universities that should take up this agenda. So how can we take up the agenda in teaching in new research programs and so on and how to get this innovation piece into the actual work of universities around the world, and then on finance of course one of my favorite subjects. We want to go raise the money afterwards so G20 process, Indonesia will be presidency of the G20 in 2022, and they've got many of these challenges of land use and sustainability so I think there's a receptive, a receptive G20 leader for this so how do we continue after the summit itself. So let's remember the premise and of which the summit was initiated in the first place. The summit was initiated because the Secretary General was not hearing from enough of you, enough of us. So, so yes he has UN institutions, but we are really, really there was a real disconnect from when it comes to hearing from the rest of the world. And that's very what the work we've done shows that the rest of the world has so much to offer. So there has to be a mechanism that allows, or where the UN is open to ensuring that this information, this knowledge is always coming through that's why we put innovation as the critical part of how we go forward. We have to be prepared to continuously receive ideas, young people, taking people, I mean universities, the innovation that is happening is so fast, the innovation is happening so fast. The question is, our ability to abilities to respond from a police perspective from an investment perspective from a utilization perspective. Are they commensurate and these efforts commensurate with the level of innovation that is happening in the in the institutions. And that's the disconnect and that's the disconnect we must not allow to go forward now that we know how we can harness this energy. So every year, I mean every two years, the UN Secretary General, it's planned, you will hear, I'm sure you hear this on Wednesday, on Thursday, it's planned that every two years we will have food systems type of summit. I just don't know how big it will be there. And the idea is to track many of the things we've agreed on, but also then to track all these ideas that we are talking about. Are we mobilizing finances first enough, are we incorporating innovations first enough, are we governing rights to ensure that you're moving in the right direction. So there will be an opportunity every two years for this to be to be followed up on in terms of financing. We have been working with the World Bank, and they put in place what we are, we put in place what you're calling the finance level of change. What the World Bank has been doing, which they will present this week at the summit is a financing architecture that they see that would be critical to how we fund the food system going forward. I will not go into the details of the financing architecture but suffice it to say that this is being thought through. And the reason I want to go into it is again recognizing the complexity of finding a food system, and that's why they come at it from an active perspective, so that again give people an opportunity to find themselves, but also provide direction for different areas. Some of it will come through what is now being called mass stakeholder coalitions that are looking at some of the major areas, some of the major issues. So for example, a major issue is around school feeding, ensuring that the 300 million children that have fallen out of ability to have food at school because of COVID can get fed and many more. The question of an end to hunger, the question of dealing with climate change. So there are a number of coalitions that are being formed that are already beginning to demonstrate what solutions can look like when several partners come together. So funding is going to be through traditional funding mechanisms through new instruments that are being created, but also through these partnerships that are being formed. It's really exciting and I think very educational and also very much part of what schools and universities should do. And I always felt by the way in seeing rural schools at primary and secondary level, teaching these things to kids because they're living in the midst of a farm community, but they could learn not only some agronomy of course but also some climate change some global politics, you know, to be each of them can become a food system expert from their own point of view so I think this is also something that we could work on. It's interesting that you said that last two weeks ago in the we have the African Agia reform that happens in Africa every and brings heads of state and other people the government of Kenya, lunch what they are calling the 4k clubs. And the 4k clubs really it's the idea is to get kids very young at a very early stage and start teaching them food systems, start teaching them climate and climate related issues and responsibility to the environment. More importantly, the government was reaching us to other countries to be part of that so they look at it as a critical effort in the country, but they look at it they're also looking at themselves as really taking responsibility for how this effort goes across the continent. So yes, from an education perspective actually maybe the problem we have is that we never thought that we should be we should anchor everything we are doing to be today into education we come at it a bit too late right. Exactly. No, and you know, the curriculum was often made in London or Washington or someplace 50 years ago, and you look around in a, you know, in a rural school. Oh my God, it's the most interesting thing imaginable. The ecosystem is in front of your eyes it's not some theory of a kid in an urban setting, you know that doesn't know it and so I think that there really are great, really great opportunities, pedagogical opportunities, and how exciting the agenda is. I think it's interesting what the things we are taught. I remember in primary school, they used to teach us how to calculate the height of tides, and the question I had is what is the tide. They were asking us how to come through on cow peas or beans or things that we do every day I have to calculate the height of a child and I'm like, when I came to find out what this means I was just surprised at how misplaced sometimes with patients and you know, whether I'm fixing that part that's a bit of our agenda at SDSN is also, we have the target SDG 4.7 which says that all children should learn sustainable development and food systems can be an absolutely core part of that. We have lots of partners around that but I think great creative opportunities to bring a real curriculum that makes sense. If you're in Rwanda, probably measuring the tide is not the best way but measuring the corn stock maybe the best way. Very good. We're wishing you all success on Thursday, I can say to the world I've watched you at work this past year, and it's so impressive, what what you've done, and people a year ago said impossible. I can't do this too complicated take one little thing. Or it's going to all blow up because you know you can't find a language around it and you found a language of priorities of pathways of stakeholders of a way forward and it's it's really a fantastic accomplishment just a great tribute to your leadership. Thank you I think the common thread between all of us is we care about our planet. We eat every day. We care about the future of our children. And I think that's that's what brought us all together COVID reminded us what is at stake, and that worked very well. I think what we need to do now is just harness that energy that we have demonstrated, take it forward, and really build a better future for our children. And thank you Jeff for participating in the pre summit and raising the stakes, that was really good. Thanks, thanks to you we're honored that you've joined us in a busy week on behalf of everybody we want to thank you and wish you all success on Thursday because that's our success to for the world and I'm asked to announce also that we will have for parallel session starting in five minutes and in the chat you can the links to that and then in about two hours and 40 minutes we'll be joined by her Excellency shake has seen a prime minister of Bangladesh so that will be our next plenary and Agnes thank you so much. It's been great to be with you for this time and we'll see you on Thursday. Thank you. Bye bye.