 A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar I.S. Academy. Today's date is 26th of May 2022. The list of articles we are going to discuss today is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. Let's start our discussion with this previous preliminary question. See, this is a very easy question. If you have followed any newspaper religiously, you would have answered this question. Let me read out the question. Consider the following statements about PVTGs. That is particularly vulnerable tribal groups in India. Statement 1. PVTGs reside in 18 states and one union territory. Statement 2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. Statement 3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. Statement 4. E-Ruler and Kondari tribe are included in the list of PVTGs. We have to find the correct statements here. Note that there are 75 tribal groups who have been categorized as particularly vulnerable tribal groups in India. They reside in 18 states and one union territory of India. If you know this statement alone, you can arrive at the answer which is option C12 and 4. See, there are four criteria followed for determination of PVTGs. They are a pre-agriculture level of technology, stagnant or declining population, extremely low literacy and a subsistence level of economy. So, here statement 2 is also correct and regarding statement 4, it is also correct. E-Rulers are found in Tamil Nadu whereas Kondaris are found in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Now, we will see some facts regarding PVTGs. See, tribal communities are often identified by some specific signs such as primitive rights, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness to contact with the community at large and backwardness. Along with these, some tribal groups have some specific features such as dependency on hunting and gathering for food, having pre-agriculture level of technology, zero or negative growth of population and extremely low level of literacy. These groups are called particularly vulnerable tribal groups. Note that PVTGs are more vulnerable among the tribal groups. See, in 1973, Devar commission created primitive tribal groups that is PTGs as a separate category who are less developed among the tribal groups. And in 2006, the government of India renamed the PTGs that is primitive tribal groups as particularly vulnerable tribal groups that is PVTGs. Okay, so here is only statement 3 is wrong. All others are correct. So, our final answer will be option C, 1, 2 and 4. Now, look at this news article. It talks about the Ayushman Bharat digital mission in India. The focus of the mission is to create an electronic health record for more than 1.3 billion people of India. And this was said by the union minister for health and family welfare at the World Economic Forum annual meeting. This is the crux of the news article given here. So, in this context, let us learn about this Ayushman Bharat digital mission in detail. See, this topic will be very useful for your prelims as well as mains. So, kindly pay attention. This Ayushman Bharat digital mission was launched by prime minister via video conferencing on 27 September 2021. See, it aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens and it will create digital health records. Okay, so it will help hospitals, insurance firms and citizens to assess health records electronically when it is required. And this Ayushman Bharat digital mission will connect the digital health solutions of hospitals across the country with each other. This mission will not only make the processes of hospitals simplified, but also it will increase the ease of living. And it will also enable a host of other facilities like digital consultation and consent of patients in letting medical practitioners assess their records etc. So, with the implementation of this scheme, old medical records of citizens cannot get lost because every record will be stored digitally. Okay, and this Ayushman Bharat digital mission aims to develop the backbone necessary to support the integrated digital health infrastructure of the country. That is, it will bridge the existing gap amongst different stakeholders of healthcare ecosystem through digital highways. Now, coming to its objectives, it aims for the attainment of highest possible level of health and well-being for all citizens at all ages. This will be done through a preventive and promoted healthcare orientation in all developmental policies. It also aims for universal access to good quality healthcare services without any financial hardships to its citizens. So, to achieve this, a national digital health blueprint was produced. This laid out the building blocks and an action plan to comprehensively and holistically implement digital health. This document describes about a digital ecosystem for healthcare services across the country. Okay, see, basically the Ayushman Bharat digital mission began as a one-year pilot project in six union territories. That is, in Andamanicoba Islands, Chandigarh, Dadar and Nagarhaveli, Damanandu, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Now, it is being implemented throughout the country. As we discussed, it is a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage in an efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner. Okay, see, there will be a provision of wide range of data, information and infrastructure services. Also, it works upon open, interoperable, standards-based digital systems and will ensure the security, confidentiality and privacy of healthcare personnel information. Just have a look at this image to know who are all involved in this national digital health ecosystem. As you can see, the stakeholders includes central government, state government, program managers, hospitals and clinics, labs, pharmacies, wellness centers, health tech companies, doctors, associations, regulators and NGOs. Okay, now regarding the key components of the mission, it will create health IDs for every citizen. Okay, then there will be healthcare professionals registry where a repository of all healthcare providers like doctors, nurses, pharmacies will be created. And there will be also healthcare facilities registries, which includes the registries of doctors and hospitals, and it will ensure ease of doing business for hospitals and doctors. Okay, so that's all regarding this news article. In this news article, we saw about Ayushman Bharat digital mission, the purpose of the mission, its objectives and various stakeholders involved in the mission. And finally, we saw about the key components of the mission. With this learning, we will move on to next news article discussion. Look at this news article. This news article is about another application of 3D printing. It is to use 3D printing in construction sector like houses. For this, a cement manufacturing company called India Siemens has tied up with a startup company which already demonstrated India's first 3D printed house. The startup is Twasta manufacturing solutions. And this is the first of its kind collaboration for the construction industry. The collaboration will develop raw material formulations to be used in 3D printing applications. This is the crux of the news article given here. So, in this context, let's revise the basics of 3D printing and its significance. See, 3D printing or three-dimensional printing is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file. Know that it is also known as additive manufacturing, because it creates 3D printed object using additive process. In an additive process, an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created. Or in simple words, additive process adds material layer by layer. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the actual object. See, this additive process starts with making a virtual design of the object that has to be created. This virtual design is a CAD model. CAD stands for computed aided design. See, CAD uses 3D modeling program for a new object or it uses a 3D scanner for an existing object. Here, slicing software is used to slice the final model into hundreds or even thousands of horizontal layers. Here, every slice will be a 2D image. Then after this, the prepared file is uploaded in the 3D printer and then the printer creates the object layer by layer in a precise German trick shapes. The 3D printer reads every slice which is a 2D image and proceeds to create the object, blending each layer together with no signs of the layering visible. And this results in a single three-dimensional object. Hence, 3D printing is done here. See, this is a 3D printer. Also know that the addition of material can happen in multiple ways. These ways include powder deposition, resin curing and filament fusing. In this way, 3D printing has potential to transform next generation manufacturing because it expands design freedom and it also reduces time to market. That is total length of time to bring a product from consumption to market availability is reduced mainly because 3D printing is time effective. So, manufacturing of a product is much faster here than in all conventional manufacturing technologies. It also brings production closer to demand. It is cost effective because about 98% of the raw material is used in the finished part unlike conventional manufacturing. Then there is also lower capital cost per machine. It also improves industrial sustainability. See, it is almost used in every sectors. It is used to create both capital goods and consumer goods. See, I have given here the different applications of 3D printing in various sectors and their advantages. Just go through it. This is very relevant for your preliminary examination. So, that's all regarding this news article. In this article, we have discussed about 3D printing which is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. It is also known as additive manufacturing because it creates 3D printed object using additive process. Okay, additive process is nothing but adding material layer by layer. Then we have seen about the mechanism of additive process and then we saw about the applications of 3D printing. With these key learnt points, let's move on to next news article discussion. Now look at this news article. It is taken from the Chennai Metro Plus page. This news article talks about a new game developed by the Chennai students. It spreads awareness about different ecosystems and species. Also, it gives an awareness about what we can do to conserve the species. Okay, see, you may think why this topic is being discussed. Friends kindly understand that writing unique answers can enhance your mains mark in the exam. When we talk about uniqueness in mains exam, don't think big. See, it can even be a small example like the game which we are going to discuss now. So, in this discussion, we will see about this innovative game and how it can be quoted as an example in our mains answer. Okay, now let's start the discussion. See, a group of educators and students worked for five months on a project. The final result of this project is the game called the Wilderness Game. This is done by a city-based Palluid Trust. Now, let us see about the game in brief. See, this game is essentially a pack of cards. Here, just think of cricket or wrestling cards, which we have played in our childhood right. And the difference between the cricket or wrestling cards and this ecology cards is that the image of sea creatures or species will be used instead of the image of such an or the undertaker. Also, a flood of real-world information about the species will be thrown in these cards. These cards, that is the ecology cards are designed for people about the age of 10. The gameplay format takes into account the mindset of millennial and Gen Z generations. Here, Gen Z generation means the people who are born between 1995 and 2012. And the millennial means the people born between 1981 and 1996. Basically, it takes into consideration the mindset of 80s, 90s and 2k kids. Okay, see, regarding the game, it's very simple. Each pack has 110 cards like ecology cards, species cards and action cards. Here, when you pick a species card and read out some of the hints printed on it to your friends, then they should guess what species it is. The hint can be diet, location, zone or the creatures role in the ecology. Okay, those people who finds the species the most number of times, they win the game. And let me tell you another example. See, you guys remember the craze we all had for Pokemon Go, right? For people who don't know about the game, Pokemon Go involved people going around with their phones to catch virtual creatures on their phones. And in the case of Pokemon Go, we all got excited over virtual creatures. Now, imagine how fun the same game will be if you can actually see the animals in real life. It will be more exciting, right? On one hand, it will be a fun activity. And on the other hand, it will create awareness about various funnels. And knowing about the species and the whole ecology will help in reducing their exploitation. And this kind of games creates awareness at a very young age itself. And this awareness will help to create a sustainable environment. It will greatly help in species conservation also. So when you use these kind of real time examples in your answers, it will add uniqueness to your answers. So try to break the monotonous way of approaching all your main sensor, okay? So that's all regarding this news article. In this news article, we saw about a game called the Wilderness Game, which is essentially a pack of cards. And then we saw how this game will help in conservation of a species and how it will help in creating a sustainable environment. With these key learned points, let's move on to next news article discussion. Look at this picture. It shows the Tiwa tribesmen performing their traditional dance at the Vanchua festival. This is at a village in Karbi Anglang district of Assam. See, agriculture is the mainstay of the community that lives in the hills. And during this festival, Tiwas pray for a bountiful harvest and protection from pests and natural calamities. In this context, let us know about the Tiwa tribe and the Vanchua festival, which is very much useful for your problems, okay? See, the Tiwas are people living in hills and plains in the northeastern part of India. Majorly, they are found living in the middle part of Assam, Morigaun, Nagaun, southeast part of Kambrup, west Karbi Anglang, and the northeast part of Riboy district of Megalaya. See, the Tiwa people are living in a compact area, but they are divided into different parts by the political boundaries of Assam and Megalaya. Note that they have their own languages, primarily Tiwa language, but they lack well-rounded literary creations and requisite grammatical skills. So, they have not been given the status of a literature, and their languages are termed as dialects. The Tiwa people are aboriginal dwellers of Assam, and they are recognized as a scheduled tribes. Note that the Tiwa are generally matrilineal, like the Qasis and Garos. See, the Tiwa people have different clans, and marriage in the same clan is considered to be a great social crime. Hence, importance is given in this manner at the time of setting a marriage. Then, when we talk about religion, God and Goddess of the Tiwa, the Tiwa have got great faith in religion, God and Goddesses. The Tiwa people build Nobaro in the village and they assemble there. Nobaro is nothing but the place of worship. They follow some religious customs and principles. They mainly worship the God Paa Mahadev. Now, let us see some folk festival and pujas of Tiwa. See, the Tiwa people observe many festivals in a year. Firstly, the Sogra is an annual festival of the Tiwa. Then, coming to Vanshwa festival, it is a great festival that is observed in their village. This festival is celebrated with the aid of Tiwa tribesmen. This is to mark their top harvest. It comes with songs, dances, a bunch of rituals and human beings clad in their native attires. Then, Yangli is a festival of Tiwas. It is basically a festival of welcoming of Goddess Lakshmi. Then, coming to another important festival that is Kalika Puja, which is a special puja of the Tiwa people. Know that Kalika is the Goddess of the Tiwa. She is also called Kechaikaiti, which denotes raw or uncooked eater. So, the Goddess is served with raw or uncooked sacrifice and this puja is held annually. Okay, so that is all regarding this news article. In this news article, we saw about Tiwa tribes and the Vanshwa festival. Now, let us move on to the next news article discussion. See this article here. This article states that Supreme Code recognizes sex work as a profession. The Code observed that every individual in this country, including sex workers, has a right to a dignified life under Article 21 of the Constitution. A three-judge bench invoking special powers under Article 142 of the Constitution directed that when the sex worker is an adult and is participating with consent, then the police must refrain from interfering or taking any criminal action. The bench also ordered that a child of a sex worker should not be separated from the mother merely on the ground that she is in the sex trade. Okay, the Code also noted that basic protection of human decency and dignity extends to sex workers and their children. And when the sex worker makes a complaint of any criminal or sexual or any type of offense, the police must take it seriously and act in accordance with the law. So, these are the important points mentioned in this news article. With these key learned points, let us move on to the next part of our news article discussion, which is preliminary practice question discussion. Now, look at this first question. Which of the following materials are used in additive manufacturing? Polycarbonate, metal alloys, gold, zirconia, biomaterials. And we have to find the correct answer from the code given below. See, this question may appear difficult, but it is actually easy. Because the moment you realize additive manufacturing is nothing but 3D printing, you can arrive at the correct answer which is option D. See, all these materials are used in 3D printing. Here, PC is a thermoplastic polymer. Thermoplastic polymers are the most popular additive manufacturing material. It includes polycarbonate, polylactic acid, that is PLA, water soluble, polyvinyl alcohol, that is PVA, etc. Then metal and metal alloys are also used. So, precious metals like gold, silver, etc. are also used. Then a variety of ceramics like zirconia, alumina and tricalcium phosphate are also used. And next is the biomaterials created using silicon, calcium phosphate, zinc, living cells, tissues, etc. So, our correct answer here will be option D, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now, look at the second question. Consider the following statements with reference to the Ayushman Bharat digital mission. Every citizen will get a digital health ID and their health record will be digitally protected. It helps in ensuring the ease of doing business for hospitals. And we have to find the correct answer here. See here, both the statements are correct. We have seen in our discussion that it aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens and it will create digital health records. It will help hospitals, insurance firms and citizens assess health records electronically when it is acquired. Also, it works on open interoperable standards based digital systems and it will ensure the security, confidentiality and privacy of health related personal information. So, statement one is correct. And regarding statement two, it is the key component of the mission which is digital health care registry. It will ensure the ease of doing business for doctors or hospitals. So, our correct answer here will be option C, both 1 and 2. Look at this question. This question is regarding Tivas. See, this is a very easy question. This is a quiz question for you. Find the answer and post it in the comment section. The main question is displayed here. Write your answer and post that also in the comment section. If you like the video, hit the like button, post your comments and share the video with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thanks for watching.