 This is our fourth GLF, the fourth GLF we participate in so we started in Warsaw and we started like with smaller programs and then we started going really big and this program actually well this is a smaller GLF and and this time we've had three weeks so this is what what is interesting like we have a large alumni base and we mobilized our like 150 alumni from previous years and we co-designed well all the session together it's always we try to have like really inclusive processes so we we did this on Facebook and first we started asking like what do we want like do we want just a brainstorm or do we want what is the objective that we're looking for and we came up with promoting innovation and real solutions so that's something that we're going to do now and the problem that we wanted to tackle again like we asked everybody and we got a lot of different ideas we got integration inter intergenerational inequality we had engaging youth and GLF model we had rural migration of youth and the great disconnection to processes that happen so that's why in the end well a lot of different suggestions were made and we voted for the most popular one which was disconnection to interconnection so it's a bit of a mix of the recommendations that were made the role of youth in shifting perceptions and presenting solutions to rural to urban migration so with this we also needed to know who we were going to address this to so that we would know we would need to know how to do it that was David's idea and our targets are international government agencies there are policy makers there are researchers there everybody who might work with rural to urban migration that we could we could work with them to address this issue so the way we are going to structure this is first we're going to have a few speakers that are going to present some like their case studies with migration sorry about this paper and then we're going to have a discussion we're going to split into groups after David will also explain a little bit by the way I'd like to present David he's been a big like big brain of this session like he's helped us a lot just designing this and also he's a great facilitator but you'll see that in a while so we're going to break up into different breakup groups and we're going to discuss the issues that you will see from the videos and presentations that will be coming up shortly and then just wrap up and here we'll have David will explain this later but the facilitators who have been part of the facilitation workshop that happened yesterday so first up we will be looking at experiences from people who have migrated from rural to urban areas and also people who have migrated back to to rural areas and and why and we're going to see like what these challenges aren't like how to overcome the challenges that that may cause these or or or that are linked to this up to the subject and the solution to this design challenge will be like through dialogue and participation conversation between a diverse group of actors so like as you can see there's a lot of young people but there's also people who can also have experience with us and who can maybe help with their own points of view and making this more of an integral process so I would like to invite our first speaker who is Daniela Rivas and she's going to come up. Thank you very much for joining us. I'm Daniela Rivas and I'm from Peru currently I'm the country representative for the job professional for the cultural development wiper and I'm also alumni from 2014 and 2015 Jordan landscape initially so it's really like being home it feels like being here I'm so glad to introduce you a couple of histories both coming from rural Peru from two totally different landscapes the first one from the Amazonia and the other one from the Andes our highlands these are not extraordinary histories at least in my country but they come from extraordinary people who migrate from rurality to achieve a better education in Lima which is the capital city of my country therefore I bet this audience in particular is going to feel connect within what they have to say at the final we will present some comments of from rural elders and I hope you can enjoy here in Lima in the first two months it was very frustrating for me the difference in education in Lima and in Uruguay it is very bad little by little I was learning preparing myself it cost me a lot because I did not have basic education let's say this is a time when I entered the laboratory, I decided to go to my vocation in Zamoyovanga to be able to contribute or see everything that I learned in class, I planted it in the field I went up two months for it, helping my father with the winery, we have sable lecheros, it has cane, sugar, cocoa leaves, so I have always grown in that field, I have always grown in that field world, my life has always been being surrounded by animals, by plants and living in the mine with nature, my other friends were mentally able to study in the university, there are only good institutes, good voices, bad commerce, clothing, coffee, card, etc. I have always had a good time, I have very good memories there in Mollevambas, even I have lived there for a very long time, I would like everyone to know Mollevambas Hello, my name is Emerson Haime-Bomán, I am from the department of Montabedica, province of Ayacaja, I am from Fugamba, from the Pondías Campesinas de Yanangia, I am going to tell you a little that I am a student of Lima, first of all, and today I have been on the road to get to study in Lima When I was in the fourth grade of college, I saw a teacher, I heard the teacher talking about Juan Caio Lima, there is a lot of education, education is the double and triple of what we are doing here, I heard that and I said, but I am going to go one day, that one day it was done in two years, when I finished college, or the help of Pécal 18, I came to sign what I had been waiting for, because I wanted to see how that level of education was in Lima, when I arrived in Lima everything was different, it was quite different from being in the countryside, being in the city, when I arrived I was alone, I was sad, several times I regretted that because I decided to go to Lima, crying in the afternoon, because I was always worried about my mother, about my father, about playing with my teammates, it was quite sad for me, the first three months, from the first three months there I felt a little relaxed, the first three months I wanted to return to my community, how to return to my community, because I did not adapt, I was quite shocked, when I was in college things were quite different, my teammates, for those who did not give me anything, they treated me differently, one because they did not know very well, because in college they did not know how to behave, because the teachers are from the same community, they are not professionals from Lima and from Bancaio, that was one of the factors, I did not know very well the subject of mathematics, language, and others, I did not know and when we formed groups to develop a job, it exploded, that was in the first cycle and in the second cycle, I have always projected myself into impossible goals, impossible not because I am going to do it like that, my goal is always to go to other countries and that is why I arrived in Lima, right now that I have 18 years and in the next few years I will possibly go to other countries. With all these projects that I have opened in the municipality, I went to the people in the city, all of them there, 70 of them are late, they pay them 30, 35 and they do not want it. If you say that you have studied, what do you want to study? No, my daughter is from the Bancaio administration. Totally different? Yes, and my daughter is studying, but she is not a technician, she is not a technician. I really like the field. The field does not know, but what is animal, that is, the culture of the others does not know. My daughter is also going to Lima, it is already difficult to take her with her mother. And do you know how parents would have liked your children to continue their studies in a different way? Partly, yes, partly not, because the culture is very different. We can see some of the challenges that were presented here, right? So why do people migrate? How can we address these challenges to make people say, because not all of them want to leave, or what is making us lose the connection to our roots and nature? Why are we not finding these opportunities like a feeling anymore? Maybe the big question that we are trying to address is, so with our next speaker is also a Youth and Landscapes Alumni, and it's, please correct me if I'm pronouncing your last name right. So it's Arman from Ireland, so it rhymes, that came up yesterday, but please share your experiences with us. So much, how's everyone feeling? In a long day there's so many other, so many good conversations this morning. So this is one of my favorite conferences, I'm so happy to be invited and I'm so excited to speak to you as a Youth Alumni or a Youth Retire. So thanks for coming to the session, so before I get into the details of my own story, I would like to tell you a little bit more about the reason of this session, because migration doesn't necessarily stop climate change, but the reason that we're focusing on is, the reason we're focusing on migration is because that allows people who are experiencing a lot of pain and suffering to get away from the impact of climate change, and that is something that we need to focus on in the coming years, to have an open mind and open arms to have people who are escaping from their homes, because of climate change we need to be more open minded and accept them very warmly. So with the raise of hand I would like to see how many of you have migrated in your life for different reasons, for like education, for going to college, universities, or for job opportunities, if you've got a job in a different city or country, or for someone you've met, family, with your love or something. Can I see how many of you have migrated? Awesome, that's great. So it seems there's a lot of experience at the table. I look forward to a rich conversation at the end. So I have 10 minutes to share the story of my life as someone who has migrated twice, once domestically and once internationally. I'm from Iran and I came from Iran to the US. And I will discuss that how my personality has been impacted by migration. And I will talk about a couple of snapshots in my life. I will discuss about those. So I want to summarize my story in one sentence. It's open borders, open minds. As I said, we need to open the borders, political borders, and also we need to open our minds. And this is something I truly believe that in the highly globalized world of today, where products, information, ideas cross the border so easily, there's no way that we can stop people from moving around. So let's get to my story. I'm from Iran and I spent 18 years of my life in Shiraz, which is one of the most beautiful cities in Iran. When I got to the age for going to college, I moved to Tehran, the capital of Iran with almost 10 million population. It's a very big city and it was a big transformation. I started studying mechanical engineering and I focused on energy systems. Soon I realized that I am interested in non-technical components of energy, such as policy, economics, social and environmental issues of energy systems. And for graduate degrees, I was looking for opportunities to focus on these interdisciplinary topics. They're very well established in Iran, and more in many other countries in the world, so there are very few universities all around the world that focus on these cross-disciplinary topics. I was lucky enough to be accepted at the University of Michigan so I had to move again from Iran to Michigan. And this opportunity, I'm so grateful for that. I've been given so many resources and opportunities at UFM and I've been taking advantage of all of those. And now looking back at my life, I can say I wouldn't be the person who I am if I wouldn't migrate and if I wouldn't come if I wouldn't have migrated twice. So the reason that I'm here is I truly believe that it's because of these opportunities that are being given. So to discuss the impact of migration on my personality, I would like to flash back three years from now. Imagine August 2013 that I got off the plane in Detroit with two suitcases and back, back on my shoulder. Very sad because I got away from all the things that I loved, from my family, friends, all of the childhood memories and all the attachments that I had in Iran. And it came into somewhere that I had no idea about. I had no friends, no attachments to Michigan, and I had no idea even where I'm going to sleep at the night. That was very risky. I just got into the US without even knowing where I'm going to stay for the night. And to be honest, I was raised in Iran under the assumption that Iran and the US are enemies. So I expected that to, this pre assumption to impact my life on a daily basis. I was expecting some animosity and some getting bullied on a daily basis in the US. But that was totally wrong. That turns out to be completely wrong of experience. I had really good experience in the US. I've made so many friends that I liked them as much as I liked my Iranian friends, and they liked me a lot too. I hope so. For the purpose of this conversation, you can assume that that's true. I know that I expect that after this conversation, my Twitter and Facebook is going to explode with messages like, we don't like you. But yeah, I take that as a joke. So that was the experience that I had in the past three years in the US that changed my mindset and the way that I look at the world. And then the flash forward to now, I believe that majority of Iranian and Americans can get along very well if they're given an opportunity to interact and to get to know each other. I should be, as it should be clear by now, I'm a big fan of migration. Migration in the context of climate change is sometimes being seen as a problem. People migrating from rural areas to the cities and putting a lot of pressure on the city's infrastructure, the energy, transportation, water, housing systems. But to look at the bright side, there's a big opportunity for raising awareness and educating people who migrate to those cities for those better lives than for those opportunities. And then they can go back and serve their communities. So I'm totally a big fan of migration. And it is very wrong. You can't force people to stay in a region if they don't want to. By doing that, we are making cities and countries like prisons, forcing people to stay somewhere that they don't want to. And they get basically tortured by natural disasters and losing their job and losing, not having food and not having opportunities. So opening borders is an essential thing in today's world. Personally, migration is more of a long-term commitment. But traveling is another opportunity for opening people's minds. And I've made a personal commitment, like the INDCs, you know, the countries have nationally determined contribution. And my personal INDC is 30 by 30. To travel to 30 countries by the age of 30. Morocco is 18 countries, so I have 12 more in the next three years. That's very ambitious, especially when we were holding an Iranian passport. So even my presence here today was jeopardized by my Iranian passport, which I'm very proud of. Don't get me wrong. But I would like you to think, when did you finalize your plans to be here? Like three months ago, I don't know, two months ago, two weeks ago, just to keep that in your mind. My flight was on Saturday at 2.50 p.m. And I picked up my passport at the post office at 11.45, like three hours before my flight. And I just got on the car, got to the airport. And it felt like the Titanic movie, like being the last person jumping on the airplane to be here. And I'm so grateful for being here. And thanks for having me. So when you look back in your personal life, you can see there are a lot of good moments and bad moments. Migration has allowed me to have a lot of good moments, a lot of good memories, a lot of opportunities. But there are really sad moments that are tied to my migration. And from that, you can see that why I'm so committed to this idea. I have only one sibling, one sister. And she got married last year, and I wasn't able to be there. And you can see that that was the saddest moment of my life. And it was all about because of this ridiculous visa and passport constraint. So to wrap up and conclude, let's talk about future and be more optimistic. We are the youth in the past couple of weeks after election and all those things. I've seen a lot of youth being very disappointed and significant. But the asset that we have is our energy and our hope. So let's talk about future. I get this question all the time that do you want to go back to Iran or do you want to stay? And I don't have a clear answer for that. I haven't made my mind. I really want to go back and serve my community and serve, help people plan and adapt to climate change. Because climate change is the most pressing issue of our time. And as far as I know, Iran needs a lot of assistance in that context. But on the other hand, the issue for me is having the impact, being able to do something to have the highest impact on the globe. And I won't have that much resources and opportunities if I go back. So this is a dilemma that I have to deal with. And I'm sure most of our generation are thinking about because we are more of the global citizens. If you look at it in this context, we are less dependent and less tied to a piece of land than our parents or our grandparents. As you show me with the raise of hand, there's a majority of us in this room who are traveling all around and migrated because of different opportunities or forces in our life. And when you look from the climate perspective, if you look from the 70,000 feet above the ground, it doesn't really matter where the carbon is coming from, whether from Iran or the U.S. So anywhere that you can have the highest impact is it's going to serve the climate change issue the same way. And this mentality that I was talking about is not peculiar to me. It's the generation that I'm representing that we all look at the world in a different way than our parents. You are all more a global citizen and we all feel belong to protecting the air. So I would like to leave you with one message. That is the summary of basically my life. That's my life wisdom for you. It's open borders and open minds. And that is essential. This is something that we in the climate negotiation, that is something that needs to be focused more. As I said, the current refugee problem in the world is just a couple hundred thousands of people are moving. But because of climate change, we should expect millions of climate refugees and our societies are not ready for that. You can see that everyone wants to build a wall on the 20th, on November 9th a couple of days ago, on the 27th anniversary of the fall of Berlin Wall, American people voted for someone who wants to build the wall. And you can see that how our societies are against migration and are not ready to openly accept people who are losing their homes, losing their jobs and they cannot leave there. Hopefully they are able to move, they are able to leave their country and they're not going to stay and die in their country. Thank you so much and I look forward to a great conversation at the end of this panel. So how do we open these borders and how do we open minds, right? And sometimes it's easy to forget that's also why this lack of connection that we're talking about. Like sometimes we forget that people who migrate, they're not just migrants, they're people. So how to open our minds about this, so that's a very good point. So our third speaker is unfortunately not here, but he sent us a video. So I'll be showing you Dili Pratas' video and he heads Nomad, which is a World Bank initiative that organizes data and knowledge on migration. I am Dili Pratah. I will share some thoughts on migration and how it can be a great vehicle for sharing prosperity within places, in particular between, let's say, the richer communities, richer places and the poorer places and the poorer communities. Before I do that, I wanted to share a few words about myself. I grew up in a village, remote village in India. I studied in a village school until high school and at that time there was no running water. There was no electricity and then I had to go to for college to another city. And when I finally went for my master's in Delhi, the train ride was about 36 hours long. So it was a far journey for me in many ways. And while working in the university, while studying in the university, I actually had to work. So I was doing private tuition, giving tuition to high school students to support my stay while doing my master's. I came to the U.S. as a student 26 years ago. There's about half of my life that I've been here and soon I'll be outside India longer than I have been in India. I met my wife here in Washington, B.C., and we have two wonderful sons. When my elder son was six or seven, I asked him what he was. And he said, half Indian, half Venezuelan, and full American. He couldn't count it that night. Like most of the migrants, I have been sending immigrants to my family and by home in India. And also, my wife, since it was them who we'd done this to Venezuela, she is from. And we both remain deeply interested in helping our communities by home, like most of the migrants. So with that, I wanted to also mention that this story of migration is not unique to me. It's a story of humanity There are 250 million international migrants. There are 750 million internal migrants. There's not one billion people as migrants. There's one out of seven people on the planet as migrants. These international migrants sent home about 440 billion dollars in the United States to developing countries. 440 billion dollars per year is actually more than three times the size of the total development aid. So you can imagine the importance of migration to the communities back home. The internal migrants also send money home. A large part of their incomes that they earn in richer places, they send it back home. And it's a great way of sharing prosperity with the richer places and the poorer places. We don't have a number for internal immigrants, domestic immigrants. Now, with the fact that one out of seven people in the planet are migrants, we no wonder that sustainable development goals actually included two migration related goals. Actually more than two, but two are worth pointing out. One is to reduce remittance costs less than 3% by 2030. And in our corridor, remittance costs should be more than 5%. So that is one goal. The second goal is to reduce recruitment costs for low skilled migrants. So these are two goals that are part of sustainable development goals. On the first goal, on reducing remittance costs, it is worth pointing out that it costs about 8% on a rich globally to send money home. So if you're sending, let's say, $100 from New York to India, then on the other side, most likely the person would receive about $95, $96 on whether it's about $92 only. If one is sending money from, let's say, New York to Nairobi, $100 from New York to Nairobi, then on the other side, most likely the person would receive only $90. Sending money to Sahara and Africa is actually among the most expensive. It is more than 10% on average. And within Africa, where international migration in Africa is mostly intra-African migration. People migrate from one country to another. Blue stripes of international migration in Africa is actually intra-African migration. There, intra-African remittances are also large. And sending money from one African country to another African country can cost even more than 20%. So what can we do to reduce remittance costs? Three ways. One is to introduce better technology, in particular, internet-based technology, or mobile phone-based technology. Mobile phone-based technology actually promises, this is very promising. That is one way. The second way is to break down any exclusive partnership that exists between national post-office system of a country and a leading money transfer company. That actually, that kind of exclusive partnership excludes other money transfer agencies, reduces competition, and enables the money transfer company to charge a very high fee. So that's the second way of reducing remittance costs. To do away with exclusive partnerships between national post-office and a money transfer company. A third way of reducing remittance costs would be to recognize that small remittances are not money laundering, that there is no need to go after all small remittance transactions for the fear that they either facilitate money laundering, or that they are all out there for financing terrorism. That is just rubbish. So we need to do more work to persuade regulators and commercial banks out there that small remittances are not money laundering. The second goal of reducing recruitment costs for those skilled migrants, it is not properly recognized by people, but it is pervasive. It is the dark under telly of every modern city in the world. I just had news again from my part of India that there is pervasive problem of modernist slavery in the sense that the recruitment agents who are helping big construction companies in the cities for the big constructions that is going on in the growing economy, they give loans to poor people in rural areas with the promise that they would take them afterwards to the cities and where they would work and they would pay back the money. And often they underpay them, they exploit them, and it is truly the modernist slavery. There was one incident where 13 villagers from nearby villages, they were taken to, they were promised a job somewhere in the south of India. And instead, when I came, they were taken to the north towards a city in the north of India. When they were going out of the 3rd and 11th villages managed to escape, two were caught and the recruitment agents actually chopped off the hands of the people. They asked the question, you know, you are not going to work for anybody else, so would you let us cut your leg or would you let us cut your hand and the two persons who are actually uncle and an nephew, they talked about themselves and the uncle said, if we have our legs, we can at least walk to safety. So they said, please chop our hands. And it just on the internet you can see with the hands chopped off these few people. This problem of modern day slavery, malpractice, abuse of migrant workers is playing out in a smaller scale in the case of, let's say, low-scale construction workers, domestic workers and agricultural workers. An example, in the case of a Bangladesh migrant looking for a job in the construction sector in Dubai, the person often pays 4,000 to 5,000 dollars in recruitment costs. These are all illegal. They pay that fee to a labor agent who finds them the job. The job on the other side in Dubai is about 1,800 dollars in a year. If the person has paid 4,000 dollars and is going to earn about 1,800 dollars per year, then it would take about two years or more just to pay back the recruitment fees to the labor agents, all of which is illegal. You can imagine the hardship that these people face, the vulnerability that these people face. This should be a low-hanging fruit. We should be able to declare all such costs as illegal. And what would be some of the ways to go after that? Well, we have to better monitor recruitment agencies. We have to have the law in place to start with. And if the laws are there, then we have to monitor the laws more effectively and enforce the law. The second is to educate the migrants about their rights. Third is to make sure that contracts are properly honored, respected. There are proper contracts to start with. And third and the fourth is when the two countries on both sides, the sending country and the receiving country, they pay attention to these poor people who often fall below the radar span. This is, as I said, not specific to any particular country. This is really the dark underbelly of every modern city in the world. So with that, I want to again highlight that over 90% of migration is for economic purposes. In other words, it is for a person who is looking for a job, it can employ that who is willing to offer the job. In that sense, migration is mostly beneficial to the migrant and also to the people and for it. Indeed, migration is an integral part of development. Economic growth involves some places, some sectors that are growing faster. It involves some places, some sectors that are lining behind. And there is that need for people to move from lighting places, lighting sectors to living sectors and living places. Migration and development are inseparable. We should recognize that. And I would say that we should also recognize that development efforts should focus on people, not on places alone. Thank you. At the same point, I don't know if you agree with me. I think that was quite insightful. So, definitely, development and migration, they go hand in hand. They cannot be separated. And it's also, well, interesting how all of these different issues with remittances, how 90% of migration reasons are economic reasons, like what is being offered in one place, that is not being offered in the other one, how can we address this. So, with this, I leave you to David, who will be facilitating this next portion of our session. Thank you, Ty. All right, we've got 30 minutes now. So, what we're going to try and do in the next 30 minutes, you all are sat in round tables. This is unique for this room during today. So, what we're going to try and do is do a speed design session. We're going to try and get as far along a design process as we can. So, how is that going to run? Well, first, we're going to, on your tables, talk through what some of the common features and challenges, common features as challenges from all of the three different sets of stories that we've heard. So, we've heard three different stories from three different perspectives. Common challenges is the first stage of the design process. Once you've identified a challenge, could you tell me what success looks like in solving that challenge? So, let's jump straight from a challenge, too. What does success look like? What does it look like once this challenge has gone away? And then the third stage of that design process, and this should be a speed design process because we've got 30 minutes, is, okay, so we know what success looks like. What's our solution for getting there? Okay, so, what I'm going to ask you is five o'clock. We've been here, it's a long day, but we need 30 minutes of energy. Okay, so that's all we need. 30 minutes of energy around your tables. Each of your tables will be facilitated by one of our amazing youth facilitators. So, each of your tables is going to be facilitated, and I want to, as quickly as possible, run from challenge to success to solution. Okay? Once we're done with that process, we will report back, and we will see what the next steps for this are beyond this room. Okay? So, over to you, youth facilitators on your tables. 30 minutes, problem, success, solution. All right, everyone, we have a buzz in the room, that's what we're looking for. Very good. So, thank you all. I mean, that was an incredibly difficult task. 30 minutes, such a broad subject, and to go through the speed design process. What we're going to do now is we're going to ask for our youth facilitators at each table. They have one minute per table to provide everyone else in the room with a quick overview, super quick overview of the discussion that was had, some of your key takeaways, and some of the solutions that came out of it. Yes, Claudia, yes, you. So, this group really did a very good job. It was really a team in all the work. Everybody was discussing, and Adrienne was putting all their ideas already. So, the challenges that they identified were divided into many groups, but with some of the specifications inside them. And the first one is going back to staying connected. First, the need and the desire for education. We discussed about the need to promote development in the places, that is our main problem, because people leave the city or the rural areas because they lack of the things that they want to have, because there is no development in this pool, etc. Next one is living in a new culture. It's a challenge for the people that is moving, because of cultural acceptance, because changing behavior, because they are in a new environment, and it changed all the things they are used to, so it provokes that change. The next one is self-identity, because how Arman Mohammed said that he was seen as a foreigner, and that also adjusts your behavior. The next one is social readiness, that they were talking about the process that is going to continue happening, and how can you prepare the society to be used to this and do it in a good way. The next one is lamb ownership. That's a very big challenge, because when you are migrating from one place to another, you don't feel attached to a lamb. So, if you don't feel attached to a lamb, how can you really want to do good things for this place, new place, because you don't feel attached to it. Your land is far away. You want probably to make changes for your own land that is far away. You are living away. So, that's a big challenge. Next one is social community conflict. We were discussing a little bit about the migration that is happening because of civil war or civil conflicts. Also, it's an important thing, not mainly related to climate change, but it's important to consider. Climate change and the natural disasters and the things related to natural resources that we are going to face this morning, the future we already mentioned, is going to be one of the biggest challenges in the future. That's a good thing, because when we were trying to think how can heaven look like, which was the second question we were already talking about the solutions. So, the solutions first come from the policy part, what can be about changing the tax incentives that the government gives, the loans. We were discussing about microfinance, because in rural areas, you don't have many financial tools to ensure your ideas to start a good business or investment. So, that has to change, which also is related to subsidies, for better subsidies that can sometimes be against the development of rural areas. And we discussed a little bit about large-scale and small-scale agriculture. And yeah, that's that. Another one is about sensitize people about the importance of staying in a land and not migrating, without convincing them, because we say that the freedom of choosing to move or not must be maintained. Next one is capacity building in a rural area, so people can start having their own skills to really change the place where they are living without the need to live, make the place that they want where they are. So, capacity building and creating value in a place which is, again, promoting development in a place which has to do a lot. We're creating value in a place, promoting the investment, the local investments in a place. Another solution that we talk is sustainable tourism that is already happening, and we think that has to be promoted more. Thank you very much. Amazing way. We did that in 30 minutes of discussion. Renata, super quickly, if you could just kind of give us highlights, same kind of structure, highlights of some of the challenges and then highlights of some of the solutions. Yeah, I'm going to be very quickly. So, we talked about the challenges and they mainly arise from the causes and consequences of migration. We first talked about how there's this problem of feeling always connected with home, but there's also transplantation, technology and infrastructure flaws that come in the way. Talking about the causes, there's this dissatisfaction peeling and being unhappy with the current state where you're living. There's also a problem of communicating desires. You might be wanting to migrate, but you're not able to communicate those desires, but because the people in your environment might be constraining you to do so. So, we're always in a search of something different. There are also language barriers, international concerns, identity laws, racism, profession challenges as well, how from one place to another, there are many profession and status that can be really changed because of perception. And then we talked about success and how the ideal world would look like for migration and we really came up with a very synthesized way to look at it. If you migrate from point A to point B, the really ideal way to look at it would be that the benefits would be the same for migrating vice versa from point B to point A and to really obtain the same benefits from both places, being different or not. And for that, we saw that the best way to achieve it would be by integrating migrants with citizens and really sharing and exchanging experiences. Knowledge transfer as well, either is good or bad. We should always express these experiences, create resources and systems to get from point B, which would be the worst place to point A. Isolate migration from politics, that shouldn't be a topic that politicians would be able or felt really like to talk about. And just stop projecting an ideal society. Each country has each set of values and everybody is entitled to have them. I love your ideal. A to B equals B to A. Tom, over to you. All right. So, hey everyone. So, in our roundtable, we alloyed, divided our poster into two. We have the challenges that people face due to migration and then the solutions that we have put forth to try and tackle and mitigate the challenges that are upcoming. So, mainly we divided into two categories. The problem that has come up already, that was social integration that migrants faced in the new, in the land, trying to integrate in a new society with new culture, with new ideals and how we make sure that they properly integrate and they are properly able to continue their livelihood without too much discrimination or social stability. And then, the climatic adaptation. We had a few points in our roundtable where, for example, some migrants who come from an area, rural areas perhaps, and then are faced with much less pollution or much less other environmental issues that are in their area and they move to another area where pollution is much stronger and much more prevalent. Now, this can take an effect on their health and migrants can then, then the process of migrant integration can be inhibited. So, what solutions did we put forward? First of all, government policy has to be much, much stronger and much more relevant to when it comes to climatic migrants. This was a point that was raised in the roundtable that governments at this current stage usually have a general policy for migrants and don't properly delve into the differences and the nuances of this issue, such as the economic migrants and the climatic migrants, and then those of migrants who are necessarily fleeing conflict or other sorts of hostilities. So, government policy has to be much more stronger to affirm and uphold the proper integration of migrants. Secondly, we discussed this that one of the most effective ways that we see until today is, well, what we're doing right now, what GLF is doing is that on the ground, person-to-person interactions that this platform gives you the ability to talk one-to-one and create this dialogue. And once you bring people, migrants, and then local communities who are fear for the unknown or fear for not knowing what the other expects or where he comes from, they can talk at each other's side of differences and discuss the consequences of really what's happening to the migrants and how also the local communities are reacting to that migration. So, we have one of the solutions specifically, more specifically, we have through social media. Social media has a very big role that they bring people together and get a big message out. Just ask the social media here at GLF. And then we have the better integration, more cohesive integration of kind of awareness in the local communities and their curriculum. Okay? Kids from a very young age need to be able to understand the consequences and the obstacles that migrants face on a day-to-day basis, especially that they face on a day-to-day basis as a result of their climatic exodus. Finally, we have the empowerment of current networks. This was mostly a point made about the bureaucracy that exists and that instead of adding more and more organizations and more and more grassroots initiatives, then instead we kind of focus and empower the already existing ones to reach out even further. And then finally, it's, and this was the point that we kind of, we took ideas from everyone here that we made the one big point was that the public needs to be stronger in placing pressure on their governments and their respective institutions so that they can invest more and give more to building and improving the infrastructure. And then another point, a very strong point about supervision, is who here is overseeing all these changes? Who here is monitoring and managing the proper integration of these migrants in their new community? And finally, who is overseeing the transparency and accountability of all this big, big process? So those were a few of the ideas and charms we put forward and some of the solutions. Thank you so much. We're going to get you all out of here in time for the closing ceremony. Henry, sorry, which lasts in five minutes. So, America, super quickly, if you can. So in our group, we talk about six main challenges, but we focus more on education as one of the main challenges that leaves people to think about migration. And then that's due to lack of funding and people also looking for desired jobs. And then we define success, which is a balance between sustainability and opportunities and also success for us needs to provide equal standards in terms of living in both rural and urban areas. And then we said that success, it just depends on your personal priorities, which means that think about redefining what does success mean to a person. And we've come up with solutions to the main challenge, which is education. And we thought that we need to define values within education to delink, visualize perception about success. And we also need to create more open spaces for kids to be able to learn well. So, we need to re-systemize education. Thank you. Over to you. Thank you, everybody. That was a really interesting discussion. It's too bad that it was only 30 minutes long, because I think we can all agree that we could talk about these issues more, especially if we want to like just get down to the deep roots. But so we need to have these conversations, like not only amongst us, but with other people who are actually going to like help us create a real impact. And I think we're a little short on time right now, but I would say that like let's look at impact. Let's look for just trying to make these things that we're talking about happen. This year, while we put this together, it's been rather short notice, but we're still going to include what we've all talked about in a blog. We're going to push that. And we'd like you to help us without if you're into it. So just thank you all for coming here. And yeah, thank you for your