 Good morning, my talk will discuss the transformation of the landscape in an increasing evidence for globalization in the Tremitas Valley during the transition from the middle Bronze Age to the late Bronze Age. The main goal of this presentation is to show how the landscape was intentionally transformed by the inhabitants of the Tremitas Valley as a result of local and foreign interactions. First of all we will look at the side pattern and at the landscape use, which will be highlighted in the second part of the presentation and at the important objects which will be discussed in the third part of the presentation. But first we will look at the context at which what happened during that transitional period, the transition from the middle Bronze Age to the late Bronze Age, which is locally termed in Cypriot archaeology, the middle Cypriot III and the late Cypriot I period. This transitional period between the middle and the late Bronze Age is characterized by the emergence of proto-urban coastal centers and a more complex and stratified society. The village communities of the previous periods are gradually replaced. This is especially clear from the mortuary data, for example, where we have from extramural burials to intramural burials. Cyprus is also moving away from isolation towards an increasing participation in local and foreign exchange networks. Additionally, we see the first evidence for a writing system. There is also a discussion, a scholarly discussion, if the political economic power was centralized at Ankemi, at the so-called fortress, or that regional powers were quite independent. These societal changes are also reflected in the site pattern. These coastal proto-urban centers emerge, especially along the south coast, which are indicated on the slide. They are moving away from the more already stratified sites on the north coast, Vasilya, Funus and Labitos. There are also what they call fortified sites in the inland center around Iosos-Omenos, which has been postulated that these fortifications were possibly protecting the trade routes from the copper mining area in the foothills of the Trotos to Ankemi. In this way, we see the emergence of a hinterland for trade and communications from the Trotos to Ankemi. There is an ongoing debate if the emergence of a social certification occurred quite swift, or if this was already happening at the north coast and that the emergence of a social complex and stratified society already was happening at the north coast. But now we will turn more to the topic of the talk, which is the transformation of the landscape in the Tremitas Valley. First I will introduce the Tremitas River Valley. It's a river that runs from the Trotos foothills up to the coast. It has a quite intermittent character and a heavily meandering run, which makes it also quite unsuitable for navigation with the boat. It is deeply incised in a chalky limestone landscape. Import to mention is an older Tremitas River arm, which runs from the Salt Lake, which is now a Salt Lake, and in the late Bronze Age it was a lagoon, up to the eastern arm of the Tremitas River. So it connects the Salt Lake with the lagoon. The lagoon was in the late Bronze Age, one of the finest sheltered natural harbors of the island. The river wells up near the Copper Ridge area, just north of Stavrovini, which is indicated on the slide. In this area, also rivers running east and north are also originating in this area and connecting the inland, especially around Aya Paraskevi Alambra, Aya Sozomenes, with the Tremitas Valley and the Larna Cabe. In this way, the river could have been used in dry summer months for transport using pack animals. This slide shows that during the Middle Cypriot 3 and the Late Cypriot 1, the distribution of site indicates clearly that sites are located around along the river and along the lagoon. This diagram shows also that there is a high increase in the number of sites if we compare to the earlier parts of the Middle Bronze Age and then there is a rise to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. During, first we will have a look at the site pattern. At the start of the Middle Bronze Age, there are six sites. There is not really a coastal site active, not really a harbor. The most important site seems to be Arpera, indicated over there on the slide. It has a typical Middle Cypriot location, three to four kilometers inland in a fertile river valley close to a crossroad of land and river routes. Other sites in the Trematus river valley are located around the lagoon, but actually not really close to the shore. This may indicate a low interaction with the sea or a low involvement in seagoing activities during this period. There are hardly any imports in the site assemblages during this period in the Middle Cypriot period. The limited mortuary datasets of the sites in the Trematus valley rather indicate that pastoral society and village communities as elsewhere on the island, except perhaps at the northern coast. In comparison to the former slides, it's clear that there is something going on at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. There is clearly an increase in the number of sites and a changing site pattern. The inhabitants of the river valley found that new sites indicated in green here add strategic interfaces in the landscape to facilitate trade and communication. Halasultanteke, which consists of different side parts, emerges as a coastal center at the shore of the lagoon. Calahorio is founded at the interface between an old river arm and the Trematus river. So there is a new site leading which controls the movement from the lagoon to the Trematus river. Calafdia is founded at the conjunction of two river arms of the Trematus river. This transforming landscape during this period is also visible in the site structure of Halasultanteke and other sites in the Trematus valley. This slide for instance showed the dispersed structure of Halasultanteke with the core of the sites at Visajar and outlying side parts at Melissari and Tripes, all within a radius of about 900 meters. The site structure did not consist of a continuous buildup area but rather of open spaces between different side parts. For example, this is also the case for Maroni. This may reflect a rather heterogeneous social stratification. Furthermore, this dispersed site structure may represent groups from abandoned villages in order to take part in the new exchange opportunities, as already suggested by Gesvani some long time ago. These intracite changes are also tested at other sites in the Trematus valley, especially at Arpera, which also has four sites consisting of forming one site. This is also visible at Lakshaturiu, but due to the limited time I will not discuss this in detail. If we zoom out, there is also an emergence of a hinterland in the Trematus valley. The Middle Cypriot 3 period, the late Cypriot 1 period, sees also the emergence of a hinterland system in the Trematus valley as a consequence of this involvement in international trade. Halasultanteke acts as a coastal gateway and five hinterland sites are located on the Trematus riverbank. Local hinterland sites were located north of Halasultanteke on the northern bank of an older Trematus river arm, connecting the lagoon with the Trematus river. Traders coming down had the option to take the direct connection to the lagoon by following the old Trematus river arm diverting in the direction of Calogorio and south to Larnaca, Lakshaturiu and ending in the lagoon. Alternatively, traders could also follow the review, the river downstream in the direction of Clavdia and Arpera. Traders could go down to Arpera where they had the possibility to go overland to Halasultanteke or continue to the mount of the river. Unfortunately, there has not been any sign of an archaeological site near the mount of the river. Now we will take a closer look at the imports during this period, especially at the Pottery, which may be evidence for an increasing globalization. This slide shows a distribution of two types of imported jugs, which are considered as chronological markers for the transition from the middle to the late Bronze Age on the island. The earliest Cyro-Palestinian variants from the Tel-El-Yahudia jugs occur at three sites in Stipers, at Arpera, Dumaduskuro and Flamoudi. The later Egyptian variants occur at three sites, Arpera, Halasultanteke and Clavdia. Only 11 Red Burnish jugs have been excavated on Cyprus, and six of them occur at sites in Larnaca Bay, at Arpera, at Halasultanteke and Livedia, which is a site north of the lagoon near the mount of the Arkelangelo River, which is in fact a predecessor of Qition. Two other types of artefacts show an early regional involvement within the Eastern Mediterranean Trade Network. The earliest Canaanite jugs excavated in Cyprus date to the middle to late Cyprus transition, of which four have been excavated on the whole island, one at Arpera and the others at Enkyomi, Calavassos and Calopsida, showing the importance of these sites at the eastern and southern coast. The occurrence of these Canaanite jugs during these early stages of late Cyprus must be seen as one of the commodities the Cypriots received from the foreign trade partners, especially in exchange for copper. North Wirtwi is also the presence of one of the earliest important cylinder seals at Halasultanteke. Arpera may have played an important role within the earliest Cypriot involvement in overseas exchange. This is materialized in the presence of one of the earliest Canaanite jugs and the presence of the earliest variants of Tel-Eliahudia and Syrian red-burnished wares. These foreign commodities reflect the importance of Arpera in the formation of the hinterland in the Tramitos Valley. This overview makes clear that the inhabitants of the Tramitos Valley intentionally start to organize their landscape as a response to an increase in foreign interaction at the start of the middle Cypriot period. Foreign goods were accepted especially in exchange for copper and perhaps other raw materials as would. This transformation is clearly visible in the local side pattern with the emergence of coastal harbour sites and hinterland sites, the foundation of sites at strategic topographical interfaces, and the use of the river in order to facilitate trade and communication. And goods testify of an early involvement of these sites in the Tramitos Valley in international exchange networks. The transition from the middle to late Bronze Age was in the Tramitos Valley a true age of globalization.