 Good morning, John. Hope you're feeling better. You missed a video for the first time in a long time because you're very sick, and I cannot hold it against you. But to make you feel better, I'm going to talk about everybody's favorite topic, which is the complexity of the U.S. tax code. Woo! Tax policy is so fun! It's not going to happen now. It's not. It's complicated, and it's too complicated. I think everybody agrees that it's too complicated. Just nobody agrees on how is the best way to simplify this. So instead of talking about that, let's talk about why it's complicated in the first place. Because you think maybe we could just make this really simple to start all over again. How would you do? Well, the simplest way to do that would be a head tax. A head tax would be taxing every single person the exact same amount. So you enter the world, and your fee for existing in the U.S. is like $12,000 a year. If everybody paid $12,000 a year, we would pay the entire federal budget, and it would be good. This works really well for families like mine. I could afford to pay $12,000 a year for all the people in my family. It doesn't work as well for people who don't make any money, like retirees or disabled people. Also for all the people that that would be like all their money that they made. That would be a bummer. Work all year, you make like $8,000, then what happens? The government just comes and they just take you to tax jail. So a head tax. That's not going to work. So instead let's tax people's income. If you don't make any money, you don't pay anything. If you make a lot of money, you pay a bunch. For a flat tax to work on individual human income, you got to pay, get ready for it, a 50% flat tax. A little bit more than that actually. Every single person has to send half the money that they make to the government. And this sounds wrong, right? Because nobody pays 50% taxes. Well, it turns out we're missing something because when I was talking about taxing the amount of money that people make, we got to examine the definition of money and of people and of make. All those words. Because getting money is just one way to receive value. And if we only taxed money, then everybody would get paid in like diamonds or gold or something. So we have to tax value. So if I give you a car in exchange for doing work for me, that's still income and we still tax that. The US tax code doesn't actually tax money, it taxes value. This is really important when part of somebody's payment might be stock in a company. Now we got to examine what is a person? Because it turns out a lot of the money in the US isn't made by flesh and blood human things. It's made by these non-meat people called corporations. So now it's time to talk about corporate tax. Currently, most corporations in the US are taxed just as if they were people. So I own businesses. If at the end of the year one of my businesses has more money in its bank account than it had at the beginning of the year, that difference is taxed as if it is my money because it is. I control that corporation, I control the money, and so I pay the exact same taxes on it that I would if it was just my money. That's how it works right now. That's not how the Republicans and Congress wanted to work. They want people like me, if I have money that's getting made by my corporation, to pay like way less tax on that. I don't know why, because it's still income to me, but I guess I don't... Let look. That's not what we're here for, that's not what we're doing. We're not analyzing the tax thing, we're just talking about why it's complex. And now we have to talk about the definition of make. If you just tax people's ordinary income, you're not catching a huge chunk of what happens. There's another way to make money, and a lot of people make money this way, and that's when you buy something, and then it becomes worth more, and then you sell it and you make money. This is called capital gains, and it happens mostly with real estate and with stocks in the stock market. So instead of talking about taxing the amount of money people make, we're actually talking about more like the increase in value received by entities, which make you unsurprised to see how there's complexity. There's two really good common sense reasons not to tax people who don't make very much money. One, they tend to spend almost all of their income anyway, they save very little, and if they have less money, they are more likely to end up being supported by social services, which costs the government money. And two, because they don't make very much money, taxing them actually doesn't contribute that much to the budget. Like you could increase their tax bill in a amount that would be extremely impactful to them, but it would not be impactful to the budget. So you wanna tax the rich people more, and the poor people less, make a bunch of tax brackets and it gets more complex. Tax people who make a bunch of money more, one, because we can afford it, and two, because you make way more money when you raise their percentage, because they have so much more income. Now the second to last reason why the tax code is so complicated, I'm not even gonna sing it. Just because the government wants to encourage certain behaviors in people, so it gives people tax credits for saving money, for retirement, for going to school, for saving money, for healthcare. They let you write off parts of your mortgage because they wanna encourage home ownership, that kind of thing. The government also has provisions for just things that they're trying to be more fair. For example, right now, if you go to graduate school, you might make like $10,000 a year in actual money, but you get tuition deferments, so you don't have to pay your tuition. But that is value being delivered. So technically that value of your deferred tuition is income, because you got that value. Remember we talked about value, not money. So if you get like $35,000 of income from your tuition deferment, but you don't have any actual income, that's a huge burden for graduate students. So that is not counted as income, that's part of the tax code. At least at the moment, but again, we're not talking about what they're planning on doing in Congress right now. That's not this discussion. Finally, the last reason why taxes are so complicated is rich douche bags. Avoiding their taxes so we've got to make up lots of rules to keep them paying their taxes. Every time I come across something really annoying in my like business tax stuff, I'm like, why is this rule even here? And then I realize it's because somebody was using some underhanded little thing to avoid paying their taxes and the government had to create a new rule. Thanks so much. I'm so glad you didn't have to pay those $10,000 so that now everybody in the world has to deal with this new rule. Taxes are complicated. I don't like it and nobody likes it. Everyone would like there to be a simpler system. But I do worry when people are talking about simplifying it because every change to the US tax code has real impacts on real people. And ultimately, if you want one reason why it's so complicated, that's it. That's the reason. John, I'll see you on Tuesday. Capital gains!