 Welcome back to this course program so as I mentioned we will be having a five days program so today, tomorrow, Monday, Tuesday then Wednesday till noon time we will be having the lecture program and then we will be having a small lab, artificial AI lab in the afternoon of Wednesday and then Thursday we will be having GIS and then the related lab demonstration will be done here and Friday of course the lecture program and then we will be having the unloading session on Friday evening. So before going to the soft computing techniques and tools we will have an overview of the water resource management aspects in India so that is the main theme of our course only you know that we are having so many techniques but we are using all the techniques for the purpose of say doing the management water resource management. So first of course from my part I should introduce you all of you know I know you are all experts in this area but from my part I should give a brief overview of the water resource management then only we will start of the various aspects of the modeling. So in this first lecture here we will be having a brief discussion on the water resource management in India and overview so in this first we will discuss the sustainable developments and water resource management then we will have some discussion on the indicated water resource development and management and then we will have an overview on the India's water resource management and overview. So as all of you know that the water is the real part of our life without water nobody can sustain so any kind of product either it is water, land or any kind of thing we will say nowadays in the last few years you are hearing about the sustainable development and related issues. So the reason is that you can see that most of the time say especially earlier time now people are more conscious about the sustainability issues but earlier times many of the problems environmental problems are created since people are not thinking the sustainability issues they were just utilizing whatever is there without thinking about the future. So as far as water is concerned it is very important aspect the sustainable development and management. So as I have defined here you can see here the development and management of water, land, biobas and energy within a time frame to meet with minimum needs of the ultimate size of population without irreversibly affecting the resource base and by containing the adverse effect on people flora and fauna. So this is a simple definition of the sustainable development. So as far as water is concerned you can see that we are having surface water we are having groundwater so whatever is of course this is a part of hydrology cycle so even though it is say cycled in an annual basis but you can see that most of the time say we cannot predict of course this much rainfall will be there or this much rainfall will get at particular location or with respect to time and space the rainfall pattern is varying. So due to this reason we cannot say that of course this much is definitely available in this particular year. So due to this reason so we had to see that whatever is there it is not only recycled but we had to see that all the management aspects the water resource is concerned either it is surface water or groundwater we should we could not we cannot pollute we cannot utilize it more than what it should you can see that many parts of the country we have the groundwater is concerned it overdrafts groundwater many places water table is going drastically down so that we cannot get it back. So the aspect of this is so called sustainable development whether it is surface water or groundwater is concerned and then of course the sustainability issues are concerned the economic development decision by the person generation that means what we are doing today that should not compromise the people the capacity of future generations. As I mentioned even the groundwater when you are pumping so much of groundwater what happens is that say this water level level is going drastically down and then if it is not replenished in an annual basis then you can see that the future generation cannot say get the water the groundwater to the level that we need. So the sustainability issues of water resource management we have to see that whatever decision you are taking now whatever management aspects you are doing now so it should be in such a way that there should not be any drastic effect on the future future or the should not affect the future generations but of course the management way we can say that there should be flexibility there should be resilience that should be the way we have to manage. So these are the major issues as far as water resource is concerned. So as all of you know that water is concerned we are using water for three sectors mainly one is for food production that is of course irrigation and then water for drinking and sanitation purpose and then of course nature or ecology that means forest or the livestock or all other purpose. So three sectors we are mainly utilizing the water food production then for our own purpose then of course nature ecology or animals or the all of the plants and other issues are concerned. So as I mentioned what is our life? So the main problem is that even though say the earth is filled with water but the issues that only three percent is available as fresh water and out of this three percent we can utilize only 0.03 percent as say readily accessible to the man game. So this is the major issue. So due to this variability of its availability in time and space as I mentioned the rainfall is there but it is varying from just four months of June to October and then one location place like Kerala will be having about 250 or 300 centimeter rainfall but in the Ajastan we will be having hardly 20 or 30 centimeter rainfall that means 10 percent of the what we are having getting in Kerala. So that way these are the variability and availability in time and space so that is why we have to develop it and then the surface water as well as ground water we have to manage the available water in a sustainable way. So that is why you would have read the newspapers and many other literature that the UNESCO and many other international organizations are talking about the we have term called integrated water resource development and management. So here what we mean the integrated water resource development management means say we are integrating not only it is not only the aspect of water we are integrating the various issues related to water then the development overall development in a holistic way such a way that whatever we are using now or whatever we need for future we can manage it in an an appropriate way. So when we discuss about the water issues so you can see that say there will be always interaction or interplay between food people and nature sectors as I mentioned we are using water for three sectors food production then nature other nature purpose and then human beings for the drinking and other purposes. So if you consider the food sector then you can see that produce the biomass and then influence the ecosystem positively and sometimes negatively that means if you are trying to for our production then it may be even though we are getting more but then after sometime the land become useless and then the productivity also create problems. So there should be always a balance whatever you need if you produce some products like rice if you produce so much then the price level will go down and then there will be plenty of things but then you can see that there will be adverse impacts on this. So as far as water is concerned we can see that we should utilize in such a way that whatever we are producing in a balanced way and then in a sustainable way. So then water is concerned we are having mainly two uses as all of you know one is consumptuous and another one is non consumptuous. So consumptuous is say when we use water for agriculture production it is consumptuous or when we are drinking water it is consumptuous but when we are using the water for the purpose of navigation or the other type of purpose like navigation and then the facilities like sports activities that it is non consumptuous. So most of the way we are utilizing the water for consumptuous way but the issues here are sustainability issues are that whenever we are producing food we use lot of fertilizers pesticides and all these things create environmental issues. So we have to see that the water available is used in a sustainable way. So you can see that with respect to the water issues when we discuss we can see we will be discussing about water harvesting so if we can harvest water say 1 centimeter of say rainfall per hectare per day with respect to rainfall available you can see that that water is sufficient for 1000 people say for one year so that is the calculation which we can make. But so that way when we discuss the water utilities in India's concerns say on a well the average base the ratio of agriculture usage, when we say the industry of the well the average is 70 percent to 15 percent to 15 percent but India's concern we can see that that is say the agricultural sector use so much of water about 85 percent of the water is used by the agricultural sector and then municipal usage is only 8 percent of the total use and 7 percent is used for the purpose of the industry of this thing. So that means what does it mean so overall the agriculture production is concerned average wise it is almost same say with respect to various countries but India we are using we are using or misusing so much of water for agricultural production. So that means say for example if water is available through dams or through reservoirs or canal system then when it is available to the farmers then it is not utilized in an appropriate way it is utilized in a very very say useless way that means so much of water is wasted so the production is not coming to the level we want. So the overall well the average is 70 percent to 15 percent to 50 percent but India's concern the usage is concerned 85 percent for agricultural sector and 8 percent for the municipal sector and then 7 percent for the industrial sector. So this is where we need a lot of management that means whatever water is available we should use in a sustainable way we should use it in a very effective way so that where we need a lot of tools like GIS remote sensing or this kind of soft computing techniques which we will be discussing in the next few days. So where we can release the use of water for the agriculture purpose but of course I am not saying here that we have to reduce the reaction but we have to increase the reaction potential but the wastage should be avoided we should use the water in a sustainable way so that we can have better production and with less water so that is that should be the motive. So here you can see in a global way the global withdrawal of water for agriculture industry and municipal use here say last 100 years a plot is given here so you can see that this line shows the total withdrawal and then agriculture withdrawal is the as I mentioned it is about say 75 percent all over the world but 85 percent India so that you can see so much of water is used for agriculture purpose and the industrial withdrawal is concerned it is very very small you can see here and then again municipal withdrawal is again much much smaller but if you consider with respect to all this utilization the total use effective utilization is this much that means almost say about 40 to 60 percent of the water is not utilized effectively so that means lot of so much of water is wasted so you can see that this line shows the effective total effective utilization and with respect to various other utilization the other care source that way you can see that we need lot of management of the available water to have a sustainable development to have the effective management of the water resource is very essential so just now I discussed I told about the time called integrated water resource development and management so here what the under the perspective of UNESCO here what do they mean by integrated water resource development management is it is integration of river basin resources in your own surface and groundwater and then we have to integrate the demands as I mentioned whether it may be consumptuous or it is non consumptuous and supplies and then say starting from very micro level that means with respect to even you start from a well or it is watershed or if you consider major dams and reservoirs so facilities wise also you have to integrate from mega to micro and then it is not only water integrated water resource development management that then includes all human aspects and eco aspects ecosystem is considered and when we are talking in a scientific way we have to utilize all the science and technological tools available with respect to social economical and in a synergic way we have to put it together so that is the definition of the integrated water resource development and management given by the UNESCO so we so this is it is not only development of the water sector but it is overall development with respect to the people needs with respect to the the ecological needs with respect to the environment issues so that is why everything is coming together and you can see all of you know that we cannot just consider only what was the separate issues it is a issue of human being it is issue of ecosystem it is the issue of the total environment so our question here is our various tools like science and technological tools like modeling like remote sensing like GIS or any other soft computing how we can utilize it in an effective way such a way that we can have better management we can have better development of the available water resource system so yeah when we consider as I mentioned say the water resource management is considered the smallest unit is so called a watershed I hope all of you know what is a watershed watershed is a geographical area which we can delineate in such a way that with respect to the geopolitical boundaries we can delineate an area it may be small area or it may be larger area so in the within this perspective of Indian water source development management we will be say when we consider this as a watershed scale we can deal with water harvesting that means how much water say as I mentioned even though before say taking water from long distance like you for example Mumbai's consent we are getting water from 20 or 30 kilometer away from various reservoirs like Tansa and other reservoirs and we are carrying we are giving sufficient treatment there and then we are taking the water to the city of Mumbai and the same thing is there in Bangalore or in many other cities but if you can utilize the water available say for example in Mumbai itself then we can see that we can say a lot of money and then we can say the water which we are taking from 30 kilometer if the local people if they can get that water there itself then they can produce more food they can have better agriculture but what we are taking that all this water is transported to the city of Mumbai so what is happening is that you know all the difficulties so but what we are discussing here is say when we discuss about the Indian water resource development and management on a watershed scale so we will be discussing about water harvesting so whatever is available at particular location how we can utilize it and then of course say with the utilization of surface water and then litteration of course ground water we can effectively utilize and then appropriate water conservation practices so you know that a number of ways we can conserve the water say we can reduce the evaporation we can reduce the seepage we can do it which way it is possible so these are all local depends upon the location and then of course you can see that watershed scale when it is concerned the people participation is very important and then we should go for appropriate land use and planning and then the ultimate aim is the property elevation and then social development so as I mentioned this is possible only in a sustainable way we cannot just overdraw the available ground water and utilize it in a stretch so that the future generation will be affected so we have to do everything in a sustainable way and we have to you see in all these aspects the various case studies we are conducted in the recent times so that if people participation is there then it will be much more effective so on the Indian water resource development management issues on a watershed scale combines all these aspects so here I have given a flow chart this is taken from see animal casing and one of our common papers which you have published in 2002 so this flow chart shows how we can effectively on a watershed scale how we can effectively utilize we can have a system in such a way that we can improve the total aspects with respect to what issues is concerned so as I mentioned we can start with the village scale or the watershed scale then we can build the capacity building with respect to financial support from various aspects so here the water harvesting is a major issue deterioration the non-farm employment and then water and soil conservation and then forestation activities and then community support service so all these things can come together so in a typical in a very effective water resource development management model on watershed basis we can have all these aspects together so that for ultimate aim is we will have improved quality of life and we have sufficient water so if our study showed that if sufficient water is available for particular watershed or village all over the that means they can produce more agriculture more food can be produced and then that will improve the the farmers can sell these products to other people and then they can have better they can get more money and then their overall life will be improved so this is what we we have seen by studying many the many watershed scale projects like the scale the project team Jabua in Madhya Pradesh or the project run by Anna Khasare in Maharashtra so all these places it shows that an integrated water resource development management by considering all the aspects are very important especially on a watershed scale since we are now discussing here the soft computing techniques and various tools how we can use this advanced technologies for Indian water resource development management say for example on a watershed scale so you can see that so as I mentioned the remote sensing is a major tool which gives lot of information for modeling land use and many other purposes and so if you get to the remote sensing data then we can put it in a GIS environment and then with the help of we can develop a watershed management system such a way that that can be effectively put into into in a management information system so we can develop based upon this so as a scientist as an engineer you can the modern tools like remote sensing GIS or all the soft computing techniques which we will be discussing or modeling techniques we can utilize in such a way that this will be available so this will enhance the total the output on a either on a watershed basis or on a river basin basis so finally say we were discussing about the sustainability issues so as I mentioned in a broader scale on Indian water resource development and management so we are having the people then water land and then of course the the the flora and fauna of the all these things so the the sustainability issues are concerned for people is concerned if you are having stable population survey land full friend of minimum needs all these issues will be coming under the category of sustainability issues in the within the perspective of India water resource development and management and what is concerned loss of storage due to siltation follow groundwater table all these issues we have to deal as far as sustainability issues in water resource development and management and then of course if more water is available it is a problem we are having water logging we are we will be having salinity issues and wetland and marshland all this problem if we don't have sufficient water then there will be doubt situation and then we are having desserts and other related problems so in a sustainable in a sustainable way we have to deal with the people we have to deal with the ecosystem we have to deal with the water and the land so these are the major issues the sustainability issues as far as Indian water resource development and management is concerned so here as far as sustainability issues are concerned product is concerned as I mentioned the agriculture product is the food production so we should have balanced composition between what we produce and what we can sell and what we can market and then quantity and quality and the supply and all other aspects are concerned and then what is concerned we should have the facilities like whether we should go for larger dams or we should develop the the on watershed basis or small-scale development so these are the major issues and then biomass is concerned the conservation of biodiversity and like issues like a gene banks tissue culture energy plant all these things will be coming to picture so everything say when we are putting these all this in a holistic way in the terms of in the water source development management we can put a sustainability indicators for each aspects and then depending upon say this indicators will vary from place to place it is not the same for all the locations so according to the priorities according to the needs we can put a different indicators for all these issues and then we can get a we can develop a sustainable development model with respect to water lands the human being and then of course the ecosystem is concerned so now we have a brief discussion about the water source availability in India and then what are the projected water requirement in 2050 that means in 45 years time how much water we need so what way we have to develop the various water source available on our disposal so you can see that if you just check with the various aspects of like your water availability land availability so India has 2% of world's land 4% of freshwater and 16% of population and 10% of its cattle you can see that there is a the distribution is not not at all normal you can see that say we are having only 2% of works land and only 4% of freshwater but our population is more than 16% of the total population of the way and even cattle is also we are having about 10% of the cattle so these are the major issues so what is the resource available is much much lesser and we our needs are much much larger so how we can manage by using various techniques how we can use the how we can manage the the water source in a sustainable way and geography area is concerned so we are having 329 mille hectares of each 47% is cultivated 23% approximately now it would have reduced even further forested 7% under non agriculture use and 23% land is put as wasteland since even if put a lot of efforts it is very difficult to produce agriculture from this land so if you consider say the per capita land 50 years ago that means in about 1915 the land availability as far as India is concerned it was about 0.9 hectare but now say 50 years ago it was 0.9 hectare and now it may be about 0.5 or something like that and now in 2050 I mean if I if you predict for 2050 it will is going to reduce 0.14 hectare so that means by 2050 our population may be more than 120 crores so you can see that again further whatever is available is going to drastically reduce so and as far as the area of under cultivation is concerned India's concern 37% is only 37% is irrigated which produce 55% of our food requirement so you can see that we are now producing about 200 metric tons of food so after which 55% is produced from the 37% of the irrigated lands and then we are having about 63% of the rainforest land that means it is mainly only one crop is generally possible and remaining maybe some some few finger millets and other things may be possible so that 63% of the areas producing only 45% of the food requirement so if you consider for 50 years that means many of the people says that this is alternate if you cannot go beyond this that what is there in 50 years so that means 2050 so this the central government government of India wants to increase this agriculture production the the irrigated area 37% to at least 50% such that there will be 50% irrigated land and 50% known irrigated land so that the food production can go to so the irrigated land may produce about 75% through various water resources management practices and agriculture practices and then remaining 25% may produce by this 50% of the land where it is not irrigated so our food requirement by 2050 may be about 500 metric tons so these are the major issues so the land is not distributed with respect to the population as far as India is concerned water is also very less and available water is also very much varying as you can see in the in the coming slides so you can see that in the last 1970 onwards 1970 onwards we are having this revolution called green revolution so with the last 50 years say in agriculture production in 1951 was about 65 metric tons it has gone up to 200 metric tons by 2001 and commander re-reaction was only 22.6 million hectare into 1951 that was going to 90 90 million hectare but then the problem was everything was going perfectly okay but the population also tripled that means it was that the three course in 1951 that it has gone to 100 cores so that is why the major issues so you can see that now to feed the population by 2050 as I mentioned the population may further go to another 20 or 25 cores more may be added to the Indian population so we need another green revolution or according to Dr. Swaminathan we need a second green revolution to cope up with such a high population maybe within the next 50 years so there we need a lot of water management issues we have to whatever is available we will be discussing briefly discussing what you want to how much what is available so with what was with respect to what is available we have to cope up in such a way that we should produce about 500 metric tons of food by 2050 to and then we to provide sufficient water and amenities to the people we should manage the water on in an appropriate way so you can see here the rainfall map of India so you can see that here in a in locations like Kerala or the western belt and then the eastern belt where heavy rainfall is there it is some location it is more than 4,000 centimetre but we can see that in some locations like in Ajastain this here you can see that it is varying from 0 to 100 millimetre 0 to 100 millimetre this is 400 centimetre 4000 millimetre so here it is varying from it may be hardly 10 centimetre in this locations and and then this area as you can see it is almost average it is varying from 400 to 1000 millimetre or 100 centimetre so average rainfall of India's concern you can see that it is about 114 centimetre so so this is the method as I mentioned the morning also we are having a rainfall which may be which may may be sufficient for the overall population but here we are having a very and the distribution is very very difficult way that means you can see that here some location it is a large amount of water rainfall but some location it is very very less so the distribution is not unique distribution is very very varying it is such a way that we need lot of management practices to cope with whatever we need and then if you check the India's river basins are concerned you can see that here we are having river Ganga river Brahmaputra and all these rivers carrying so much of water and then going to the Bay of Bengal and but here in central India is concerned even though we are having number of rivers the flow through these rivers are much less and then the rivers are full only the sufficient water is flowing only through Mansoon and afterwards most of the rivers become dry so that also the water so that way you can see that water distribution is not at all normally in many parts of the country so if you consider the basin by statistics the surface water potential of India is concerned you can see that so you can see that India's river say the potential is about 73.31 kms per year Ganga is concerned 525 Brahmaputra Bay basins 585 and Godavari 110 but all other rivers much much less so that you can see that all these most of these rivers flowing northwestern region we are having so much of water but the the southern region or the central region we are having very less water so on an average you can calculate per year we are having about 1900 cubic kilometer water we are getting on an average basis cubic kilometer per year but out of this you can see that about 50 to 60 percent is almost here you can see that it is occurring through the river Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins so that is our major issues and that is why earlier government of India general water commission and national water agency they have put to the proposal for interdling your river basins so that some of the water from the northwestern sides we can transfer to central India or even to southern India so that we can have sufficient water in the waterscares areas so as I mentioned here there is a skewer distribution of water resource in the country so Ganga Brahmaputra basin we are having about if you take India including Ganga and Brahmaputra together we are having about 1202 cubic kilometer of water that means about 62 percent of the total water is flowing through these river basins Ganga Brahmaputra Meghana etc so here out of this the utilization is only 274 that is about only 40 percent that means what you can be utilized is only this much and west flowing rivers we are having only say the area the the area under this rivers is 11.31 million hectares and then we are having only 201 cubic kilometer per year flowing through so you can see that there is a very drastic this this distribution is so skewed that it is it is very difficult to manage in some locations like east east end side or northwest east end side we are having so much of water but the center side and say southern side we are having very less water so this skewed distribution we should go for inter basin transfer of water that is a keen need so as you as all of you know the river interling plan has been conceived by the national water development agencies all these details are available in their website so as as their proposes there will be two components one is the the Himalayan components and then another one is penicillin components so the Himalayan components about 17 interling rivers components and then the southern links are concerned about 12 so about 29 links they have proposed and here these are the Himalayan components and then he can see the the penicillin component so out of this even the all the now the DPR detail project reports are available for most of these the links are concerned and now I am very happy to inform you that at least one link has been started it is in Barak river between the it is between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar one link the work is already started but now the previous government was very much eager to implement this on face buys but now the present government is anyway we cannot say it is going slow but they are taking one by one so I hope maybe in few years time we will be having more links of this interling of within the project of interling river basins so some of the problems I am not saying that say I will not 100% say this is we will solve all the problems but to settle levels wherever I am not saying you should go on an entire complete implementation also attested but as now the government of India is doing already one link has started another link is almost DPR complete all the issues are sorted out and then they may start that second link work also very soon so that way it is progressing and then if this river interling project is taken place appropriately then we can see that some of the water scarcity problems may be solved so some of the inferences from the river basin statistics you can see that the Himalayan river basin we are having so much of 1200 billion cubic meter or 1200 cubic kilometer water per year after this only 300 cubic kilometer can be utilized so that is the issue and Himalayan larger dams personally store about 80 billion cubic meter of water and new dams under concentration could store about 90 more 90 90 billion cubic meter of water and pencil rivers 400 million cubic meter water is you can be we can utilize out of 700 available and the pencil larger dams personally store only 160 billion cubic meter of water and new dams under concentration may further we can add 45 billion cubic meter of water and in all larger dams personally store about 240 billion cubic meter of water and new dams under concentration could store another 135 so that total storage this could be about 375 billion cubic meter only so these are the major problems so here and then of course as I mentioned groundwater is also another issue basing by groundwater distributions also given it is there in your lecture notes so you can see that the groundwater basing also accordingly surface water distribution in Ganga, Brahmaputra, Varahari basins lot of groundwater potential is there we are not able to utilize it appropriately the list is given here so we are having about 430 cubic kilometer of water is available per year as far as groundwater resource is concerned the issues are you can see that we have to live to this water and then of course as I mentioned we have to also see that the water is recharge appropriately so all these issues we have to sort out within the water resource management so finally these all these things we are putting a together in a table India present yearly water balance a summary say if you consider the end-day precipitation falling throughout the country it is about 4000 cubic kilometer and inflow from coming from Himalaya and other places it is about 400 million cubic meter of water or cubic kilometer of water so totally we are having about 4400 and then blindly we can put about 50 percent gauze as evapotranspiration or whatever other the some of the losses is like evaporation and transpiration so it is about 2200 gauze and infiltration about 300 cubic kilometer and available for the for whatever we can get or we can utilize is 1900 and again say all this there are very number of difficulties to utilize India's what is 900 so utilizable finally the experts have put us 1100 and further this out plus another 300 can be extended so that means say present withdrawal is about 630 billion cubic meter of water so what is can be posted 58 out of this what is can be utilizable and still available is 470 that means 42 percent still we can develop and extendable as I mentioned this 300 can be further extended by like interbasin transfer etc that means we can add another 28 percent so utilization is concerned reaction is the major sector where about 85 percent of the water is so if we can go through various management measures if we can reduce it a lot of water will be available so presently the drinking and municipal usage is about 4.5 percent industry 3 percent energy 3.5 percent and all others 6 percent so that this is the the percent yearly water balance for the country so as I mentioned if you go for a 2050 that means in 50 years time or 45 years time what is the possibilities so for growing as I mentioned in the for the population in 2050 we need about 500 metric tons of food so for that for growing food during in 2050 we should have about say 800 billion cubic meter of water and drinking water plus domestic municipal use of rural population say at this rate we need about 100 billion cubic meter of water and hydropower and other energy generation we need about 70 billion cubic meter of water industry use we need about 100 billion cubic meter of water navigation use 15 and the loss of water by evapotransfer evaporation from the server this is only for reservoirs about 76 billion cubic meter and environmental ecology 20 so total we need about 1200 billion cubic meter of water by the year 2050 so you can see that what is available is even if you go for extension it is about 1400 billion cubic meter of water so the population is further going from to by what is predicted in 2050 then it will be very very difficult situation as I as I already some of our speakers mentioned there will be water war maybe in future so these are the major issues with what is available what is what we can utilize and what is the future scope future the overview of future the the water resource availability of the country so now we have already we have discussed earlier the possibility of water ocean development aspects so that also government of India is putting lot of importance and lot of efforts are put in this direction so you can see that the the the many of the areas are water scales and then say if we can whatever is with respect to rainfall we can harvest it and then utilize that will be very very useful so I am not going to all the details so here so the water ocean development is concerned say whatever we have seen is that it is say two aspects one is what recharging through various means to the aquifer system and another one is surface pondage like through ponds then through small small reservoirs check dams etc so this many many cases various successful cases like Jabua the the the cases in Maharashtra like what is done by Anna Hasare so like the many many successful cases are there so what I mean as a what I what I feel as a water resources but we should go for not only watershed development but also some types of reservoir development and then in the basin transfer all these things should come together so that a complete management of the water water resource system what is available is needed in a to achieve our goals in a sustainable development way so here many of the issues like you know that to this rainwater harvesting all these things are ancient wisdom that means it was there for many many centuries which is not a new technique so now which what we can do as I mentioned through use of GIS through use of remote sensing through modeling whether how we can marry the ancient wisdom with modern science and technology outputs so that we can reach new heights we can manage the water in an appropriate way such that we can we can get the sufficient water say as the predicted for even for 2015 so here I have put a table where the water supply costs are concerned you may ask why we go we should go for the the the water transfer inter basin transfer or why we cannot go only for water harvesting so here as per Keller and others here the prices the possible prices in dollar stamps are put here so that means initially with including the initial investment so large storage projects why people are going for larger reservoirs you can see that this is the cheaper most the cheaper arrive at your water see if you go for larger projects so with 8 to 110 dollars we can have so much of storage and this includes the infrastructure also and then media and small small scale again further the price increases and then if you go for desalination of seawater as many of the Gulf countries are utilizing you can see the prices are very very high during distillation and then the the conservation practice like water harvesting also you can see it is not so high this so this for here with the prices only 40 to 300 dollars what is the possibility for including the infrastructure for 1000 cubic meters the initial infrastructure and groundwater development and pumping is also varying from 22 so these two three aspects for a country like India we have don't have so much of infrastructure we don't have so much money to spend so if we can go for some of the large scale projects then some of the watershed scale projects and then we appropriately tap the available groundwater then that may be a better way of utilization better way of management as far as water is concerned so now I am posting so many questions to you so we made so much of water by 2050 or now also it is scales in many places so where does the water come so there are many many questions which you can ask yourself so the questions are whether you have to go for new dams or whether we shall go for inter basin transfer as we have already seen the environment of India proposal of the that means the river so where we should go so these are all big questions and then I cannot just say only this or that but as I mentioned maybe two three components coming together may be the best option for the country so new dams of course there are a number of locations where we should go for new dams without much environmental problems and then of course as I mentioned it should be going for any linking of the rivers if you can link some of the rivers together and then some inter basin transfer of water is done that will be very very useful and then groundwater is concerned you can see that as I mentioned most of the available groundwater is there in with respect to the inter-gangetic basin where so much of groundwater is available that is not at all utilized so that we can definitely utilize but whenever we are going for groundwater utilization you should see that we also appropriately recharge the groundwater system such that groundwater is draft is not allowed and then it is developing a sustainable way then demand management as we have already seen demand management is very essential we are wasting so much of water in the agricultural sector so how we can improve through whether drip irrigation or the other kinds of irrigation management such a way that the demand can be managed and then water savings that means increase in efficiency reduce evaporation then water productivity increase in crop drop and then finally if we cannot come do the whatever we need in all these things then of course the virtual water all of you know what is virtual water virtual water is when we are importing one ton of the wheat or rice from other countries like Australia or Canada then we are actually importing the water itself since this much so much of water is needed to produce one ton of the the wheat or the food products so when we are importing the food that means we are importing the water so that is a virtual water so how we can manage all these things then as I mentioned water for food sufficiency and security of India's concern area to area cover is about 40% only so the the remain is rainfall so how we can manage how we can water the with respect to the the the the water harvesting whether we can improve or through inter basin transfer we can go for more irrigation or whether through large-scale development of the groundwater available or large-scale development of the the the available say say transferring from one river to another or one basin to another so that is what we have to check so water for food sufficiency and security so as I mentioned here when we discuss the all these aspects if you go to any of such seminars you can see a number of voices number of views since different experts will be having different viewpoints so the questions are as I mentioned whether we shall go for mega projects like Sardasa river projects or Narmada river projects like it it creates a lot of water potential but simultaneously it brings a lot of environmental problems also so whether we shall go for the mega projects or we shall go for micro level projects say like watershed scale projects like small small check dams and then we utilize the water available in that area so the question is of course as I mentioned earlier my viewpoint is that we need a combination of many of these things together and then last scale projects or small scale projects and then we may ask the question whether we shall go for surface water or groundwater and then we may ask the question like the storage or runoff the river that means for even for power production we can pump back the water to the reservoir and then go for that and then we can just utilize what is fall through the river or we can go for litteration and then gravity or precise system or top down so developments models are concerned all of you know that there are various models like your top down or bottom upwards there is different scales of models are there so similarly in water source management also considered we can have different types of models so and then of course we can have centralized models decentralized models all of you know the problem of India is concerned the even the state the central ministry is there is it has what only an advice role the water is the state issue so that is why issues between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu issues between Kerala and Tamil Nadu or different states also it is a big issue so the question now here we may ask whether we should completely centralize that means the water issues should be centralized so that it can be done but then some people may say no no no we have to decentralize nor decentralization so all these questions so it has got many answers it is not only single answer so it depends upon the various conditions various situations and then of course like you can see that as I mentioned especially the development issues in the irrigation sector and the watersheds sectors are concerned in the 90s 70s and 80s so much of bureaucratic control we are there so this class you can see that whatever whatever we are proposed to develop whatever we need to achieve many of the the projects could not achieve so the main reason is that it is completely controlled by bureaucrats bureaucrats or engineering the PWD engineers or who are who are there they are creating on their own way they are not discussing with the local people what they want where the dam should be there where the the various measures should be there should be adopted so without people participation many of the developments has taken place last 30 40 years and then you can see that whatever we should achieve through that project many of the times it has not achieved so in this way I can definitely say that we have studied few of the cases like in Jabu and other areas we have seen that where people participation is there especially watersheds scale development there is a tremendous achievement has been done that means it is not the bureaucrats design particular projects and implement it but it is with the help of people NGOs are coming together and then they are implementing the project with the help of the people and then for the people so there is efficiency then efficacy and transparency of governance everything is and then finally a project is hand over to the local people such that it is managed appropriate way so this many of the role models like you as I mentioned what is happened in religiosity in Maharashtra or Jabu or many other areas you can see that people participation is there people are taken into confidence people are taken in the various issues of water management there the success are there so as a what I am saying why I want to emphasis here is that so of course we have to utilize all this modern techniques modern things and all the aspects but we should we should go in such a way that all the the the managed issues are sort of but we are creating say if you are creating a reservoir if you are generally building a dam it is for the people so we should also take the people into confidence and then we should go in such a way that everything is managed in a sustainable way of development is very important in in the especially in the area of water resource management and the environment issues are also very important so in the next few days we will be discussing so this is an interactive lecture on this water resource development and management so the various top the soft computing techniques starting from numerical modeling GIS remote sensing and various other things how we can effectively utilize for the water resource management so that is what we will be discussing in the in the next few days here by various professors and various experts in this area