 Good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis discussion by Shankara A. S. Academy. Yesterday, due to a technical difficulty, we were not able to publish the newspaper analysis discussion. So, instead we have added articles from yesterday's newspaper and today's newspaper in today's newspaper discussion. So, these are the articles we are going to discuss today. The articles are displayed above. Let us move into today's discussion. Let us start our discussion today by going through some map-based question. I have taken some important places that appeared in the newspaper. I have attached the articles, the date in which it appeared, the page number and the edition before every question. Although the article won't be important for our exams, UPSC might pick up these places and ask a question in primes. We can expect three or four map-based questions every year. The issue with map-based question is, you either know the answer or you don't. It is difficult to make informed guess in map-based question. So, when a new place appears in the newspaper, take the articles and locate it. Have a bird's-eye view and look at the area around it also. It will be helpful. It will help you fetch the crucial 2-3 marks that will help you clear the primes examination. Now let us move on to the first question. The first question is based on this article. Now moving on to the question. The question is regarding Mount Kilimanjaro, which is located in Tanzania. Four statements are given. We have to find which of the following statement is correct. The first statement. Mount Kilimanjaro is the tallest freestanding mountain in the world. The statement is correct. Mount Kilimanjaro is indeed the tallest freestanding mountain in the world. At the tallest point, it reaches the height of 5,895 meters. See here the key word is freestanding mountain. Actually, a freestanding mountain is a mountain that stands alone and is not part of any mountain system. From this image, you can get an idea what a freestanding mountain is. So in the statement, if it is given like Mount Kilimanjaro is the tallest mountain in the world, then the statement would be wrong. Since we know Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest is not a freestanding mountain since it is part of the Himalayan range. Second statement. It is a Stratovalcano. This statement is also true. It is indeed a Stratovalcano. Let me give you some points about Stratovalcanoes. They are conical tall volcanoes that are formed by highly acidic, very viscous lava. These lava are called andesitic lava. See this image. Since the lava is highly viscous, they do not flow for a long distance, thus forming a characteristic conical volcano. Other examples of Stratovalcano are Mount Stramboli, Mount Visuvius and Mount Fiji. Now as per the after today's discussion, take your atlas and try to locate the above mentioned volcanoes. Now the third statement. Kilimanjaro has three volcanic cones namely Kibo, Mavindzi and Sheera and all volcanic cones are dormant. The first part of the statement is correct. Kibo, Mavindzi and Sheera are the volcanic cones in Kilimanjaro. In fact, Kibo is the highest point in Mount Kilimanjaro but only Mavindzi and Sheera are extinct. Kibo is actually dormant. The most recent activity happened in Kibo some 200 years ago. The last statement is that rivers Lumi and Pangani drain Kilimanjaro on the western and southern sides respectively. The statement is false. Since rivers Lumi and Pangani flows on the Wetter eastern side of Kilimanjaro. This is because eastern side of Kilimanjaro faces the sea. Hence it is in the windward side and it is significantly better than the leeward western side. Hence perennial rivers like Lumi and Pangani flows in the eastern side of Kilimanjaro. So the correct answer is option A, 1 and 2 only. Now moving on to the next question. This question is based on this article. The question asks for the following given countries which countries has both Mediterranean and Atlantic coast. The countries given are Morocco, Portugal, Algeria and Spain. Now let us take the map. See Spain here has both Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. Likewise Morocco has both Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. Algeria has only Mediterranean coast and finally Portugal has only Atlantic coast. So the correct answer here is option D, 1 and 4 only. Now if you get a question like this in our discussion session or you get a question like this in one of your mock test you must not leave it at that. You must take the atlas and look at the places again. In this case you can look for other countries that has both Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. Only by doing this you can widen your knowledge. Now moving on to the next question. This question is based on this article. It appeared on the Hindu on 24th August. The question has given us four water bodies and asked us to arrange them from south to north. The given water bodies are Lake Koran, Gulf of Acaba, Sea of Galilee and Dead Sea. Since the Middle East is always in the news you must have the map of this region in your fingertips. So now let us take these water bodies one by one. First is Lake Koran. Lake Koran is an artificial lake in Lebanon. It is built across the river Litani which is the longest river in Lebanon. Now moving on to Gulf of Acaba. We all know what is a Gulf right? A Gulf is a part of the sea that is almost surrounded by land. Now look at this image. The Gulf of Acaba is almost surrounded by land. It is located on the northern tip of Red Sea. East of it is Arabian Peninsula and west of it is Sinai Peninsula. Here is the Sinai Peninsula. It is part of Egypt. An interesting fact about Sinai Peninsula is it is a part of Asian continent. So Egypt has territories in both African and Asian continent. Now coming back to Gulf of Acaba. Its coastline is divided by four countries which include Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Now let us look at Sea of Galilee. Look at this map. Here is Israel. Sea of Galilee is also called Lake Tiberias. It is located on the northern part of Israel. This is a freshwater lake and it is the lowest freshwater lake in the world. Meaning the lake is located at levels between 215 meters and 209 meters below sea level. The lake is actually located in the Jordan Rift Valley. The Jordan Rift Valley is formed due to the separation of African Plate from the Arabian Plate. The lake is mainly fed by Jordan River and some underground springs. So recapping this segment, the lake is actually located in Israel in the Jordan Rift Valley and is mainly fed by Jordan River. Now moving on to Dead Sea. Here is the Dead Sea. It is located south of Sea of Galilee. It is a saltwater lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel to the west. The lake's surface is 430 meters below mean sea level, making it the lowest lake in the world. Note here Sea of Galilee is the lowest freshwater lake and Dead Sea is the lowest lake. Since the water is highly saline, the density of the water is very high. Thus people cannot easily drown in Dead Sea. This lake is also located in the Jordan Rift Valley. Dead Sea though it has high salinity, it is not the saltiest water body in the world. Interestingly, the saltiest water body, Don Juan Pond, is located in Antarctica. Apparently the salinity here is so high that even at temperatures as low as minus 30 degrees Celsius, the water never freezes. Now coming back to the question. From this discussion we know Gulf Aquaba is the southernmost. Then comes Dead Sea. Then Sea of Galilee. Finally in the North Lake Korawan. So the answer here is option C2431. I hope this segment was helpful and gave you a little idea for how to prepare for map based questions. So now let us wind up this and take up the first article for our discussion. Let us start today's discussion with this article. Through this article here, the author takes a critical look at the Ishram portal that the government recently launched. We already discussed about the objectives, eligibility criteria for Ishram portal on our 8th September Hindu newspaper discussion session. Articles like this are important with the evolving nature of UPSC mains examination. Since for the past couple of years, mains questions are focusing on the analysis part rather than the description part. So reading article like this will help you look at every government measure analytically. Having this in mind, let us start the discussion. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. No quickly refreshing. Ishram portal has been developed for creating a national database of unorganized workers, which will also be author seated. It comes under Ministry of Labor. Author through this article has highlighted the issues with this portal. Let us go over it one by one. First is the long drawn nature of the registration process itself. We have 380 million unorganized workers, even though the portal was launched on August 26 till now only 0.6 million have been registered. So it is going to take a lot of time before we have a database of the entire informal sector. Second issue is this, although the government has made it mandatory, the small employers like our local Kiran Ashab owner who mainly employ informal labor have no gain for them by nudging their workers to register. So the unorganized worker may not voluntarily come forward and register because the gains are not immediate. The long term gains may not be visible to both the employer and the unorganized worker. Third is the question of data security. See the government is collecting huge quantum of data. The data security infrastructure with the center for keeping such quantity is still questionable. Further, these data is going to be shared with the state governments. Some state governments don't have the infrastructure to safely house and handle huge volumes of data. With the data protection bill still in limbo, there is no concrete data protection measure in our country. Next is the question of exclusion. According to the social security code, workers covered under the employee provident fund and the employee state insurance are excluded from this portal. This complicates the problem. See people working in hazardous settings are compulsorily included in the ESI framework. So due to this, people who are working in hazardous environment are excluded from the portal. Apart from this, even people aged above 59 are excluded from the portal. So this may amount to age-based discrimination as well. Next, the author has talked about the issue of Aadhar ceding. We saw that Eshram portal is Aadhar ceded. The issue is that not many will have a Aadhar ceded mobile phone because in India, still smartphone penetration is very low. It is a socio-economic issue here. Further, Aadhar ceding is itself a political issue because Aadhar doesn't mean citizenship itself, especially in north-east and all. So this could be controversial. Next, author deals with the issue of changing identity of the informal workers. If you see, many are migrant workers. Their place of residence hence will be continuously changing. The moment he or she migrates, the authenticity of the data attached to that person vanishes. So to maintain a mechanical database can soon become redundant. Lastly, he talks about the procedural difficulties. See, the center has laid out the plan, but states have to implement it. So take Maharashtra for example. In Maharashtra, the server was down for a few days. An informal worker who has approached the center when the server is down will not be motivated to go do the procedure again, thus leaving him out of the portal. So a law depends on the initiatives and the promptness of the state governments. Also, there is a risk of corruption among the middlemen. For example, internet centers which act as middlemen might charge exorbitant charges to the unorganized workers to register and print e-shrim cards. This will in turn discourage the workers from registering in the portal. So to recap, here in this discussion, we saw some issues surrounding e-shrim portal. Like long drawn registration process, no incentive for a small employer to get his or her employees registered, issue of exclusion, issue of Aadhar seeding, data security issues, changing identity of migrant labor, and corruption by the middlemen. Government should shiftly overcome these challenges to implement this to the fullest potential. Since e-shrim would give the no invisible informal workers the much needed visibility, it will act as a labor market citizenship document to the unorganized sector workers. So with this, let's conclude this discussion. And now let us take up the next article for our discussion. Now let us take up this editorial for our discussion. The editorial mentions about a trail lateral security partnership for the Indo-Pacific region. The partnership is between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. That's the name A-U-K-U-S. There are two important significance for this trail lateral alliance. Let's see it one by one. First is, it complements the already existing Indo-Pacific corporations like the Quad and the Five-Wise Intelligence. Since we have discussed a lot about Quad, we will see what is Five-Wise Intelligence cooperation. This is a intelligence sharing agreement between English-speaking countries like US, UK, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. This was formed during the Cold War era to counter the influence of Soviet Union and its allies. Now let us take up the second significance of this trail lateral alliance. The second important significance of the alliance is that the US has agreed to share the technology of nuclear-powered submarines with Australia and help Australia build a fleet of nuclear-powered submarines. This is a significant move by the US. Since it has shared the technology of nuclear powered submarines only once, that too with the United Kingdom in 1958. This move will improve Australia's undersea and anti-submarine capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region. Since Australia is also a part of Quad, this will improve Quad's ability to ensure peace in the Indo-Pacific region. As the famous Roman saying goes, if you want peace, you must be prepared for war. So measures like this will act as a counter for China and its influence in the Indo-Pacific region, thus helping ensure freedom of navigation, rule-based order, and peace in the region. In this discussion, we looked into what a UK-US trail lateral security partnership is, the significance of this alliance, and the significance of this alliance for the peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region. We also saw a little bit about Five Eyes Intelligence Cooperation. With this, let us wind up this discussion and move on to the next article. Now, let us take this editorial. The content in this editorial is regarding inflation. This article is nothing but a monthly update on inflation. So it won't be beneficial in the long run. Since the data would be outdated by the time we appear for our exams. But we have to focus here on terms like CPA and WPA, which are mentioned in the editorial. They are very important for our exams. So let us see about them first. Then we will discuss about some points mentioned in the editorial. The syllabus regarding this article is given here for your reference. First, let us take WPA or the Wholesale Price Index. The WPA measures the average change in the prices of commodities, which are at an early distribution stage, that is, which is before the retail level of sale. We know that in India, WPA is officially published by the Office of Economic Advisor, which is under Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This index is published on a monthly basis. The WPA is calculated using the base year 2011-12. Now, let us see why this index is not widely used for policy making. This is because of two factors. The first is that WPA does not cover services. And the second is that the general public, that is, common people like us, we do not purchase commodities at wholesale prices. We purchase our goods at retail price. So, WPA is not widely used for policy framing. Now, moving on to consumer price index or CPA. The CPA measures the increase in price experienced at retail shops. So, we can define CPA as a measure of change in retail prices of goods and services consumed by a defined population group in a given area with reference to a base year. Note here that CPA includes services also. Hence, this gives the actual reflection of the price raise in the country. The base year for calculating CPA in our country is 2012. Within CPA, we have three types, because different segments of our population have different choices of consumption and purchasing power. Thus, a single CPA won't be able to have a holistic picture. Now, let us understand some of the important CPAs, that is consumer price indexes. First is CPA for industrial workers. This measures the extent of change in the retail price of goods and services consumed by industrial workers. Second is the CPA for agricultural workers. This measures the extent of change in the retail prices of goods and services consumed by the agricultural laborers. Third is the CPA for rural labor. This measures the extent of change in retail prices of goods and services consumed by rural laborers. Note here that these three indices are compiled by the Labor Bureau in the Ministry of Labor and Employment. If we look closely, we can see that the above mentioned CPA indices represent only a specific segment of our population, and they do not reflect the true picture of price change in the country as a whole. So, National Statistical Office, NSO of Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation has started releasing a new series of CPA with 2012 as the base year. The new series includes three CPAs. The first is CPA for the entire urban population, that is CPA urban. The second is CPA for the entire rural population, that is CPA rural. And the next is CPA combined, which is the combination of CPA urban and CPA rural. Note here that RBA is using CPA combined as the sole inflation measure for setting inflation targets and ensuring price stabilities. An important point here is that CPA rural, CPA urban and CPA combined were released by CSO, that is the Central Statistical Office. But as of 23rd May 2019, the Office of National Sample Survey Office, that is NSSO, merged with the Central Statistical Office or CSO to form the National Statistical Office. So in the prelims, you see my task, who releases CPA and give both CSO and NSO in the option. The correct option would be National Statistical Office, not Central Statistical Office. Please note that. Now coming back to the editorial. The editorial mentions that the price pressures have begun to moderate in our economy. The CPA for August is at 5.3%. It is an improvement over July CPA of 5.59%. This is a welcome improvement. However, a lot is still desired. For example, take the prices of meat, fish, dairy, oils and fats. They are still accelerating. Similarly, the prices of eggs, pulses and vegetables are also a cause for concern. In addition to that, the raising price of fuel is also affecting many sectors. We know that high fuel prices result in increased transportation cost. That is, this in turn affects many sectors. So according to this article, if we do not take proactive steps to control inflation, we may breach RBI's monetary policy upper threshold of 6%. This will severely affect our recovering economy. So instead of going for short-term solutions, we must look for long-term options. In this discussion, we looked into important terms like wholesale price index and consumer price index. We saw why CPA is a better tool for measuring inflation and we saw the organization that published the above mentioned indices. Now let us wind up this discussion and move on to the next article. Now let us take this article. This article made headlines yesterday, that is 16th of September. Before moving into the discussion, let us go back some under 8 years. Back then, there used to be a lot of telecom service providers. You guys remember Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninar, Yerserl, Reliance etc. But due to heavy competition, these companies started closing shop in India. Now although there are four service providers in the market, the reality is a duopoly by GEO and YATL. This is a worrying situation. Both for us, the consumers and the government. So the government has announced certain measures to help the ailing telecom service providers. Now let us look into some important points mentioned in this article. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. To help the telecom sector, the government has announced a total of 9 structural reforms and 5 procedural reforms. But in our discussion today, we are going to talk only about two of them, which are very important. First is the concept of adjusted gross revenue, shortly known as AGR. And second is the 100% FTA in telecom sector under automatic route. Now let us see both of them in detail. First, let us start by understanding what is AGR, that is, adjusted gross revenue. In simple words, adjusted gross revenue is the usage and licensing fee that the telecom operators are charged by the Department of Telecommunication. And this charge is divided into two. First being spectrum usage charges and the second being licensing fee. The spectrum usage charge is fixed at 3 to 5% and the licensing fee is fixed at 8%. And as per the Department of Telecommunication these charges are calculated based on all the revenue earned by the telecom company. That is, it includes the revenue generated from both telecom related and non telecom related sources such as deposit interest and asset sales. See, there was a contention going on between telecom operators and the government regarding the particulars considered to calculate the amount payable because the telecom operators on their part insisted that the AGR should comprise only the revenue generated from the telecom services. And they were not okay with the non telecom related sources being included in it. And this issue has been going on for a long time. At present, this issue is being resolved through this reform. That is, the reform has redefined the concept of adjusted gross revenue by excluding non telecom revenue. So that means the revenue from non telecom sources will no more be taken into account while calculating the AGR. And not just that, a four year moratorium has been placed over the telecom players dues to the government. And also note that the interest on the AGR dues will now be compounded annually because so far it has been done monthly. On that line, the interest rate on the dues would be charged at a reasonable rate of MCLR plus two percentage. And we know MCLR that is marginal cost of funds based lending rate is nothing but the lowest lending rate banks are permitted to offer. Moving on to the next major measure that is related to FDA. As per the new reforms, the foreign direct investment in the telecom sector has been allowed up to 100% under the automatic route. And this has been increased from the existing limit of 49%. See the entry of foreign direct investment by non residents into India is generally regulated through two routes. One is automatic route and the next is approval route. Under the automatic route, the foreign investor or the Indian company does not require any approval from the Reserve Bank or the Government of India for the investment. As per the government, these measures are carried out to ensure more players in the sector and also to provide the consumers with multiple choices. This will curb the duopolistic tendencies that is occurring in the telecom sector. These measures are also expected to pave way for large scale investment and employment generation. In this discussion, we talked about the problems that the telecom sector is facing, what is adjusted gross revenue and the issues surrounding it, and the recent government reforms like redefining AGR and allowing 100% FDA in telecom sector through automatic route. And finally we talked about how the government measures will stop the telecom sector from becoming duopolistic. With this, let us wind up this discussion and move on to the next article. Now, let us take up this news article. The article here reports about an exercise of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. As per the news article, an Indian team of 200 Army and Air Force personnel are in Russia to participate in the exercise, that is exercise peaceful mission. And this exercise is being held between the member states of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. And note that this is the sixth edition of multinational military exercise that is organized by the SCO in Russia's Oregon. So this is the basic crux of this news article. Now in this context, let us briefly see about the said exercise and also the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. See the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's shortly known as SCO is a permanent international intergovernmental organization. And the creation of this organization was announced back in June 2001 at Shanghai. Currently, SCO comprises of eight member states. They are China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Of the eight member states, the founding members were China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. India and Pakistan, which were earlier observer states, joined the SCO as full members on 9th June 2017 at a summit in Astana. Astana is in Kazakhstan. Now the name has been changed to Noorsultan, which is the capital of Kazakhstan. Apart from this, the SCO has got four observer states. They are Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia. And in addition to the eight member states and four observer states, the SCO has got six dialogue partners. They are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Turkey. Now let us look into the structure of SCO. The heads of the state council or HHSC is the supreme decision making body in the SCO. And this body meets once in a year, during which it adopts the decisions and guidelines on all important matters of the organization. Adding to this, the SCO's head of government council, which also meets once a year to discuss the various aspects of the organization and to approve the organization's annual budget. The SCO has got two permanent bodies. They are the SCO secretariat and the executive committee of the regional anti-terrorist structure, that is RATS. The secretariat is based in Beijing and the RATS is based in Tashkent. Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan. You guys know about the Tashkent Agreement, right? For people who are not aware of this, let me take a small detour and explain about it in a few words. The Tashkent declaration was a peace agreement signed between India's Prime Minister Lal Bhagadur Shastri and Pakistan's President Ayub Khan to resolve the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. This agreement basically tried to restore the economic and diplomatic relationships in the respective countries. And both countries promise to keep away from each other's internal and external affairs. They also promise to work towards the progress in bilateral relations. Now coming to the exercise peaceful mission, which is seen in today's news. See the joint counter-terrorism exercise. Peaceful mission is a multilateral exercise. It is conducted biannually as a part of military diplomacy between the SCO member states. The scope of the exercise includes professional interaction, mutual understanding of drills and procedures, establishment of joint command, control structures and elimination of terrorist threats. The aim of the exercise is to foster close relations between the SCO member states and also to enhance ability of the military leaders to command multinational military contingents. And the exercise is expected to enable the sharing of best practices between the armed forces of the SCO nations. In this discussion we talked about SCO, when it was founded, its members, its objectives and a little bit about Tashkent Agreement of 1965. Finally we looked into the multilateral exercise peaceful mission. Now let us wind up our discussion and move on to the next article. Now let us take up this news article for our next discussion. The article here basically talks about a person named V. Sai Subramaniam who has become the first morcing exponent to receive the Kalki Krishnamurthy Award. Let us not go any further into that story since it is not very relevant for our exam. Instead with this background let us see important facts about morcing, which is a melodic instrument seen on the Carnatic Concert platforms. Know that the morcing is a Carnatic percussion instrument. See a percussion instrument refers to any instrument that makes a sound when it is hit, shaken or scraped. Generally it is not very easy to be a percussionist or a person who plays such instrument because it takes a lot of practice to hit an instrument with the right amount of strength at the right place and that too at the right time. The origins of morcing lie in the folk music and often the Jewish harp is identified as a precursor to the Indian morcing and know that in the southern part of India the morcing is a classical percussion instrument whereas in the northern part of India especially in the regions of Rajasthan it is a folk instrument. Note the difference here southern part it is a classical instrument and in northern India it is a folk instrument coming to its structure. As you can see in this picture here it is a tiny instrument shaped like a prongs with an iron frame and an additional metal stick or a steel rod running through the length of the instrument. As we know in Indian classical music you usually tune your instrument or sing to the tone of the music that is being performed. Know that a different morcing is required for different tonal centers and that means each individual instrument may still require tuning. For this reason beeswax is traditionally applied on the tip of the steel rod to change the pitch very slightly. Actually beeswax is nothing but a product made from honeycomb of the honey bee or other bees. Now let us see how it is played. See usually this instrument is held in the left hand while playing. The morcing is played by holding the prongs against the upper and lower teeth with the metal stick protruding out and plugged with the index finger and then the further control of the instrument is done by careful regulation of the player's breath. Movement of the player's tongue with constant plucking can produce very fast patterns of sound. By constricting the space in the mouth the nostrils can produce sounds in different phases similar to the phasor in electronic music. Now let us see a little bit about Kalki Krishnamurthy award. The award is presented by Kalki Krishnamurthy memorial trust for young and aspiring artist. Kalki Krishnamurthy was a writer based in Tamil Nadu. His notable works include historical novels like Puneen Selvan, Parthiban Kanavu and Sivagamiin Sabadham. Director Maninathnam's next magnum opus is based on Kalki Krishnamurthy's Puneen Selvan. In this discussion we talked about the instrument morcing, its origin, how it is played and we saw a little bit about Kalki Krishnamurthy. With these facts in mind let us wind up this discussion and move on to the next article. Now look at this new segment. The news mentions that after a brief disagreement with the Supreme Court the government as an one-off measure decided to reinstate justice AIC Chima as the acting chairperson of National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal that is NCLAT. In this context let us revise about National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal. National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal was formed based on the recommendation of Justice Iradi committee that was related to the insolvency and winding up of companies in India. It is a statutory body as it was constituted under section 410 of the Companies Act 2013. On 28th September 2020 the company's amendment bill 2020 received the assent of the President to become an Act. The amendment made changes to increase the number of benches for National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal in order to ease its burden and decrease its pendency. As of now the Ministry of Corporate Affairs has 15 National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal benches. Now let us see why National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal was created. It was constituted with the purpose of hearing appeals from the orders of National Kampanila Tribunal under the Companies Act that is it functions as an Appalach Tribunal. Appalach Tribunal means a special court or committee or a Tribunal that is formed to reconsider a decision made by another court or a committee or a Tribunal. It also functions as the Appalach Tribunal for hearing appeals against orders passed by National Kampanila Tribunal under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016. Then it is also the Appalach Tribunal for hearing appeals against the orders passed by Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India under section 202 and section 211 of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. Next is it is also the Appalach Tribunal under Competition Act 2002 that is section 410 class 2 of Companies Act and section 53A of Competition Act 2002. It hears and disposes of the appeals against directions, decisions and orders passed by the Competition Commission of India. But note that if any person is not satisfied with the orders of National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal, they can appeal to the Supreme Court within 60 days from the date of receipt of the order of National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal. Now coming to its composition, it consists of a chairperson and judicial and technical members having a tenure of 5 years. The chairperson shall be a former or incumbent judge of Supreme Court or the Chief Justice of any High Court. The judicial member is a former or incumbent judge of High Court or is a judicial member of National Kampanila Tribunal for 5 years. Then a technical member is also made as a part of National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal. See the technical member is a person having special knowledge in industrial finance, industrial management, industrial reconstruction, investment and accountancy. The technical member should have a professional experience of not less than 25 years. Here note that the chairperson and judicial members are appointed after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, whereas the technical members are appointed on the recommendation of a selection committee consisting of Chief Justice of India or her nominee, a senior judge of Supreme Court or Chief Justice of High Court and secretaries to the ministries of corporate affairs and law and justice. So let's conclude this discussion. In this discussion, we looked into the National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal, its origin, its role, its composition. We also saw the recent change made under Companies Amendment Act 2020 regarding National Kampanila Appalach Tribunal. Having discussed this, let us conclude this discussion and move on to the next article. Now look at this article. ISRO apparently is working on a reusable launch vehicle for GSLV Mach 3. In this part of the discussion, we will look into GSLV Mach 3. What is a reusable vehicle? What is payload fraction? First, let us start with reusable launch vehicle. A reusable launch system or a reusable launch vehicle is a system capable of launching a payload into space more than once. This allows for the reuse of some or all of the components of the launch vehicle. Opposite to this is the expendable launch system which can be used only once. As you may know, rocket components and assembling is an expensive affair. So if we are able to reuse the components, it is a cost-saving measure. So all around the world, people went into the quest for it. In that direction, the first reusable vehicle was the Space Shuttle launched in 1981. It launched like a rocket and returned to Earth like a glider, landing on an airplane on a long, concrete runway. However, this wasn't cheap as expected. But in recent time, SpaceX has mastered this technology. And Falcon 9 is known for this. In Falcon 9, the first stage is reusable, the second stage is expendable or not reusable. As we saw already, launch costs will get cheaper with reusable vehicle. When the launch cost gets cheaper, the space travel will also get cheaper. See, nowadays, space is being looked at not just as a science quest, but as an extreme recreation activity. Recently, Belliniers Richard Branson and Jeff Bezos made their spaceflight. Even day before yesterday, Elon Musk's SpaceX launched four private civilians in a Dragon capsule carried by their Falcon 9 rocket on a three-day orbital flight around the Earth. The mission was aptly named Inspiration 4. On the other hand, with the fast-depleting resources in Earth, asteroid mining is gaining traction. If India is able to master this reuse technology, we will also be in a position to mine resources from space. And of course, we will gain an edge in the space race. Besides, space could be the next new battleground in the future. So, this becomes an important leap that ISRO is trying to make. See the article talks about human factor payload fraction. Let us quickly understand that as well. Look at the formula. The payload fraction is equal to the mass of payload divided by the mass of the propellant and the structure. Understand this payload is the camera, drone, telescope that you send to space for steady purposes. But a rocket will also need fuel that is propellant and other support structures. And both payload and the others will have their own masses. The question is, which mass we are going to minimize? If we are able to send more payload, better will be the research. So, we will want to cut the mass from propellants and other support structures. So always, scientists will strive to make a better payload ratio, that is, a bigger numerator and a smaller denominator. Now, human factor payload fraction comes into picture when we are trying to send humans to space. So the mass of the cosmonets are taken into consideration along with the payload to assess the payload fraction or payload ratio. Now, let us quickly look into GSLV Mach 3, which is important for preliminary examination. See the GSLV Mach 3 is expanded as Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, Mach 3. So far, there has been four successful launches by GSLV Mach 3. The famous Chandrayaan 2 mission used the GSLV Mach 3 for lift off. ISRO is trying to make more successful launches using GSLV Mach 3 so that the vehicle earns the tag of trusted workhorse like that of the PSLV. Now, looking at the features, the GSLV Mach 3 is a three-stage vehicle. The three stages of GSLV Mach 3 are solid boosters, liquid motor, and a cryogenic upper stage. The cryogenic upper stage is an indigenously designed model. And see this, GSLV Mach 3 can put a communication satellite of 4 tons into Geosynchronous orbit or 10-10 satellite in low-earth orbit. Also remember that this GSLV can lift heavier payloads than PSLV. Some of the characteristic advantages are listed here in this snippet. Please go through it. In this discussion, we looked into what is a reusable vehicle, GSLV Mach 3 and its features, and what a human payload fraction is. With this, we will end this discussion and move on to the next segment. Now, let us take up the prelims practice questions. First question, a list of countries are given. They have asked of the above mentioned countries, which are the members of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The countries given are India, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Russia. As we saw in our discussion, at present, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization comprises of eight member states. They are China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. So, with this, we can conclude. Option A is the correct one. That is one, three, and five. That is India, Pakistan, and Russia. I have to add one more thing. Before Shanghai Cooperation Organization, there was an organization called Shanghai Five Group. It was founded in 24th April 1996. The organization consisted of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan. Later, in 2002, Uzbekistan was added to the Shanghai Five Group, and it rechristened itself as Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Now, moving on to the next question. Two statements are given. We have to select the correct statement. First statement, wholesale price index or WPI is compiled and released by the Labor Bureau in the Ministry of Labor. Second statement, consumer price index, industrial workers, is released by the Office of Economic Advisor under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade. Actually, both are incorrect. They are interchanged. Actually, CPA, industrial workers, is compiled and released by the Labor Bureau in the Ministry of Labor, while wholesale price index is released by the Office of Economic Advisor under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade. So, the correct answer is answer D, neither one or two. Now, moving on to the third question. It is also a two-statement question and they have asked us to find the correct statements. Now, let us look at the first statement. Foreign direct investment under the automatic route does not require any approval from the Reserve Bank or Government of India for the investment. Now, the second statement, foreign direct investment in the telecom sector has also been allowed up to 100% under automatic route. We already saw in our discussion that the entry of foreign direct investment by non-residents into the country is generally regulated through two routes. One is the automatic route, next is the approval route. And this automatic route is aimed for those sectors and levels of investment that are less restricted. So, under the automatic route, the foreign investor or the Indian company does not require any approval from the Reserve Bank or Government of India for the investment. And this makes the first statement to be correct. Coming to the second statement, we know that this statement is also right because that is the issue discussed in the news today. Since we saw as per the new reforms, the foreign direct investment in the telecom sector has been allowed up to 100% under the automatic route. And this has been increased from the existing limit of 49%. So, both one and two are correct. So, the correct option is option C. Now moving on to the fourth question. See here, three private space companies are given and the respective founders are given. We have to match the space company and the respective founders. So, first is Virgin Galactic and it is matched correctly. Virgin Galactic was founded by Richard Branson. Second is Blue Origin. It is also matched correctly. Blue Origin is founded by the founder of Amazon who is Jeff Bezos. Third is we all know SpaceX is founded by Elon Musk. So, the correct answer is option D, 1, 2 and 3. We know Falcon 9 is the launch vehicle for SpaceX. Likewise, Blue Origin that is Jeff Bezos founded space company also has a launch vehicle. It is named as New Shepherd 3. New Shepherd 3 is a overtake of vertical landing curated suborbital launch vehicle developed by Blue Origins. It is owned and led by Amazon founder and former CEO Jeff Bezos. Now moving to the last practice films question. Here, three Indian private space startups are given and we have to match with their corresponding headquarters. That is where their headquarters is located. First pair is Agnicole Cosmos. It is given Agnicole Cosmos is located in Hyderabad but actually Agnicole Cosmos is located in Chennai. Second is Dhruva space. It is given like Dhruva space is located in Chennai but actually it is located in Hyderabad. The third pair is Bellatrix Aerospace. The pair is correct. Bellatrix Aerospace is in fact located in Bangalore. So, the correct answer is option C, 3 only. Let us say a little bit about the three mentioned Indian private space startups. Agnicole Cosmos private limited is an Indian aerospace manufacturer based in National Center for Combustion Research and Development in IIT Chennai. It aims to develop and launch its own launch vehicle namely Agnibon which is capable of placing 100 kilogram payload in a 700 kilometer orbit. It is expected to launch its first commercial flight in 2022. Now let us look at Bellatrix Aerospace. It is also a private aerospace manufacturer headquartered in Bangalore. It plans to launch its own rocket named Chatek in 2023. Chatek will be a two-stage rocket. The engine in the Chatek rocket is Ion engine. The company plans to use liquid methane as fuel. These are some important points relating to Bellatrix Aerospace. Now moving on to Dhruva space. From the question we know that Dhruva space is headquartered in Hyderabad. It is also engaged in the development of small satellites in the commercial government and academic markets. It is not involved in the development of launch vehicles but in the development of small satellites in the commercial government and academic markets. We have completed the practice prelims question discussion. The main questions from today's discussion are displayed here. Please write the answers. Now we have come to the end of the discussion session. If you like this video please like, comment and share with your friends. For more updates regarding civil service preparation please subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.