 So, let us get started . So, how many of you already know this sanitation service chain oh wow only so many ok right. So, this is called as sanitation service chain in few case it is also called as sanitation value chain. So, what is happening there that is called interface or capture this tank is called containment this is emptying and transportation this is treatment this is. So, that is the service chain and the reason why I am talking about this is that as you can see there is you do not see any sewer lines in right there is no sewage it is called an on-site sanitation system what do you mean by an on-site sanitation system away from original place on the site itself right. So, in case of on-site sanitation systems of sanitation systems where the waste is somewhere near the toilet itself it is not moving very far away what is the other system that we know offsite. True and the only system that we know is a sewerage system right. So, a sewerage system sewerage is the network of pipes and what passes through that is sewage right. So, a sewer system or sewerage and what passes through that is sewage. So, and that is the only offsite system that we know off and let us see why we have to focus on fecal selection management. The reason why I call it fecal selection management or is it movement is the question we will come to that very soon. For example, what is happening in terms of whatever the classes that you have had so far. So, you have your sewerage network and the sewage is passing through that and what happens at the end of it what is there at the end of the sewer what is there at the end of the sewer network. Some kind of treatment system what else water bodies right. So, just to give you an understanding of what is happening with respect to our country ok. How much of India is organized 40 percent to more guesses 32 point odd percent is organized actually rural areas you cannot find sewer network in most of the rural areas. Even in urban areas only how much of urban area is sewered do you think 30 percent one third of urban area. So, would you consider a lot to be an urban place or a rural place would you consider to be urban or rural is it a town or a village. It is definitely a town right. So, it could be classified as an urban area is there a sewer network here and this is the case for almost 70 percent of urban regions in our country. So, if 30 percent is urban only 30 percent of that 30 percent is sewered. So, what aspect if you really look at the whole India how much of India is sewered then what is 30 percent of 30 10 percent right 30 percent is urban in that only 30 percent has sewer line. So, only 10 percent has sewer network all of India 10 percent and pollution control board says that only 70 percent of the sewage that actually gets into the sewer networks is treated adequately. What is 70 percent of 10 percent? So, more or less 90 to 93 percent of the waste generated in this country on a daily basis ends up somewhere without treatment correct. Isn't that fascinating 1.3 billion people every day we all have to focus right it is the necessity of life that is the reality of life right and that is one thing that I can say that we have in common we may not read similar books, but we have to use toilet I know that right. So, when that is the case 1.3 billion people 90 percent. So, almost 1.2 billion people their waste is going out in the environment without any treatment and 1.2 billion people is the combined population of whole North American continent plus some of the countries in South America more or less whole of African continent or Europe plus other countries that is 1.2 billion for you and it is just going somewhere it is like you it is vanishing as well as we. So, that is where I am saying is it management or movement right now it is mostly movement because we are not really treating it you are just moving waste from one place to another. The interesting part when it comes to sewage is that you can actually track how the sewage goes right. So, you know where your large canals are and most of the drains they flow in only one direction what is that direction it is usually based on gravity right like why do we convert our rivers into sewer lines it is easy gravity yeah topography right. So, gravity helps. So, we just send it to a particular type of canal or a really large whatever drain that uses gravity to flow and in case of sewage it makes it easy at least you know where the drains are, but when it comes to all site systems your waste gets stored in a bed whatever we will get to that it gets stored somewhere and then what you will usually do you call somebody to come and empty ok let us assume that there is a truck that is actually coming to empty it and I am assuming that you know all these I know that all these other types of sanitation systems have been covered treatment types have been covered. So, that is why I am focusing very much on pickle sludge management. So, my toilet is connected to a bed I call it truck operator and that truck operator comes and empties it ok. And now what does that person do that person does not have to follow gravity right that person can just take that sludge with him wherever he wants it is a gravity defying act with the help of diesel when you think about it. So, the interesting aspect of pickle sludge management in India is that it has become a new mechanism to shift risk socially, spatially and temporarily. What I mean by this is that socially in the sense sanitation work in India is still done by a specific sub gas among the lit gas ok even after the arrival of trucks some of the pits need to be opened in specific ways because sludge would have dried we will we will get to all of that in detail for you to help to understand. So, it is still done by the treasury of actual work is still done by people who belong to a specific social class. So, that is why I said we shift that risk why because that risk shifting is happening because they are not paid well they have to get exposed to certain types of health risks. So, that is why I am saying that it is a socially I am shifting risk spatially I am shifting risk what I mean by that is that my waste from my pit is just going and ending up somewhere in another place there is no management happening there is no treatment happening it is just going and ending in some other place that is why I am just shifting waste from one place to another place using tract as a mechanism spatial movement. So, we keep talking about open defecation right oh India should get rid of open defecation oh look at those people yeah if those people go out in the field it is perfect we can go we can shame them we can ask them to use toilets, but as long as are the waste from our toilets going to end up in our canals or lakes it is more or less the same well the waste from a pit gets emptied and gets downed by a truck it is as good as 4000 people defecating in open at a time that is what it is, but we would not even think about that oh it is all mechanized and it is going somewhere, but it is actually worse than OD in some cases when you think about it. So, that is why I mean spatially and temporarily we are shifting risk in the sense it is very similar to climate change when 1.2 billion people are just sending their waste out without any treatment it will come back to bite us if not today sometime in future our children or grandchildren will get affected by the environmental quality at some point you know it is just we are paying it that is it, but it will come back to bite humanity so that is what I mean by these three things. So, in a way I do not know how many of you have heard of something called as an F diagram have you heard of F diagram? F diagram is a way in which we talk about feces on one end ok on the other end you have a new person who gets infected on the right hand side left hand side you have feces and on the right hand side you have a person who becomes a victim of some waterborne disease. So, the challenge why we need to manage waste oh why do you have to manage waste by the way why should we care about managing human waste what is the primary reason? Hygiene. Hygiene ok. Health see the thing is that we can become the carriers we are the vectors of some of the waterborne diseases our bodies can carry certain pathogens which when we defecate can actually spread to other places and with speed once I defecate right it could be my hands which is fingers again F diagram is all about F F F fingers it could be somewhere in the field somebody might be walking barefoot it could be things like fomites which is a towel or some kind of a cloth or something like that or food for that matter fingers. So, through this it can reach another person fluids is another F it can reach another person. So, that was the definition of F dad ok, but now as you can see a badly managed sanitation adds to that hazard you know. So, that is where badly contain you know badly transported badly treated or badly reused. So, all along that service chain if you do not do certain things properly that itself can become a hazard which can go and affect someone else. The interesting thing is this that when we talk about oh health how many of you have been sick because we all know that 1.2 billion people are defecating and setting their waste out. How many of us have been sick here? How many of you have been affected by any waterborne disease in the recent past? Do you even know anybody who lost a child to a waterborne illness? It is interesting right like the kind of people we surround ourselves we are so privileged though so much of pollution is happening somebody is getting affected, but it is not us. So, that is the other interesting part when all of this is happening there is again another section of society which is actually being the cost of all of this. So, that is also something that I want you to realize we are actually benefiting how many of you had to go out in the open? I am assuming none of you right I never had you. So, I have the benefit of using a toilet, but my family has never suffered the burden nobody has been ill, but somebody is actually bearing this burden somewhere we are not even sure of that. So, we have actually in a way appropriated someone else's comfort and dignity and health and claiming that for ourselves. So, that is what has become these sanitation systems have become when we do not learn to manage them properly that is why managing it is so important because not only it not affects our health it affects health of someone else altogether it is just like you eating sugar and someone else getting diabetes. You know would you be upset that I eat all the fat and sugar and you become obese? It is worse than that right like and also the thing is this when I get sick we all have this way of I have sick leaves I do not have to worry about it right, but think about a daily wage earner if that person does not actually do that living for that day then it is a huge issue right he would not eat. So, those are some of the repercussions of bad sanitation you know it is not just about oh health yeah, but whose health is also something you need to think about. So, going forward let us first try to understand what happens when these pits fill up how is India currently managing when pits fill up and then we will go to the solutions ok you had a question. So, the reason is as I said only 10% of India is sewer right that is 30% of urban India is sewer almost half of urban India is dependent on septic tank ok and septic tank they will what happens if you keep using septic tank why do they fill up it is a tank eventually it has to fill up. So, how many of you live in a place which you think is connected to a septic tank among the students has it ever been full. So, when it is full what do you usually do dislodge how do we dislodge you contact municipality and they come and do it or a private agencies and in some cases it is also done by manual yeah empty is also there how do we find these people these private truck operators how do we find them where I have never seen them on television see almost half of urban India is dependent on septic tanks and you guys don't even know where to find a truck operator if the pit is full and that is the reality there is no one place to find them actually you know and what they have done is these truck operators have found really innovative ways of advertising themselves can you see what might be happening there in that picture maybe it is way too far. So, actually the numbers are on this electric pole on the compound wall it is from Guntur I don't know whether any of you can read the book maybe it might be too far away from wherever you are sitting. So, it is saying septic tank cleaner and then it has its number ok in different towns this kind of advertising happens differently advertising in a newspaper or a television is very expensive but this is a very essential service they know that people will notice this. So, they do this or what they usually do is they park their trucks in a busy intersection ok whenever they are having lunch or something like that they make sure that they park their trucks in a busy intersection and many of the operators they have multiple trucks. So, when one of the trucks is not really servicing again they park them in specific places because the truck itself becomes the advertising right and they actually hand out business cards in these neighborhoods and they also put these templates in the newspapers. So, they have their own ways of reaching out to their customers ok and of course, let's say you find one of the truck operators you call them interestingly they also have their own ways of manipulating the column. For example, whether pit is full ok. So, you are desperate it all depends probably see in your case it is very different in my case of course, my family this is the best case sometimes you don't have to worry about a pit being full probably your parents will take care of that you know in my case I have to call the truck operator and there are some operators in Bangalore who at least two or three numbers ok. The first number he would always say no sir we are completely booked second number no sir we are completely booked it is the same person ok. Third number you call him and he is like yes and you don't even want to negotiate because you are so desperate you know you are like yeah sure. So, there are such interesting business models when it comes to how they manage this business and the way they played in psychology because your toilet is backing up your wife is upset with you your parents are pissed you know you don't want to keep on negotiating for 500 rupees you are like please come right away right. So, that is one way another interesting model is that some people they don't even own trucks they list their numbers I call you and then you call the trucks and you negotiate you you don't even own trucks you just have a phone number ok. So, there are also such business models where the truck. So, what I want you to understand in this case is the informality as you said you don't do where to find them and when you find them you have no idea whether the truck really belongs to that person or not and these people they buy trucks from each other. So, sometimes let's say I was owning the truck and I started YRS right. So, this is the truck let's say I started this business my driver is the one who is driving her right he knows the business better than I do. So, he will start his own business ok and the cutting me he will start his own business because he knows the business so well that I end up losing more than half of my business and they end up buying used trucks from other people they wouldn't change even change the names because it is not right it is better to have a truck in a someone else's lane when you are violating things right because you have to dump it somewhere it will come to that ok. So, now next is I call them and desperate I am willing to pay you whatever you want ok and how many different types of pits do we can be usually find any idea what types of pits are there shapes let's think about shapes circular square right. So, the typical capacity of a truck is about 4000 liters ok and the way they charge you if you have rings they charge you by the number of rings each ring is about I would say 16 inches slightly more than a slightly less than 1 and half feet you know. So, each ring either they will charge you by ring or they will charge you for the volume based on which house they are going and again there is no real way for you to know whether the tank that comes to your house whether it has any water or sludge earlier because the indicator starts at about half of the tank. So, that's also another thing I will show you the indicator at a later point. So, they come to you the emptier truck, but the challenge is this where is the center tank many people wouldn't even know you ask the shape when it was last entity and things like that and some people wouldn't even know they would be like I don't know even before my grandfather was born or something right like the answers are fascinating and same thing happens once the truck comes to your house ok you will be in office your wife will be at home and she is like I have no idea where our center tank is ok. Some of them get emptied once in 7 years once in 10 years you know we forget the floods that happened last year such a devastating that do you remember really remember the septic tank of your own house many people don't. So, these people they have to go looking for that you know. So, that itself they charge you extra to find the septic tank ok because they really have to dig because once they know where the toilet types are coming out they have to start digging and think they eventually end up finding it ok they know this business really well. So, once you do that it comes in different shapes and it is made of different things right. So, what are the different ways in which septic tank as you said circular it could be watertight it need not be watertight if what if it is not watertight what happens it leeches. So, what happens to the solids it stays there and after 10 years all the water is gone what is left just this monolith right like this hard concrete like block it can be very hard to break can a truck really suck it out. So, what do you do now I can add water but it is not boost no I can just add water and like mix it up no right it is not it is like it is so it is like a rock. So, what happens is the reason why I am telling you these things is because just because there is a truck do not assume that it is all magic you know a truck can only suck a liquid of a specific viscosity right like I heard many of your engineers. So, you understand what viscosity is. So, it cannot really suck solid. So, that means, it has to be broken it is really hard. So, it is manually actually broken then you add water and then you suck it that is where you need manual labor. Can you guess where else you might need manual labor even if the sludge is not completely solidified where else you might need remote areas for the drains but I am talking more in terms of the pits itself. Let us stick to the pits yes drains probably where the truck itself cannot if the roads are narrow let us say maybe you cannot drive the truck even if you can drive the truck in some places the toilet is in the backyard probably the pipe cannot go all the way there you know it usually the range is about 150 to 200 feet on a flat ground. So, the pipe cannot reach there. So, in some cases even if the truck can reach the toilet is not accessible is all I am trying to say even if this sludge is not solidified it still cannot easily be emptied by the truck. So, we still are dependent. So, why is that happening we will come back to that but remember why is it that happening that some septic tank is not accessible somewhere sludges has completely solidified. So, why you need to keep that in mind I will come back to that question what could be the reason why it is varying and in some cases some people might have told you that they emptied once in six months and some people might have told you they emptied once in seven years. So, what you think is happening to the sludge that you are emptying once in six months in terms of composition it will be quite fresh right compared to something that you have to empty once in three years compared to something that you have to empty once in seven or ten years. And again you will come to this the longer it stands there is something called as digestion that happens we will come to that ok. So, in few cases it is lot easier to find it is just a small lid that you have to open and it is very easy very clean. So, there is also that way of emptying so that happens and once they are transporting it. So, now when they are transporting it interesting things happen the police they just stopped them for one or the other reason you know. So, I work with them very closely and this is like you might you might recognize this picture like he is actually talking to a police officer there and it was a very polite conversation you know I have never seen police so polite you know he got down he just handed 100 rupees and he asked something and he just said something he came back it was so quick and that is it he said sir if they want they can stop us for 100 things. And he is just stopping me for whatever reason, but the interesting thing is this sometimes sometimes the back at the back side of the truck it would not be completely closed and our roads are quite bad sometimes it will it loses a bit you know based on the bumpy roads then what happens sludge starts to leak and in some cases of course there is wind so it can go and flash some people who are actually riding behind the truck right it can happen, but the interesting thing is this the person who is actually riding behind the truck would not go and tell the truck driver that okay your valve is leaking tightly no in India how do we resolve conflicts we drag people right like the justice is served there and then right so imagine the kind of harassment they go through I am not saying that every truck operator gets beaten I am not saying that but they get beaten for something that they could have just communicated you know and human waste is a taboo that's a nice ringtone by the way so human waste is a taboo and if it gets filled on your face you'd be very upset because we don't even wear helmets now right of course it's very upsetting when it ends right on your face so when this happens they get beaten up there is violence in that sense you know and people can do a lot of crazy things because this person also belongs to a caste who you know and it is someone else's waste look at what he has done to you you're totally okay touching him and beating him there in the because you want to teach him a lesson and then where do you dispose so it's very easy to make a phone call right unlimited packs you can you can you can call it per corporate just like that for fun right and he comes he finds your bin he empties it where should he take it now where do you think they take it do you even think about these things when you use your toilet do you ever worry where the water comes from and where the water goes do you guys know how screwed yours generation is actually right now you're like we have messed it up for you to be very honest climate change is coming for you okay yeah yeah it's not just Game of Thrones last season here the monster is coming in here like it's not me it's coming and then we are messing up the environment for you and you are not even thinking about any of these things right do you know that okay where where are you guys put up like any idea where the water is coming from and where is it okay probably you know where it is going where is the water coming from where is it going see that is the thing that there is this influence and because of that we really don't know what is happening there waste once we flush we think it just disappears it has to go to a sewer line or it has to go to a pit these are the only two options and in in this case we know that there is no pit sorry sewer line there is a pit and that pit has to get empty now it has to get dumped somewhere so if you were the truck operator let's say where would you dump it let's play that game right where should we dump it let's say we all own a business together as far as possible as near like as far see if i go very far then i can only service probably one house let's populate the area okay it should be fuel efficient we should have like Tesla trucks emptying yeah okay so so what is it what is it that you're trying to do you don't have a place to dump it but you know that people will be very pissed if they know that you are dumping right like even if it slashes then you are upset so what would you do you will find places where people don't see you it could be far it could be close right so there are different ways of doing that and in a place like Bangalore what our operators do is that they use that is called curiosity by the way she wouldn't be super interested when her teacher is telling her something about math or science she's like but what exactly is happening you know that is the type of enthusiasm we need in our students so no she's a real student even outside the class she is learning you know so this is a sewer line and this at the time is actually dumping waste into the central sewer line easy solution right so from the outskirts take it to the central line where you have access again this is illegal you cannot do that but this is the real country right they keep talking about the u.s as the land of the brave home of the free actually it is India when you really think about you know you can do whatever you want and actually it's for educational purposes this guy is doing that you know they don't teach much in their school i might as well just get them interested in something so that is one way of dumping another way is called agricultural reuse again this isn't the outskirts of Bangalore you know the land use is slowly changing so there are still some farmers and human waste is a fantastic fertilizer okay and also when you have to suck it you you will mix it with water so you need water so it's a great fertilizer in different ways so you can use that you can dump it in a in a field or right next to the road now in the outskirts it's not very far it's not very close but there is nobody who would object so these are the different ways as you can see or this is again on the side of the road it has completely dried up because it's also a hot country it doesn't take much time for the water to evaporate you know it will see see into the ground it will evaporate so this is how it looks or you can take it to a farmland again you know so there are different ways of disposing this in all these cases there is no treatment right it is direct dumping so so where is the treatment right so that is what the point i'm trying to make so india has about 9000 towns and cities how many fecal sweats treatment plants do we have in area they all are quite new and we have just about 16 operational right now and all of them came into operation just in last one year more or less so 9000 towns and cities only 16 and that too they are catering to very specific neighborhoods not to all the neighborhoods so that is the situation you know in terms of treatment so but there are some people who are reusing this in really innovative manners right what would you prefer the waste ending up right next door or waste ending up in a field where it is actually reused right and the thing is this the reuse is very interesting in the sense that there are people who have created pits where you go and dump it in this pit you know and sometimes a peak is also dead in the same pit as you can see and then once it is full you allow it to dry for a bit and then you use it in different fields you know you can grow banana grapes different things because the challenge is this though farm owner loves it farm workers farm owner he loves it because he gets better in right so i'm very happy to use it but if i ask my workers you don't want to do that how many of you have observed that the domestic health that comes to your house will sweep will even clean the bathroom floor they won't clean the toilet right in the same way in many places domestic it is not allowed to use the toilet that's another case all together so touching human waste is a huge taboo and based on the cast of the worker some workers they don't even want to go there so interestingly this farmer was super happy with the bananas and the way he uses it is through he's a very rich farmer so how would he use it then and he loves to take a stretch he is look at it he is so happy right have you ever seen a happier person he's like happy that people are shitting gold you know for him it's like he's so happy so now tell me if your workers are not interested in touching it but you see a lot of value in human waste what would you do how would you use it ideas people automation is coming most of you won't have jobs either by the way so you have to be very creative even if it is organic my workers won't touch it how would I use it so I'm a rich farmer I have access to machines right so I can use machines to apply fertilizer but the thing is to do that the whole field has to be clear so I can apply this only once right before I actually sow the seeds I cannot do it in the middle of the crop season okay so he does that he has access to machines and he does that because his workers these are the workers we are not interested in touching it okay but they said that you know yes we know that we are walking on this ground where this guy has actually applied all of this but they were talking about see how most of the banana leaves they fall and it creates a kind of a carpet and they have no problems that is one way another way what is happening here in India cow is holy right so I will just mix it with cow manure people who don't even see the thing is that I'm not saying that everybody is doing these things I'm giving you some examples of how things are done in the field because people have really realized the value of vehicle such so reuse is a reality it's already happening waste water is being used in the periphery of some of the larger cities to grow all types of vegetables and greens and these farmers they love vehicle scratch and they are using it in very innovative ways the problem is this the problem is that sometimes the workers wouldn't even know what they're actually handling and the farm labor is actually shifting more and more towards females because men are finding jobs in nearby towns in construction names some are the other small industry type but in that this all of that but women are ending up working more and more in the farm lands and they are also responsible for taking care of children and older people yeah women are like yeah we understand isn't that sad when you think about it and also majority of the agriculture that happens in our country is rainfed there is no water to wash as soon as you do your job okay and you have to drink water while you are working some people smoke some people chew park all these things happen right and if they don't know then they are actually exposed to a different set of diseases so that is something that we have to be aware of when we think about the use