 chapter production analysis and we are going to study the total physical product. What we mean by the total physical product, actually it is the other name of the total product, but because we are going to have certain terms of like average physical product or the marginal physical product, so just keeping in view those products to have an equality, we are going to add the word physical in the term of the total product, but in many books you will see that the total product means the total physical product and in other words, if we look at it, then it is the total manufacturer in simple words, it is the main output manufacturer who is using all the resources and inputs after using it, an entrepreneur is getting it and when we go to the table of total production, which we utilize under the total product or total physical product table, now if we look at it, then we are again on the same table that was in our previous module and if we look at it, then this column of the total output, it means that is the total physical product. Now if we look at the total physical product table, then it means with every utilization of one input like this, this total product, it is increasing. Now if it is increasing, then what kind of science we had to see further, so that is, now if I go to it, instead of column 3, I am coming to column 4, this column 4 shows the average product. Now the average product is the term that we say, that form is productive, that form is having higher productivity, so this term is when we are utilizing its average product, means the total product means column 2 divided by the column 1. So if we divide the column 2 by column 1, then if we look at it, then this 4 divided by 1, this 10 divided by 2, then this is the average product that we are seeing in front of us, which is of that entity or of that form. This average product is the term that basically shows the productivity of any form. And if we look at it, then if we are looking here, then our average product is increasing. But after this point, we see that our average product is decreasing. And in general working, if we look at it, then we have various aspects behind this decline. And this was the term of average productivity, which was the 19th century economist, who gave us the terms in Hindi, means when if there will be the higher level of the population in the countries, and that number of the population, he was taking as the number of the workers, that if there will be the more level of the input there, then because this denominator will be more, we can say the average productivity or the average productivity of the labor, it will decline. So under the domain of this dismal level of the economics that was named by this theory, it was assumed that if there will be more and the more number of the inputs utilized, overall productivity will decline. We are not going to discuss only on this theory because over the time this theory proved somewhere, not I will say wrong, but it was changed because with the passage of time, with the inclusion of more technology, with the inclusion of the more capacity of the capacity building of those workers, that productivity that was enhanced. But if we come to know that what is the response of these two things to another, we will say that it will give the average productivity. But when we will check that what is the change in total productivity with respect to change in one input, this will be called marginal productivity. And now when we will say the marginal productivity, we will go for further details in the next, but this total physical productivity table, it is explained in very detail and in the graphical forms. And here it tells again that this form that it will increase at the increasing rate. So when I say increasing rate, this rate is provided when we take the first derivative of the total production or when we take the production function. If we take the first derivative, we can check that either total production is increasing or decreasing, that will be the marginal product. So here the marginal product, it is increasing. And when we will take the again next derivative, mean the second derivative, we will come to know that marginal productivity, it was increasing at increasing rate or marginal productivity was increasing at decreasing rate.