 So I'm going to talk in three parts. I don't have a lot of time today, but I'm going to talk about Renewable energy in general and where geothermal fits into that I want to spend a bit of time talking about heat pumps And I probably won't get to the third topic which is enhanced geothermal systems Which is kind of the future and where we expect Geothermal energy to go in the future So talking about renewable energy first you've been talking about that all week. I'm sure In the last 10 years, this is the United States renewable energy output since Way back when but most importantly what you can notice is the change that occurred in around 2005 2006 with a very prominent increase of total renewable energies and You'll notice also to the light blue bars in here is hydro and hydro has for many many years been the principal form of renewable energy although From the point of view of legislation. It's not actually counted and we won't talk about why that is Doesn't count as renewable energy But you will see in here a general trend that hydro is in fact been declining over quite a long period of time and the other renewables are coming up and have in fact Soon to surpass hydro in the total energy mix But among the renewable energies in fact among all energies they have different characters and the prominent Characteristic of wind and solar as you certainly know and many others as well as that they are intermittent so they are intermittent on different time scales the The the Sun of course rises and sets every day. So it's on a 24 hours time scale The wind also depends on where you are in California We also have more or less a 24-hour cycle for wind But in addition we have a cycle which depends on the season We have windier times of the year and comma times of the year and actually hydro is also Intermittent in that we have drought years which we've had for the last five years in California and Years where it rains a lot like it did recently in Houston. So all of those Legitimate and very useful sources of energy have that as one of their characteristics not That it cannot be overcome, but that it does need to be overcome Geothermal is is Different in its characteristic in that it is basically base load that we can take Steam and hot water from the ground we can turn it into electricity 24 hours a day and 365 days a year That would seem to be a good thing and ten years ago It was actually turns out not to be such a good thing anymore for reasons. So we'll talk about a little later But your summer has a has a possibility for substitution sort of direct substitution for some of these older dirtier kinds of Electricity sources that I have here on the right. I'm talking mostly about electricity, but not completely here today I'll talk about other kinds of energy later on Worldwide Geothermal energy has been growing. So every five years we have a world Geothermal Congress It's kind of like the Geothermal Olympics and one of the functions of that Congress is to do a worldwide inventory of where the resources are So this is the most recent one which was done in 2015 and you can see also to a projection Everybody talks about what they're currently building to get to five years ahead So shown here is the actual in store capacity, which are the diamonds and then the square ones are the actual generation Those of course are not always the same For Geothermal they typically are because we have a very high load factor 95 percent But for wind and solar you may have a hundred megawatt wind farm which on average generates only 30 But you can see here the total worldwide in 2015 was about 13 gigawatts and the projection projects under construction in the world taking us to 22 gigawatts worldwide so the nations of the world that are generating Electricity from Geothermal energy are these and many more off to the right and Rather surprisingly to many people the US is number one and as it happens to Actually were California to be a nation which we kind of consider ourselves to be We would still be number one So California actually generates more electricity from has more install capacity for Geothermal than any other nation on the planet But you can see several other important nations here, too Obviously at the current stage Geothermal energy is associated with the so-called ring of fire Which goes around the Pacific so a lot of the Central American countries Costa Rica, Nicaragua El Salvador, Mexico all of a all of those Chile all of those have Geothermal energy to Japan New Zealand and then over in the other parts of Volcanically active parts of the world Mid-Atlantic, Rift Iceland over to the East African Rift Kenya Ethiopia and somewhat Off-track Italy and Turkey also But you can see here that the totals and the order that they were in in 2015 What's important and interesting about this graph is how rapidly it's changing you can see here Turkey was number nine in 2015 Turkey has already surpassed Iceland in the two years since 2015 and Kenya has also surpassed Iceland in that period of time I Spend a sabbatical last year in Japan and they were mortified to have gone from you know number nine to be number 11 Different scale here, but here are some of the other countries that I mentioned to that are generating electricity from Geothermal what's interesting about this graph is is not the sort of the the geologically Expected ones, but some geologically unexpected ones so you can see here, Germany, Austria, Australia These are countries which are not Volcanically active and and those examples of so-called enhanced geothermal systems of Continental scale development's Which is likely to be one of our futures a similar graph which now shows Progression over time each one of these colored bars is a five-year interval going from left to right and you can see but for the most Part there are several countries that are expanding very rapidly on a five-year scale, and I've marked the significant ones right there Including us the United States has been building quite a lot of geothermal power plants since 2008 the principal reason for that was legislative production tax credit Which was formally applied only to wind and solar was applied to all renewables just at the end of the the the the George Bush administration that came into Operation point nine cents per kilowatt hour was a tax credit and that actually caused a big expansion in All renewable energy development including geothermal So I'm going to show you three snapshots of the state of California 2010 2013 and 2015 Showing the various renewable energies as a fraction of this is a total generation too So this is no longer in stored capacity, but actual generation But my own laser pointer No one doesn't work either I have two here we go so you can see here in the percentage is so in the Year 2010 total generation the state of California was twenty eight point eight percent renewable Including hydro which again legislative is actually excluded And we'll come a look at some of these other numbers Interestingly in the context of renewable energy you'll see solar and wind at that time was significantly left in 2010 I also want to pay attention to fact six percent This is all electricity generated in the state the state of Nevada also generates six percent of its electricity from geothermal and That's significant in general to the industry and to society because the resources in the state of Nevada are kind of Moderate they are low temperature. They're rather more difficult to To develop and those in California where we have much higher temperatures Typical resource in California has a two hundred and fifties Centigrade degrees centigrade resource temperature the more average temperature in Nevada's one hundred and fifty degrees centigrade so technologically Nevada is sort of pushing the limit in terms of development. They also have a very strong Commitment including, you know, both the Democratic and Republican legislators To push for geothermal energy the governor of the state of Nevada last week was pushing for a budget increase for geothermal energy in the Decimated budget of Department of Energy so this was a typical day in 2015 and I don't know if you can see the light blue a light green bar that shows wind and Solar on that particular day. This was May 24th and on that a particular moment of the day This around lunchtime the state was producing 38 percent of its energy from renewable sources Excluding hydro. Okay, so this is when solar geothermal and others so you can see in here here's geothermal so in In California most the time the wind blows at night Which is a good thing because it kind of back fills the solar not always but often and of course solar in the daytime Here is geothermal which on that particular occasion was generating about 1,050 megawatts Okay, so looking at that graph it only goes up as far as lunchtime, but of course the solar comes down again How much total energy in the day was generated by each of those sources? Which one do you think was number one? You know what I'm going to say, right? so This was the total for the 24-hour period here is solar 25.5 wind 25.1 geothermal Was 26,000 megawatt hours on that particular day So the fact that it's sort of continuous and goes all of the time actually is an important characteristic that allows it to be a controllable and you know reliable Dispatch to the state of California Coming to 2013 you can see how rapidly the energy picture is changing here in the state as it is in many other places, too But here's geothermal again 12.3 for the year 2013 was the first year in which wind in total for 365 days exceeded Geothermal here is solar which in 2013 not that long ago. You can all remember 2013 solar was about 25% Come forward to 2015 Here is just almost still basically the same still at 6% here is wind Which is also about the same as it was in 2013 and here is solar at 15 thousand megawatt hours for the year and in 2017 It's probably another 50% more than that again So solar is coming up like crazy in the state of California one of the consequences of that is that we are now On a typical summer day actually curtailing electricity generation in the state because at lunchtime we have too much electricity So those of you have electric car plug it in at lunchtime because otherwise we're throwing electricity away And I mentioned before that one of the characteristics of geothermal is that it is base load Base load is no longer good. The California ISO that controls electricity in the state was Delighted when they shut down Santa no free nuclear power plant because that gave them 1000 megawatts of electricity that they had to take all of the time and That it was a significant problem in terms of the total electricity that they had to dispatch We no longer need base load Electricity in the state of California and most other places too what we need is fast ramping Power so come three o'clock in the afternoon the state of California needs 13 Gigawatts to come online by 6 p.m. Which is when the peak consumption is so for those of you who interested in energy research, which I know many of you are or business what we need for the future is fast ramping power sources and Energy storage we need a way to capture and hold that solar power so we can use it at the time that we need it Other countries are generating a lot of geothermal energy too. This is New Zealand, which is my original home country New Zealand is 80 percent renewable electricity including hydro and currently at about 25 percent geothermal This is Iceland. This is actually not electricity, but all primary energy This is all energy consumed in the nation of Iceland, which you can see up here is About two-thirds geothermal It's really cold in Iceland and they use geothermal not only for electricity, but for direct use which is So we don't have to make electricity. There are lots of other sources of Requirements for energy that can use heat directly all of them listed right there and This is a very interesting graph that I hope you will ponder for a moment This shows in the United States all of the uses of thermal energy for space heating Conditioning factories industry, etc. And what you can see over here It's plotted as a function of the temperature at which it is used and you can see this big old bar right here a Huge fraction of the energy thermal energy that's used in the United States and most other country in this industrial countries Too is used between 40 and 60 degrees centigrade That's just basically the temperature the hot water that comes out of your tap more or less So we don't have to have how do we generate most of that hot water that comes out of the tap in your house? We burn natural gas at 1200 degrees centigrade and we heat water to 40 that's staffed Okay, we have lots of places where Geothermal hot water comes out of the ground at 40 degrees centigrade We just put it through the tap and we don't have to Take a high quality energy and turn it into a low quality energy And that's of course what they do in Iceland in many places, too This is one of my favorites Bell Neology, so a lot of use for geothermal water directly for bathing And also for space heating picture at the top left was the city of Reykjavik in 1930 where it was fueled by coal the no coal in Iceland all that coal came from Norway gave them black smoke This is the city of Reykjavik today 80 percent of the nation of Iceland heated by geothermal energy and Worldwide this is where direct use of geothermal energy is is applied the big blue bar on the right hand side Which is the interesting one to us is heat pumps geothermal ground source heat pumps, which is kind of the You know the the use anywhere technology. You don't have to have volcanism to have a geothermal heat pump And again showing the five-year cycle heat pumps as is number one on the left-hand side You can see how rapidly geothermal heat pump application has expanded over the last 20 years worldwide and Looking at all of the nations of the world where that technology is used there are some surprises in there number one is China US is number two in in direct use of geothermal as well Number three Sweden who would think about Sweden as a geothermal country, but it is big Principally with the use of heat pumps, so it's learned many other countries use them, too Let me skip this one. You guys been to sassy yet Isn't that great so Those big orange things that are in there behind the glass wall those are heat pumps And in fact, they are the world's largest commercially available heat pumps there are three of them there and what they take they do as you know they take the excess Thermal energy coming back with a chilled water and they put it back into the circulating hot water Now you've seen this graph to talking about sassy So sassy are the campus overall between over the 365 days of the year has a heating and a cooling load Which are basically in balance a total number of kilojoules that get put out as heat also get sucked up as cool for your air conditioning to make you more feel comfortable and What those heat pumps do is they recycle those kilojoules and put them from one flow into the other The problem is that during the summer and winter we have different requirements, so Up here in the summertime as we are now every day They're running cooling towers over there to dissipate the additional heat which we all generate And during the winter time they actually burn natural gas over there to heat up the circulating hot water phase two of Sassy is planned to use ground source Geothermal application so instead of throwing away that energy in the summertime It would be put into the ground under the campus and during the winter time Additional ground source heat pumps will pull it back out again, and then we will no longer need to burn natural gas Most of you are new to campus have they taken you on treasure hunts yet That's always a good thing for new students. Those of you organizing treasure hunts for next year's new students Find the geothermal well on campus. There are three actually one of them is within 100 meters of us So you can see if you can find that geothermal well To amuse your friends over the weekend so over Everything worldwide Heat pumps, electricity, etc. This is the actual total generation and its consequences to carbon emissions worldwide in terms first of all for electrical generation and as direct heat these are sort of equivalents tons of oil Equivalent which are avoided tons of CO2 which are avoided etc. So the consequence in general overall of all of that is about three days of worldwide oil equivalent consumption Which is not huge, but it's not small either It is certainly worth having and certainly work working hard to sort of do better on more So what are we doing? I'll talk about geothermal at Stanford We have a geothermal research group here that Tom mentioned in starting Called the Stanford geothermal program. These are our students and The focus of our research we are engineers we're in the Department of Energy Resources Engineering and the focus of research in Geothermal here at Stanford is what you see listed at the bottom fracture characterization for enhanced geothermal systems enhanced geothermal systems are those which don't exist naturally where the ground is actually stimulated to pass water through Rock which is hot but not permeable and that's sort of the future and general focus of geothermal research actually in many places More pictures of some of our students down here at the bottom I mentioned the world geothermal Congress on that occasion. We gathered together as many as were present Alumni of the Stanford geothermal program too. So that is all of us So in summary the last ten years geothermal has been around a long time We've been producing our system 1904 more than a hundred years But the last ten years has been a sort of a revival and renewal of interest in geothermal because of the general interest in climate change And renewable energy everywhere and a lot of countries have expanded a lot. I mentioned Turkey and Kenya in very significant ways new technologies like those used in the state of Nevada to Capitalize on resources which are lower quality and heat pumps which we can use everywhere Nobody should have a gas-fired furnace in their houses. We should all have heat pumps instead Why don't we? Basically, I don't know the answer to that but shortage of plumbers is probably the principal reason Because I'm serious plumbers know how to put gas-fired heaters in they don't know how to put geothermal heat pumps in therefore They they do the former and then enhance geothermal systems if we can get it to work It's a technology under development would allow for geothermal everywhere so with that let me conclude and Invite your questions We also have a class energy 269 geothermal energy. This is a field trip to the geysers questions It is hydrodefracting we cleverly just I will refer to it instead as hydro shearing And in fact there there are some the technology is very similar. It's pressurizing the rock to produce a fracture the difference however is in fact that The Principal mode of fracturing in the hydrocarbons is so-called mode one fracturing where you kind of tear the rock apart You actually pressurize or push the rock to fracture it Volcanic rocks are much more brittle than sedimentary rocks and therefore And they also tend to be naturally fractured at least with cleats and sort of weaknesses They tend to shear before they get torn apart so so-called mode to fracture. So there is some differences There's certainly some similarities to But there are some examples the state of Oregon for example banned fracking For oil and gas, but they didn't ban fracking for geothermal No Horizontal drilling is much too expensive to drill in volcanic. So most the wells are vertical. We got anybody here from political science I don't actually know why I think that my guess and I don't I'm making this up actually But my guess is that in the days when renewable energy was first Sort of promoted heavily in the 1970s. It was already lots of hydropower And so they wanted incentives and whatever for people to generate renewable energy would wind and solar like they you know Palm Springs when farms etc. And so the hydro people said oh You know, we want some of those incentives too. And so there was legislated they were struck off said okay No, you're not renewable. We're gonna give the money to those other people But quite legitimately. I mean hydropower is absolutely renewable rains But not in politics Of course towards the atmosphere Yeah, it's a good question. So Anybody ever drunk Perrier? water Perrier water, of course, it's a naturally carbonated water CO2 dissolved in it like Coca Cola comes out of the ground I mean that geothermal water has dissolved in it gases like CO2 and hydrogen sulfide and most of the plants like this one in The geysers in California. They discharged that gas to the atmosphere the Fraction so see so just almost not absent of CO2 emissions But as I showed you before the avoidance of CO2 in comparison for example to coal or even natural gas It's it's about a fraction of like 5% but more importantly in The resources in Nevada They're generated using a so-called binary cycle where the hot water never sees the atmosphere at all So water goes through heat exchangers the exchanges to a hydrocarbon phase which runs the turbine and all of the hot water Including the gases goes back into the ground. So there is no emissions of of any kind in that kind of plan I think I get time for one more question Each country Yes, so That's a good question. So in that although we classify, you know hydro is not classified as renewable Even though it is just almost classified as renewable even though it isn't so actually The point about geothermal is that in this the way that we generate power from geothermal sources nowadays We we're taking water from the ground. We are extracting the kilojoules to make up to assume We put the water back in the ground. So we are cooling down We're putting down cooler water than we take up. So we're in fact mining the heat from the ground now The earth is continuously providing heat from below So it would be possible to do that in a completely sustainable renewable way And have it run forever But that would not be economically attractive because you'd have to have a very modest size resource So the resources the way they develop currently These power plants the ones that the geysers are about 30 years old and they're designed reservoir engineers, which is what I am Design a system so that the plants can be sustained through their life 30 to 50 years at that point The resources run down and that's why you see that down That sounds the horrible thing to do But in fact because of the heat which is regenerating from below if you come back a hundred years later You could sort of do the whole thing again. So it's it's it's renewable over a hundred-year time frame But not over 30 correct cool down I better quit so thank you very much