 Good morning everybody and welcome to day three of Genetic Genealogy Ireland. You're all very, very welcome. This is sponsored by Family Tree DNA and organized by volunteers from ISOC, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy. And it gives me great pleasure to announce our first speaker for today, Michelle Leonard. Michelle is a professional genealogist. We've worked very, very closely on a couple of projects. One of our passion projects is World War One. I'm trying to help promote the commemoration of the missing soldiers of World War One. And Michelle has done a lot of work on the Fromel project, which many of you will have heard her speaking about previously. But today, Michelle is going to actually blow our minds by telling us how dynamite DNA is and how to ignite our ancestral research with it. Please give a big warm welcome to Michelle Leonard. Good morning everyone. So DNA is dynamite. How to ignite your ancestral research. So this is essentially a talk for beginners, but I may cover a few more advanced things as well. It's going to cover what the different types of DNA tests are, how DNA is inherited, how you can use your DNA results to help with your family tree, how to work with your DNA match list. I'll go over a few case studies, assess stories, and a little bit about third party tools. What can you use DNA testing for? Well, you can use it to confirm and support your family tree research. You can use it to break down brick walls, add branches to your tree, find and connect with new cousins, test theories about relationships, solve adoption, illegitimacy, and any unknown ancestor mysteries, track your surname, and see your ethnic makeup. A word of warning before we get started. They prepared and prepare others. DNA is the one record set that does not and cannot lie, and it's always possible you might find something unexpected, or someone you asked to test might find something unexpected. So you have to bear that in mind before you test and before you convince them to test. So the four types of DNA. Yes, four. There are four, not three. Y chromosome found only in males and passed from father to son, so this looks at the father's father's father's life. Maticondrial DNA found in both males and females, but can only be passed down by a mother to her children. Autosomal DNA covers all of your ancestral lives, 50% inherited from each parent, and the X chromosome. Two if you're a woman, one if you're a man. Okay, so we're going to start by looking at Y DNA, which is the direct paternal line and the suring line. Y DNA is passed from father to son only. The drawback then is only males can test, but females can't ask appropriate males to test before it. They only test one line of the many on your tree. If you think about your tree, you have eight great grandparents, 16 great great, 32 great great great, this is just this thing, one of those lines. So keep that in mind. It is however the line that carries your suring. So if you're interested in suring studies, it's a great test to do. And it can reach much further back in time than Autosomal DNA around 250,000 years. There are different types of Y DNA tests, STR and SNPR SNIP tests. I'm not going to talk about SNIP tests today, but James Irvine will be talking about those later on in the day. So how do Y STR tests work? Well, when Y DNA is passed down, although virtually in text, sporadic errors occur in the process, and these are known as mutations, Y tests examine markers not as short, tantal repeats Y STRs on the Y chromosome at the places where these mutations take place. Each marker gets a numerical value and these numbers are compared in a Y DNA database. Only family tree DNA offers a Y DNA database at the moment. So what do these look like? Well, they look like this. It's just a big pile of numbers, really. It's known as a haplotype, but on their own they don't tell you anything at all. It's all about comparing these markers to other people in the database, the more markers you match up, the closer the relationship, the more mismatches, the more distant the relationship. So how many markers should you test? Well, the standard test at the moment is 37 markers. So I always say start there. If you get good matches at 37 markers who are also willing to upgrade to 67 markers, then I would advise you to do that. The highest number of markers you can test at the moment is 111. Okay, so what can you use Y DNA testing for? Well, any direct male line brick wall, or NPE, is particularly useful for male adoptees on my NPE. I mean, not the parent expected. I know most people call it non-paternal event, but in my view there definitely has been a paternal event. So not the parent expected. And also useful for sonnet studies and deep ancestry. So let's say you were adopted, or you have brick wall on your direct paternal line. What can you gain from DNA testing? So let's look at an example. This is a Y DNA match list at 67 markers. And this is the client of mine who was adopted. Doesn't know who his father was. His top match, the sonnet you come back, is Robertson. Second top match, Robertson. Third top match, you get a picture of Robertson. Fourth match, Robertson. So what's this telling us? Well, it's telling us that very likely there could be a Robertson, and I say could be because there are lots of other things that could get in the way of that, but it's a really, really good clue. The most important thing you want to look at when you first look at this list is the little column called genetic distance. Now, what does this mean? Well, his top match is a genetic distance of one. So what they're doing is they're testing 67 markers against 67 markers. These two people match each other and 66 out of the 67 markers, they don't match on one of them, so that's why a genetic distance of one. So the higher that number, genetic distance, the more distant the match is going to be. If you've got a zero, that's an exact match. So what next? If you have a mystery in your Y line and you're lucky enough to get surname candidates, use this information in conjunction with autosomal testing. Search for autosomal match lists and look for the surname. See if you can find any candidates. There are a lot of people with their YDNA test results. Only about 30% may be able to identify surname at the moment, but as more people test, this will improve. Also bear in mind the identified surname may not be correct due to a disconnect further up the line. Let's say my client's father was also adopted or he took his mother's surname. He's not going to be a robber, so then, is he? The other thing you get with your YDNA test is your YDNA happily group. And a happily group is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the paternal or maternal line, happily groups are assigned letters of the alphabet and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations. Basically, this means you share a common ancestor way, way, way back in time if you share a happily group. The most common happily group for males in Western Europe, including Ireland, is our one and only. One of the best things that family tree DNA has are the projects. There are thousands of projects there run by enthusiastic and knowledgeable volunteers. You have happily group projects, surname projects, geographic projects. When you get your YDNA results, I urge everyone to join these projects, talk to the administrators, and perhaps you might then want to go into more advanced testing like SNP testing. So we're going to move on now to mitochondrial DNA, which is the direct maternal line. NT DNA is passed on by a mother to both sons and daughters, but sons cannot pass it on. Both males and females can test. It traces a direct maternal line, mother's mother's mother's line. Again, this only pertains to one line of your tree like the Y. It's the only part of your DNA for which the standard test is full sequencing. You can't go any further than that. An only family tree DNA again offered the mitochondrial flu sequencing test. It also reaches far back in time, about 200,000 years. So I think of you information on your ancestral origins of your direct maternal line. It is, however, I believe the least genealogically useful of the tests, because in Utah it's very, very slowly. An exact match could even be 500 years back in time for your most recent common ancestor. So you have to bear that in mind. You might not be able to identify many mitochondrial matches. Also surnames on the slide change every generation, usually. Don't discount it, though. It can be really, really great for proving or disproving hypotheses. That's where it comes into its own. If you and another person think you're related on your direct maternal line, for instance, taking an MD DNA test can provide an answer. So this is my mitochondrial DNA list. You can see that there's an awful lot of different surnames here. I can't find out anything from that. I want to look at the earliest known ancestor in case I can find something there. But as you can see in the genetic distance column, it's 0, 0, 0, 0. I have 224 matches at a genetic distance of zero. And I can't work out any of them in the genealogical timeframe. Now, that's just mine. That might not be the same for everyone else. We're mildly too many. But it's just an example of what can happen due to the slow mutation. The other thing you get with your mitochondrial DNA is, again, your haplogroup, of which different haplogroups that you can have. One thing I really, really like to use with this is the advanced matching tool at FTDNA. You can check if people who share your mitochondrial and there's that match on there is also a match on your family found your autosomal test. And if they match autosomally, there's a better chance that they're closer in time than the other mitochondrial exact matches. Just don't match autosomally. So it's worth looking at that. Again, there's haplogroup projects, there's geographic projects, joint projects when you get your results. So we're going to move on now to autosomal DNA, which is going to take up the bulk of my talk. And this covers all your ancestral lengths. Autosomal DNA has absolutely exploded in the last few years. I think there's over 9 million people now tested and over the next few years this is going to jump to over 20 million. It's a revolution. So what is autosomal DNA? Well, it's a random blend of all the DNA passed down to you by your ancestors. It covers all your ancestral lengths, not just one, like Y or a mitochondrial. Each new generation, however, recombination takes place and some of the DNA from previous generations drops off. So you have less of your grandparents than you do of your parents and so on and so forth. This limits the reach of autosomal DNA to around 200 to 250 years. The tests are non-gender specific, both men and women can take them. They're best for matching with cousins in the past five to six generations. People could match you on any of your lines. The more DNA segments you match on, the closer the match, the larger the DNA segments you match on, the closer the match. Test your older generations first due to this limited reach and test as many other close and confirmed relatives as you can to narrow down your search. Test all the major DNA companies if you can. But you don't know where your best matches may choose to test and this is especially true for people with a mystery or an adoption. So the DNA testing companies. Well, there's three main DNA testing companies. There's Ancestry DNA, Family Tree DNA, 23 and Me. There's also two new entrants to the fray and those are LivingDNA, the K company and MyHeritage, the global company. LivingDNA doesn't yet have a matching database, but one is promised. All of these companies are here in the hall today except for 23 and Me and they have some really good deals. So how is autosomal DNA inherited? Well, in the new place of every human cell, there are 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. And I'm going to emphasise this word pairs because it's a concept that you really, really need to get familiar with. One set from mommy, one set from dad, 23 from each. So 22 pairs of these pairs are autosomal chromosomes known as autosomes and one pair of them is the sex or gender defining chromosomes. If you get two X's, you're a female. If you get an X and a Y, you're a male. So here's mom and dad. You're a shoe. And dad's got 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. He's got an X and a Y. And mom has also got 22 pairs of autosomes and she's got two X's. Recombination takes place and dad passes down to you one set of 22 brand new autosomes. Half of his 44 are all jumbled up together and he passes you down with his whole X. His one X is the only one to pass down. Mom does the same. She passes you down a jumbled up set of her 44 autosomes and a new set of 22. And she could either pass you down a brand new X chromosome mixed up from her two or one of our whole chromosomes. So you now have 22 pairs of autosomes of your own unique to you and two X chromosomes except if you're male you would have had a Y from that. So this is what they look like and that's chromosome 1 and you can see that that's the largest chromosome. They get increasingly smaller as we go down to chromosome 22 and you can also see here it's really really clear that there are two of them two copies and I call these my paternal chromosome 1 my paternal chromosome 1. The key here is I don't know which is which and the testing companies can't tell me which is which. They can't differentiate between which is which but you have to remember that you have two of each. Autosomal DNA you inherit progressively less of it from your ancestors with each passing generation maybe around 25% from grandparents around 12 and a half from great-grandparents and at half says you've got each generation approximately. It's important to familiarize yourself with the amounts of DNA different relationships should share with each other. DNA inheritance is random ranges and not absolutes. That's a really key point. Looking at the range of sharing percentages you have here 50% exactly between parent and child 50% approximately between a full siblings 25% half sibling, grandparent and uncle you can see there's a lot of relationships there that share the same percentage of DNA 12 and a half a half cousin, a fourth first cousin or a half band you look at 0.78 approximately of your DNA, it's quite small the only absolute here is that you get exactly 50% from each parent all the rest are approximate, for instance you could get 23% from one grandparent 27% from the other it's just how the cards form, it's random the other thing you really need to take on board is the amount of centimorgans shared. Now centimorgan is a unit for measuring genetic length which is usually abbreviated to CN the most important thing to remember about CNs is that the larger the number the better the match the closer the match that's all you really need to know so let's look at these amounts that you could share maybe 3400 with a parent 2550 with a full sibling 850 with a first cousin 53 with a third cousin now these are averages as I say you must look at the ranges and the best thing we're looking at the ranges is a tool called the shared CN project run by Dr. Wayne Bettinger please use this because it's a fantastic resource for helping with relationship predictions it's just an update in the last month and it gives you ranges and it gives you the average so say you're looking at a first cousin the average is 874 centimorgans but the range is really large 553 to 1200 that's a large range and anyone in here could be a first cousin so relationship estimating is a difficult thing to do be aware and don't hit on that possibly that because it's in that bracket I'm going to show you an example of the randomness of DNA inheritance here I have two second cousins once removed who have tested the first one shares 295 centimorgans over 12 segments with me the second shares 23 centimorgans over one second with me the exact same relationship level and that's the difference now these are what I call outliers they're on the extreme ends of high sharing and low sharing but I have made sure that they are second cousins once removed by how they match with a lot of other cousins that I've tested and they definitely are so you just need to be careful with these relationship predictions another word of warning here and dogmaing the dreaded word married within the same ethnic, cultural, social religious or tribal group in a dogma's population everyone will descend from the same small gene pool people will be related to each other in a recent genealogical timeframe on multiple different ancestral pathways there could be third cousins once removed and fourth cousins once removed all in different ways and the same ancestors are therefore going to appear in their tree in several different places if you haven't dogmaing you have to disregard the predicted relationships and ranges of central organs because distant cousins are going to share more DNA with you and it's just not going to work so your results are all right what next well they consist of two main components you get an ethnicity estimate and you get a DNA match list so let's look at the ethnicity estimates or add to the next jump this is an ethnicity estimate from Family Tree DNA from my cousin Marion and you can look at it in more depth you can see all the regions that they cover and it's telling us that Marion has 73% British Isles and 23% Jewish diaspora and I'm just pointing this out because Marion has an unknown grandfather the other three quarters of her tree I have and there's no Jewish there so maybe this is giving me a clue as to the unknown grandfather but we have to be very careful with ethnicity estimates ethnicity estimates will vary between companies because they have different reference populations they're really only accurate to the continental level it cannot be taken too literally and there will be errors your ethnicity estimate can only cover up the DNA you personally inherited from your ancestors and you don't have all the same DNA that they did they can give you a broad idea of your origins and may provide geological clues like for Marion if you have a mystery but this is an emerging science that will improve over time as more people test and reference populations increase but at the moment it's something that you shouldn't be fair too much from so the DNA match list this is the most important thing you get with your DNA results it really is all about the cousins for me this is my family fund during the match list here tell me the number of matches I've got over 3,000 the relationship range again we'll take care of that I don't look at this color very carefully and I'll tell you why because the family tree DNA includes a lot of very, very small segments that I think is better to count out the longest lock I often alter it to see this list by a longest lock X match again be careful with that because it could just be a one cent urban segment it's telling you it's an X match linked relationship now that's really good if you have to upload your family tree to family tree DNA you have to put the cousins who have tested on your family tree and link them together and when you do that you can get these things called buckets which is a bit of phasing really which basically is taking your matches and splitting them into maternal and maternal and I've tested my mom so I have this maternal bucket and all of these people that have a little red test of them are putting my maternal bucket they are a maternal match because they match my mom and because I've linked her up I get this I've also tested lots of paternal first cousins and again because I've linked them up I've got a paternal bucket with matches that match them going in the paternal bucket the both bucket is usually only for those siblings or people who may match you on both sides of your tree so, initiatives upload your family tree if you know anything at all who will be helping yourself and others use DNA in conjunction with traditional research because that is how to get the most out of it and I'll show you why later start with your largest matches first and work your way down search your entire match list for common surnames and common locations if a match has both you have a better chance of identifying them study shared matches if they may hold the vital clue especially if you have no tree to work with be proactive contact your matches many won't respond but if you will fight through cousins to collaborate with it takes work hard work at times use the search boxes no matter which company you're using they have search boxes, I'm going to use the band search and family tree DNA here and I'm going to search for my ancestral surname Clellens now my Clellens lived in Ayrshire in Scotland so I'm looking for people who have Clellens from Ayrshire their surname list and I get this from the back and there's lots of my Clellens which I don't want but there's this one here Clellens Ayrshire Scotland it matches both my criteria it turns out to be my mother's first fourth cousin once removed so don't just start looking at these smaller matches if they share common surnames and common locations not all of your cousins will match you the chances of matching a first cousin or a second cousin are basically 100% there's no proof in case of second cousins not matching each other so if anyone who is a second cousin or closer doesn't match you you have to start asking a two up with questions but below that level it starts to go down third cousins maybe only 90% of them will match your fourth cousins maybe 50-50 by the time you get down to six cousins maybe only 2% of course you're going to have way more of these fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth cousins out there in the world so you're going to have a lot more of these matches but you can still work out if a third or fourth cousin etc that doesn't match you is a third or fourth cousin by testing other people you might match your brother or your sister or your first cousin not all of your matches will be real cousins and this is important too many very small segments are false and they're known as identical by chance basically an error in the process occurs and they're not matched at all research to just 100% of segments 15 centimorgans or more are what we call identical by descent they're not real you have a common ancestor but only 14% of 5 centimorgan segments are real so the lower you get the less chance there is about being a real segment and much better chance of it being false this doesn't mean time to discount smaller segments or smaller matches especially again if you find those common startups and locations but just be careful with them and don't make them the main focus you're starting out it's not with your highest matches first to illustrate the point is a confirmed third cousin of mine I only share one segment of 8 centimorgans with him he comes up as a fifth cousin remote this is a match I probably wouldn't be able to look at but it's my third cousin so be careful not to throw the baby out of the bathroom so how to narrow down your results well test your older generations test your older generations they have more of your ancestors DNA than you do if you don't have older generations to test test your peers half siblings first cousins, second cousins first cousins are going to narrow you down to your grandparents second cousins to your great grandparents this really helps both siblings aren't included for narrowing purposes because they can only tell you parents but there are also very important testers if you don't have parents to test because you share 50% with a full sibling but there's 50% you don't share you each got different bits for your parents so let's look at some examples of the different lights on your tree here and this to me is gold dust absolutely priceless because I've spent years and years and years building my tree, my paper research and I want to know it's correct and DNA is giving me the chance to confirm these and verify these so we're going to concentrate on a match called Christie Christie is supposed to be a second to fourth cousin to my mom and the first tool I want to look at is the Incoming West tool and Christie has in common with my mom a woman named Isabel and Isabel is my mom's maternal first cousin so it's very likely that Christie is related to my mom via her maternal side so the next thing I want to do is look at all of the three of them in the Chromosome Browser which is an amazing tool and this is what it looks like you get all 23 of your chromosomes and one thing you'll notice is there's only one line remember you have two copies but it can't differentiate so you only get one line so you don't know which copy so let's look at this there's a matching chromosome 7 Christie and Isabel Isabel is the blue colour and you can see as the first cousin she shares a lot of DNA with my mom Christie only shares two segments she's the orange colour as they match each other it's very likely they do but we can't tell that from this all it's telling us is they both match our chromosome 7 but they could match on different copies of our chromosome 7 now yesterday I would have told you Christie and Isabel to look at their chromosome browser and tell you if they match but Roberta Estes yesterday evening gave us a surprise and told us about a brand new tool called the Triangulator and this is it, I used it last night and it confirms that Christie and my mom and Isabel all share that same segment of chromosome 7 so check that out to use it it's a great tool the next thing I do is to look at the data in a table there's a little way to do this on the chromosome browser page and I add up all the segments that Christie and my mom share above 6, 7 centimorgans and I discount all the tiny ones so the total we get is actually 71 centimorgans instead of the 96 the main page tells us so check that with your chart and try and work out what relationship this could be at 71 centimorgans there's a few possibilities the next thing I want to do is I want to check if we've got common service and we do, we've got a number of them they're all bolded at the top here why are they bolded at the top it's a family tree and when you do that the system works for you it looks for the surnames that are on your tree in other people's trees and when it finds any it bolds them and puts them to the top of the list so we've got a number of options here that could possibly be our common ancestors next thing I want to do look at Christie's tree and she's got a tree because look here her little tree symbol is bolded in blue they don't have a tree so here's her tree and I have pushed it forward to her second great-grandmother because that's a section of her tree I've found Scottish names on and one name in particular stands out to me William Berry and he was her fourth great-grandfather and he's married to a married villain now look at my maternal grandmother's tree because we know already but that's where Christie and my mom match I have a William Berry too but he was married to a married son of old were they the same person what's going on here well this is the marriage of William to Mary's son of old in 1860 and he says he's 39 years old he was more like 47 he's a character and a bachelor so he's a bachelor and this is the marriage of Christie's fourth great-grandfather William Berry to Mary nearly 20 years earlier in 1841 and he's getting married just the next town over Mary's Mary in 1860 and this is my Berry family on the 1841 census and I'd never noticed this person before at the bottom this is John Berry who's my William's dad and Gene who's his sister and right at the bottom here there's Mary Bullock William's wife so yes they're the same person Christie and I are half-fourth cousins once removed which led me to find out that my William had been rather naughty and was not a bachelor at all and poor Mary, Mary number one as I call her, was perfectly alive and well in the 1861 census and in fact she outlived him and she found out about his antics in the next town over and wasn't too impressed and shocked into the police so I have lots of great records trial transcripts, witness statements from both Mary's and said she had no knowledge whatsoever of the bigamy and my third great-grandfather was sent to prison for three years dear, dear me so this DNA led me to this amazing story in my family tree breaking down brick walls again, we're going to move on to my paternal second great-grandfather Street, John Kelly Robert Cullen and he's a brick wall died in the 1820s I have no documentation to tell me whose parents were I'm stuck I've found a long time ago that Robert Cullen born in 1802 in Glasgow might be him, parents John Cullen and Elizabeth Morton but you didn't have to register a birth in Scotland at that time so you might not be registered you might be born elsewhere, I can't this is too speculative I can't add this to my tree then Jan, the DNA match comes along and Jan has Cullen's and Whitehead's on her tree and there they are, we have the same third great-grandparents who are covered in my brick white head so we are fourth cousins exactly but does this help me with my brick wall well yes it does because she has put John and Elizabeth Morton on her tree what does she know that I don't well she knows that her great-grandmother had the middle name of Morton she was named after the Elizabeth Lutter, that's a really, really good piece of evidence to prove that they were his parents and indeed since then I've had three further matches directly to John and Elizabeth and I've even got this amazing photograph of their daughter, Christian Cullen taken in 1855 and her daughter Elizabeth by at least three DNA matches proving and hypothesis so I have a hypothesis my granddad Michael Leonard his grandmother was Elizabeth Leonard and her father was John and her father was Jeremiah Leonard who was a farmer in Ireland sometime in the mid to late 1700s that's all I know about poor Jeremiah so my John and Margaret though they left Ireland and came to Scotland in the 1840s with their children and here we find them at 84 Waterside in Dublin, Wellington on the 1851 census in Scotland and right next door the very next household same place 84 Waterside another Leonard family headed by a man named Darby Leonard Darby but he's the right age to have been maybe the eldest son of John and Margaret and I've always believed that he is my Elizabeth brother poor Darby though he died between 1851 and 1855 when statutory registration started in Scotland so I have no documentation to prove it once again and the other thing I did was I found out that Darby is the Irish nickname for none other than Jeremiah and after the father this is my thinking but it's all conjectural and speculative evidence but I've done his tree anyway and I found that he had a son Patrick who married a woman named Jane Doyle keep that in mind so I got a new match this one's on Ancestria, pretty decent 38 centimorgans over one segment a contact her, I found out her retired grandfather was a man named Ithaceous Leonard Ithaceous, what a great name I saw a traces bar of 1916 in Lanarkshire and I got his parent's marriage certificate and you could have seen me dancing around the archives when I got this marriage certificate because on it it tells me his parents were Patrick Leonard and Jane Doyle so Ignatius is Jeremiah Darby's great grandson I have DNA in common with them and I've just this last week got another match from a direct descendant of Jeremiah's so I've not proven conclusively that my Elizabeth and Jeremiah Darby were siblings but it's a really great piece of evidence to add to all my other circumstantial evidence and I think that really makes it almost certain my hypothesis is correct we're going to talk a little bit about X now X DNA, X chromosome matching is included with autosomal tests but it's not visible on Ancestria so if you want to see your X matches there you have to upload to GEDmatch a match on the X chromosome is different X chromosome, Y well we can only inherit X chromosome DNA from certain ancestors and your gender is a big factor women have twice the X men do that two X chromosomes so they have many more matches X DNA often doesn't recombine when it's passed down to it can pass through several generations untouched so having a match on the X could be further back than a match on autosomal this is a male X DNA chart and all of the white ancestors the man didn't get any X DNA from those so that's a lot of ancestors you can kick out from your analysis and even on his mother's side there's a lot of white that you don't need to look at you can just brush those ancestors away he couldn't have got X from them female chart has more options but still there's lots of white lots of lines that you can discount now the best thing to do with your X chromosome X DNA table or chart using your tree all of the coloured boxes here are ancestors I got X DNA from where I could have got X DNA from the white are the ones I did in so whenever I get an X DNA match I can solve this and I can go okay these are the possibilities so we're going to look at a match Ruth she's an X match and actually she's a proper one because she's got a really decent size segment of 35 centimorgans and we're going to look at Ruth's in common with list the main thing here is my mom's not on it so she's on my paternal X chromosome which came wholly from my paternal grandmother so because this is an X match I've got it right back to my paternal grandmother straight away this is a section of my table that has my paternal X on it and we've moved 100% from my dad 100% from my brand mother and then we're not 100% percentages but the person that seems quite likely I may have got a lot of X from is Margaret McPherson maybe 50% or more is possible here so I keep her in mind whenever I get X matches I can so Ruth sends me a treat and one name stands out Ann McPherson and there's my Margaret so she could have got X from Ann I could have got X from Margaret but could they be related? and this DNA match gave me evidence for Ann's life so third-party tools very quickly make use of third-party tools the most important of these is GED matches GED matches are fantastic and free third-party tool it can help you match against those in all the major databases and it provides better tools for analyzing the DNA DNA GED.com is another great one it offers a really good suite of tools that you should look at genome made pro is an excellent program for organizing your data I use it almost every day but it is time-consuming and it's not for everyone DNA painter is a brand new tool that's just come out in the last month and I really urge you to check it out so this is GED match lots of tools there, one to many you want to use often one to one, people can match both kits or you're going to be related you have X match lists, X one to one all sorts of things that you can look at they also have tier one utilities which you can pay $10 a month for and I do this and I use these tools very often as well I would say get to grips with the basic tools first before trying them out but give them a go and see what you think DNA GED.com, one of the best things about DNA GED.com I like is the autosomal DNA segment analyzer of the ADSA it gives you this really great char and it's a good way of visualizing your matches and maybe finding highlight regions highlight regions are ones where an awful lot of people match in the same segment so it may be way back in time population segment perhaps genome may pro this is what it looks like and it organizes your data by a chromosome so you can see all these different people that match in the same spot of the chromosomes it's extremely helpful you can put all your data in there you can add lots of notes and you can do segment mapping there as well and this is my segment map at genome may pro and I am mapping all of my segments and I am encoding them to all of my different ancestors of ancestral groups DNA painters doing something similar comes on painting and mapping again but they have a few other little tools that go with it that I really like so some resources ISOC, the international society genetic genealogy please join it's free use the ISOC Wiki it's full of great information blogs, join Facebook groups there's a couple of the hands out that I am going to give you there's mailing lists watch webinars, YouTube videos and march yourself in the learning but the most important thing of all is practicing you don't really get to understand the problem until you're practicing it traditional literature the family tree diet and DNA testing genetic genealogy by Dr. LeBrettinger has become a bit reliable in the last year in this sphere and genetic genealogy basics and beyond by Emily Olaccino is a great book for beginners and Emily is here and selling her books at the family tree DNA school so something I'll pick the correct test to match your goals use your DNA tests in conjunction with traditional research to get the best results test close relatives especially older generations to narrow down your matches and gain more of your ancestors DNA to work with upload your family tree in a matter of small make cousin connections to work together or organize your data and take advantage of all the help out there most of all have fun with it and this is a link to my handout if you don't want the paper copy there are paper copies here but if you can take a photograph of that you would like to move up for a minute Michelle Leonard some contact details Facebook, Twitter etc I don't know if I have any time for questions well we don't actually because we are very very close to it you can take photographs of that very close to the hour and we are going to make room for the next speaker you are going to be around for the entire day I am around the entire day I will be flitting about in here and the family tree DNA stall so any questions at all I will be back here for a while after the talk if you want to come up and speak to me thanks a lot