 Good evening guys. Today we will start with growth and plant movements. So, what is about plants, the movement and their growth. Okay, plant movement. In this chapter we will be discussing about like growth, what the growth takes place in plant, what are the factors that help in growth of the plant, like growth regulators, growth regulators, you know promoters and inhibitors and what type of movement plants show. Okay, what are the different types of movement plant shows. All those we will see in this chapter. Okay, first we will see the movements, what are the types of movements in plants. There are different types of movements. So, plant will sense different maybe like different stimuli like geotropism, phototropism that is lights and so it senses the light stimuli and it will sense the gravity. So, plant will sense two different stimuli. With the help of the stimuli, it will show certain moments. So, how they will show those moments we will see here. What are the different types of movements shown by plant. So, they are divided into two types. Number one, Thergar, Thergar movement. Number two, growth. Thergar movement is nothing but is a pressure shown by protoplasm, cytoplasm towards its walls. Suppose these are the cells is having cytoplasm inside the cell. So, this will be moving towards the cell wall or cell membrane. Right. So, the cell will, the protoplasm will move towards its wall. So, the pressure shown by protoplasm or cytoplasm towards its walls creates a pressure. That pressure is known as Thergar pressure. That is one type of movement. Next is growth. Okay. In growth, there are two types of growth. One is self-control. Plant itself will control the growth. Other one is controlled by external stimuli. So, the climate also influence the plant growth, right. That is some stimuli is like acting on the plant. So, that is external growth, external stimuli. One more is self-control. Okay. Those are known as paratonic and autonomic. The two types of growth are known as paratonic growth. Other is known as autonomic growth. Auto. You can, there itself we can understand that auto means self. So, this is self-controlled. That means external stimuli. Controlled by external stimuli, not self-induced. This acted by something else. So, external stimuli is acting on the plant. Okay. These are two types in growth. In plant movements, two types of movements are there. One is Thergar movement as there is growth. In growth, there is paratonic and autonomic. Paratonic is simulated by external stimuli. Autonomic is self-controlled. Okay. In paratonic, we can see again it is divided into two types. Tropic movements and nasty movements. Tropic movements are nothing but these are directional movements. It's a directional. So, like in, I'll give you many examples of directional and non-directional in next few minutes. And nasty movement is non-directional. Okay. In tropic movements, we can see two types of movements that is phototropism and geotropism. And nasty movements, photonastic and thermonastic. Okay. We'll see one by one. We'll see one by one. Phototropic movements, photonastic movements are directional movements that might be towards the stimulus or away from the stimulus. It depends on the growth factor or it depends on the growth. It might be towards the stimulus. It might be away from the stimulus. So, these are of two types basically. Phototropism and geotropism. And so, tropic movements are directional movements that might be towards the stimuli, away from the stimuli. Okay. It depends on the growth. I'll give you examples for tropic movements. Geotropism, hydro-tropism, more-tropism, and more-tropism, chemical receptors. So, these are different types of tropic movement. We will see one by one. What do you mean by phototropism? Phototropism, it is nothing but movement of the plant in response to light. So, trophism is movement. Photo is light. Flip the word. The word suggests you have the concept. So, first you concentrate on the word. Flip the word photo. It is light, trophism, movement. So, it is a moment of plant in response to light. This is of two types. Okay. One is positive, other is negative. Positive phototrophism is nothing but if it is towards the light, it is called positive phototrophism. If it is away from the light, then it is called negative phototrophism. Okay. We'll see examples of each. Suppose there is a light source from here. Okay. We have a plant like this. In the shoots of this plant, suppose these are the shoots of the plant, shoots, bend towards the light. So, there is a light coming from this side. So, if they are bending towards the light, then it is called as positive phototrophism. So, this is the direction of light and those shoots are bending towards the light. So, it is called as positive phototrophism. Negative means they are bending away from the light. If they bend towards this side, then it is negative, sorry, negative phototrophism. Okay. So, example for positive phototrophism is shoot bends towards the light. Okay. Negative phototrophism is root bends towards away from the light. Shoot bending towards the light. Negative is bending off roots away from the light. These are the two different types of phototrophism. Okay. Number two, neotrophism. So, this is earth. Right. What is the force that is present in the earth? Gravitational force. So, this is nothing but it is a movement of a plant in response to gravity. Photovolts light. Here, neotrophism means towards the gravity, acting towards the gravitational force. Okay. That is a movement of plant in response to gravity. This is also again two types. Positive and negative. Okay. If it bends towards the gravity, then it is positive. If it bends away from the gravity, then it is negative. One simple example we can give for showing zeotrophism. Now, when we plant a small plant sapling, so the roots grow towards the earth. Right. Into the deeper parts of the earth, deeper layers of the earth. That is known as positive zeotrophism with a shoot system. Suppose we take this same plant. So, now the roots are growing towards the earth, towards the gravitational force. Gravitational force acts towards the downside. Right. So, these are growing towards the gravity. So, this is showing positive zeotrophism, negative phototrophism, positive zeotrophism and negative phototrophism. When you take the shoot, it is growing away towards the gravity. Right. So, then it is known as negative geotrophism, negative geo and positive photo. Clear with the concept of phototrophism and geotrophism. These are the best examples. Okay. Next we will see hydrotrophism. So, in your syllabus, only these two types of moments are there. But we will discuss few more hydrotrophism, more trophism and more trophism also. Next is hydrotrophism. Hydro, in the word hydro, this is water. Trophism is movement. So, the movement of plant towards the water, responds to the water, not towards the water, it responds to the water. So, if the moment is due to water, then it is known as hydrotrophism. Okay. So, basically the roots will grow towards like when the water supply is there, the roots will first get the water and the roots go grow. Right. That is one best example of hydrotrophism, growth of roots towards the water. Example, growth of roots towards water. Okay. That is hydrotrophism, response of plant towards the water. And next is chemotrophism. What is chemotrophism? Chemo means chemicals in response to chemicals, right? It is the moment of plant in response to chemical stimuli that is known as chemotrophism. I explained you in the chapter of reproduction, plant reproduction, chemotrophism. And even in root nodule formation in nitrogen fixation. So, when the growth of pollen takes place towards the ovule, that is chemotrophism, right? Then chemicals will be there, that chemical will attract pollen grains and the pollen tube starts growing. Let me draw the diagram. So, we have pollen grains here. Pollen grains will start producing the pollen tube only when the chemo receptors will give certain stimuli to them. Only then the pollen tube starts growing towards the egg or towards the ovule for fertilization. That is a best example of chemotrophism. Okay, response to the chemical stimuli. One more is chemotrophism. Chemotrophism is a directional moment which is shown by plants, certain parts of the plants in response to physical contact with other objects. Okay. What is that? That is you can see in tendrils, it is shown by the tendrils of plants. Tendrils of chemotrophism is nothing but it is due to physical contact or due to any touch. If that is due to movement or stimuli is due to touch, then it is known as pigmotrophism. Okay, example shown by tendrils of plants. Okay, this is about topic moments. These are directional moments. You can see in phototrophism, your trophism, everywhere they are moving towards or away. Directional, you can see any direction there, maybe it is positive direction or negative direction. So, seeing the direction, that is topic moments. Next, we will see nasty moments. Next is nasty moments. Nasty moments, these are non-directional moments. So, the direction is not affecting the stimulus. Okay. So, these are, nasty moments are non-directional moments, non-directional moment. The direction is not affected by the stimuli. Nasty moments, when we touch, the leaf starts folding. That is one example of nasty moments. Touch me not. Touch that leaf, the leaf starts, when we touch the plant, the leaf starts drooping towards inside. That is non-directional. Just, they start moving towards, they start folding. That is due to the loss of water in the leaves. They start moving to folding or drooping. This is due to loss in the amount of water in the leaves. Let me show you some slides. I talked about response towards the right, right? Photosynthesis. Like, we have photosynthesis also. Pigments other than those used in photosynthesis detect light and mediate the plant's response to it. Okay, that is response to light. Like, there are different types of responses. That is, photoperiodism and phototrophism. In phototrophism, there is a directional growth where photoperiodism is non-directional. That is, photoperiodism is a nasty moment. Photophism is a topic moment. Photophism is directional. I already discussed with you. In photoperiodism, this is just in response to the changes in the length of the day and night. It is non-directional. It is just telling, now it is daytime and it is night. But it is not giving any direction to the plant. That is why it is periodism. And it is non-directional. So it is a nasty moment. Both phototrophism and both phototrophism detects the plant to compensate its ability to move. Okay. Who will give the response to the plant? Who will take the stimuli? It is shown by phytochromes. Phytochromes are nothing but plant hormones. Phytois plant, chrome is like light. Okay. Different colors. Not light, colors. Chrome is colors. It consists of two parts. One is chromophore, which is a light receptor and apoprotein, which initiates a signal towards the transduction pathway. This is something we will discuss later about phytochromes. These phytochromes, these phytochromes exist in two forms. One is inactive form. One is active form. PR is inactive form. PFR is active form. PR, when the light falls on PR, inactive form, it will be activated to PFR. So light is influencing the activation, that is why depending on the light, there is phototrophic movements because the light is helping in their movement. Another activation gives some stimulus to the plant. That stimulus helps in movement. Okay. That is what they are telling. PR is inactive form, absorbs red light at 660 nanometers. PFR is the active form, which absorbs at 730 nanometers. So I already discussed the shoot elongation, root elongation. This is phototrophism at different wavelength, how it is bending towards the light at different wavelength. In the first picture, you can see it is showing response towards the light. Blue wavelength is giving response to the light. It is bending here, red light, yellow light, violet. This will not give any stimulus to the plant. The wavelength will not be enough so that there is no response. Okay. So there is no bending moment of plant. This is not a celloptile. Okay. And this is response to gravity, geotrophism. I have explained in the slide. Roots exhibit negative gravity trophism. Roots exhibit positive geotrophism or gravity trophic response. Anything is fine. Gravity trophism is correct or geotrophism both are correct. You can see here the response to the gravity. The roots are growing towards the gravitational force. This is pigment trophism. It is a permanent form change in response to mechanical stress. Tigmotrophism is directional growth of plant or plant part in response to contact. I will give you example of tendrils, curling of tendrils. One more example is venous flight trap. When the flight come, you can see in the next diagram, see here how the tendrils are folding. Because there is a support which they have come into contact, so they are coiling themselves. Okay. Coiling around that support. This is how they are responding towards the contact or mechanical stimulus. There is one more, the sun flower which acts some target movements are triggered by light. This movement maximizes photosynthesis. When they are morning early morning, 9 o'clock or 10 o'clock, these sunflowers will be bending towards the light. At the time, the photosynthesis, maximum photosynthesis is up close. I will give you many examples for Tigmotrophism. Order and temperature responses. Seed dormancy. Okay. We will see all these next. So, those are nasty moments and traffic moments. Okay. Next, we will see. Now we have seen traffic moments and nasty moments. Next, we will go to plant hormones. We have different plant hormones that help in plant growth. Okay. That might help in promotion, that might help in inhibition. But these are the hormones are those which regulate the growth in plants. These are known as growth regulators. Even in humans, we have hormones but they help in you know all the functions of hormones in humans. Here the function is little different in plants. Okay. These are known as phyto hormones. These are growth regulators. Growth regulators in the sense they might help in promotion. They might help in inhibition. Growth promotion or growth inhibition. Okay. Now we will see different types of promoters and inhibitors. Promoters are oxin, gibberlings, cytokines. Okay. Growth inhibitors are abscissic acid, AVA abscissic acid. We will see the functions of each in detail how they will recreate the growth. Oxins, they are growth promoters. Oxins help in promotion of growth. That might be stem root leaf. They help in shoot development and root development. Promotiation. So they help in both root and shoot development. Okay. Root development and shoot development. Example like you know the callus, right? It is undifferentiated part of the plant. It is a mass of cell. Okay. This is a mass of plant cells. It is known as callus. It helps in growth of callus also in development of callus also. Promotes callus development. It also help in leaf development. Okay. That is the function of oxin. Next is gibberlings. Gibberlings help in stem elongation. They help in shoot development but not root development. They do not have any effect on root development. Only shoot development they have seen. Root development has no, has not seen the help of gibberling. Okay. They also help in germination of a seed. Seed germination is promoted by gibberlings. We will see a few more functions of these for oxin. This is like what is the function of oxin I told root and shoot development, right? So first it was in 1926 went perform an experiment that explained all of the previous results. Like about the moment of plants he was doing experiments. So from there he started in 1926 he started performing the experiment which gave many answers to his previous questions. Okay. He named chemical messenger as oxin. Okay. He started it in old plant. Okay. It accumulated on the side of an old seedling. Eye from the light. I will show the X diagram here. So this is, you can see the oxin here. This is oxin. It is, it is present at the tip. Right? It is present at the tip. So he just made a cut. Okay. He made the cut here with a blade and he took an agar. You know agar which is a solid substratum. Okay. Which gives nutrition. So he just kept on that and what happened? Oxin was diffusing into agar block. Oxin started it. He removed, he placed on those agar blocks to show the moment. Shoot has bent here. Seedling bent away from the side on which the agar block was placed. So it shows that agar is a chemical messenger that helps in growth or moment. It shows some moment which helps in growth. Okay. That is how invention of discovery of oxin took place with the help of his old seedling experiment. Okay. I will show you one more experiment. So here the light is unidirectional. Okay. Here he placed a block. He placed a block. So which blocks oxin's development. But also the oxin start diffusing towards the darkness where only here oxin is present. But it is diffusing where if the light is not light is blocked inside the light is there and this side there is no light. But oxin started diffusing here also and in the darker side also. It shows that the oxin moves from one region to other region. Okay. The light is there. If the light is not there also it starts moving. Okay. So this block has this side of the plant also has shown the same bending and this also has shown the same bending. It shows that same amount of total oxin is produced by shoot growth with directional light even when if the light is present or light is absent it doesn't matter. Oxin spreads towards the agar block and if those agar blocks are placed on the tipless shoots they show the movement. They show the bending. So that was demonstrated by this x-bricks. Bricks showed this experiment. What does this experiment show? Oxin molecules migrate away from the light into the shaded portion of the shoot. Though the light is not there the oxin movement took place. Okay. Example of this indole acetic acid it is the most common natural oxin. It is insulated from amino acid to try to get rid of fun. Okay. This is aromatic amino acid from which indole acetic acid is synthesized. So oxin receptor is a protein one that is the receptor of oxin. This is the receptor and then it will start forming a complex with other molecules other proteins like ubiquitin that is a protein and it will start forming a complex. Then other then it starts transcription translation and post translational modifications and finally they show the function then the degradation starts. Okay for oxin to work they need a receptor. Okay. And shows the growth or inhibits whatever its function is mainly that its function is stimulation or promotion of growth only. It will form a complex then it will show the growth later after the function is done it will start degrading. This is how oxin works. Okay next we will see about cytokines. We saw about zibberlings also we will see that here once. Yeah. This is a zibberlin's name of the fungi zibberlina fusicorae that is a fungi name. Okay from that given the name zibberlins. So what is the function of zibberlins? They show showed growth they will not show root growth promote growth in shoots but not roots. So they belong to the large class of over 100 naturally occurring plant hormones. All are acidic hormones and abbreviated as BA. They have important effect on stem elongation. Warf mutants restores normal growth and development. So this is a warf plant. Once the zibberlin is added you can see the growth how the stimulation of growth took place. Okay this is how zibberlins effect on the plant. Zibberlin is used as a signal from the embryo that turns on transcription of genes and encoded hydrolytic enzyme in the alluron layer. Give you idea of transcription translation then you can understand. You know right then they will be converted to this is transcription. Images will be converted to proteins. This is translation. That's going to its function whatever the function promotion the function is. Yeah they will send a signal from the embryo that turns on transcription of genes. There are some genes will transcript then they will form to mRNA and starts encoding into a protein. Okay when GA binds as a binds to its receptor it frees the independent transcription process from a repressor. So initially the repressor might have been blocked by something when these receptors bind to that actor it starts encoding from repressors. I will diagram tools. This is a zibberlic acid. This is a receptor GID receptor. When this GID receptor when its zibberlins bind to this okay then it will starts doing initiation then some other receptors will come and bind here then the transcription takes place. Here there is no binding of zibberlic acid so there is no signal transduction or transformation there is no SCF any and note and here this receptor is bound by repressor so this is not free to come and bind here also. So this is how it is inhibiting transcription it is promoting transcription these are the receptors. Okay zibberlins are helped in extending internal length in grapes so to increase the internal length of grape bunch we are using zibberlins okay that is about zibberlins next we will see cytokines. Cytokines basically cytokines do not function independently they need someone to support cytokines okay what are the functions of cytokines it helps in helps in root development so oxins also help in root development so together oxin and cytokines promote root development helping inducing the flowering so helps in flower inducing flowers okay they are flowering aging of the retard aging of plant organs they retard aging in plants so they retard aging they also help in cell division of the plant these are the functions of cytokines root development they induce flowering retard aging and they help in cell division of the plant they combine with so oxins help in root development so cytokines also okay and they also help in showing they'll combine with oxins only so they combine most of the things in this here and in these three functions they combine with oxin to perform the function okay these are the functions of cytokines and next we have growth inhibitors that is abscessic acid abscessic acid is a both inhibitor so what are the functions of both inhibitors are abscessic acid it helps in dormancy basically dormancy is in active state it helps the plant to keep in dormant state in seed dormancy basically it helps to keep dormant seeds dormancy and bud dormancy okay and next it acts as a like it acts as a flight and flight hormone we have epinephrine non epinephrine in humans right let's say in animals the same way it here also abscessic acid act as a it is a stress hormone that stress hormone is epinephrine non epinephrine here it is abscessic acid which acts as a stress hormone so it acts as stress hormone okay this is about abscessic acid and we have few more inhibitors like ethylene also ethylene also acts as inhibitor what is the function of ethylene it helps in promotion of growth and ripening of fruits basically all the fruits are ripened by dipping them in ethylene it helps in senescence of leaves ripening ripening of fruits alloying of leaves these are the functions of ethylene we'll see the slides we'll see about cytokinein zyponyl since we see about cytokinein then we'll go to inhibitor here you can see how oxen and cytokinein will work together in root development oxen is required in high amount whereas cytokinein is required in low amount okay in shoot development cytokinein is required in high amount okay in in canis formation it is how oxen and berlin sorry oxen and cytokinein work together