 Okay, thank you. Okay, I'm gonna start counting now. Okay, I was going to make a presentation that was a much more objective about equality and politics, but I was told by Philip Road that no, what they were interested in was a very personal account of personal experiences, so I will be talking about personal experiences But first, I like to say that private ownership and the market by themselves may produce great restaurants or wonderful computers But they do not produce great cities Cities are community products and governments regardless of whether we like them or not are the best Representation for communities even kings or sultans did Adam Smith Thought us how wonderful it was that selfish interests Produced the best for all because each person trying to become richer produce the best products at the lowest cost But what is good for the be what Adam Smith said is not necessarily correcting cities for example each person in a selfish way may want everybody may want to use his private car but if everybody uses them at the same time the city may collapse and Clearly we cannot let developers do whatever they want with land if it was for private interests Maybe they would not be even public space for streets much less for parks for or for anything so they clearly Cities is an area in society where regardless of our belief in the efficiency of the market We need a lot of intervention the market by itself. I also As I was was told to say a private thing in a couple of weeks I will receive this Gothenburg award for sustainable development For things that I did in as a mayor, but actually I never tried to do sustainable development when I was mayor What I was trying to do was to do to create equity social equity Quality of life and what is surprising is that there is no contradiction But not only there is not a contradiction But the same policies apply when we are talking here about walking and cycling and busways We did these things not because we were trying to create sustainability But because we were trying to create equity and it's good to mention here that Columbia Bogotá has about half the income per capita of Istanbul about but still it would take us if we grow very fast Maybe a five six percent annually in Columbia more than a hundred years To reach what is today London's income per capita not to catch up to London But to reach what is today London's so it's Important for Istanbul or for India or for any city to to really be careful not to try to copy Technologies that are not related We wanted quality pedestrian spaces in order to improve people's lives for equality Sakes to show respect for human dignity Sustainability I would say begins with social sustainability with equity and democracy Every concept I don't know the Turkish Constitution But I'm sure the first article in the Turkish Constitution as in any other Constitution says that all citizens are equal before the law And a consequence of that is that public good prevails over private interest This is not just poetry if public good prevails over private interest for example, there should not be private waterfronts Especially not around in urban areas This is democracy does not communism if public good prevails over private interest for example a boss with a hundred people Has a right to a hundred times more road space Than a car with one person This is and also I would say we cannot have equality today in the market economy But you can have equality of quality of life at least for children But seeking the public good as I am going to tell you is Very painful and very difficult as we are going to try to do for a for a goal Children children we have to seek quality equality Maybe not of income but equality of quality of life for children that all children should have the same possibility Of realizing their potential of being happy Children in great nurseries schools parks libraries sports facilities, and this is not things that the private sector is going to provide Government is needed to provide all these things so We built lots hundreds of Children nurseries schools great now Bogota not only my administration, but others we have maybe a hundred and fifty great schools in the poorest neighborhoods and slums But if we invest in roads Like this and we forget these lumps. We are not going to achieve these things So we you have to if you want to build great libraries and schools and parks perhaps you have to cut a little bit in the main Thing that absorbs government money developing cities, which is road infrastructure So you can build great schools libraries these library seasons for example, which we built now We are taking almost five hundred thousand people every month And all of these things were possible because we decided instead of making giant road infrastructure to restrict car use And instead to invest in housing schools parks and the life There are other things in which the market does not work well Clearly we have slums everywhere in the planet in developing world It's not because all mayors are stupid It's impossible all over the world is clearly because the system does not work Private property and the market do not work well in the case of land around growing cities when prices go up It's not as in the tomato production the the supply of land does not increase and so the market does not work So you there has to be in order for environmental reasons. This is in Bogota You wouldn't imagine Bogota is very healing of what has hundreds of thousands of hectares of flat hectares But this is in private hands such as this So clearly the market does not work. This is why countries such as in Sweden or in Finland all land around growing cities Belongs to government here. I heard in Turkey most land belongs to government around the cities, but unfortunately also sometimes Private pressures end up making this government land being managed almost as if it were private land So we made this kind of I think we have to buy land around the cities do great urban design And only then private builders can be great building homes, but not in generally doing great urbanism The city types of things that were done Private pressures not only have problems for low-income housing also They create these type of things the low density environments Which of course is terrible for for energy consumption for transport for quality of life But why Why do we have these things? It was because it was a great plan in the united states to produce suburbs No, it was because every time there was a traffic jam They went and made bigger roads If we do that sooner or later, we will end up with this Even in europe where they have the best land use controls in the planet They ended up to a large extent after the world war two with similar things. Maybe not so bad as this So density is the most important element of good transport But upper-income citizens are going to these things all over the developing world happily not so much in istanbul Why do they go there? istanbul has a wonderful density Why haven't they had more suburbs? Thanks not to great planning perhaps but more to traffic jams They are the most useful tool to create density There are more intelligent ways to achieve that but that's a useful one This is what we have in bogota. Why do people use public transport there in bogota? It's because they love public transport the environment No for decemberis and they use it in london or manhattan because they have to Because it's quicker or cheaper or something like this. Why do people go to the suburbs? It's not because they are stupid It's because they seek green or places for their children to ride bicycles So I think it's possible to achieve higher densities And provide the same things people are seeking these suburbs a lot of green safe spaces For people to for children to play for example, I would see central park as a vaccine against suburbanization This thing by the way was created when new york was in around 1960 When new york was much poorer than any developing country city today And we are not doing unfortunately much of this This in bogota see how similar it is Except this is a country club in a highly dense area. So we So we started to the effort to turn this into a public park the most exclusive country club in the city very painful Very difficult. We only achieved to turn the polo fields into a public park But This is the type of fight that you have to do if you have democracy. It's very difficult So you have parks parks again and plazas here these things are necessary. This is not some sort It's as necessary if we think plain is unnecessary It's not it's as necessary as schools or hospitals or roads I like you to see this picture This is the same picture as the next one. We are going to see this is the space for children This is what we did and this is this the same picture The space for cars Look the space for children and the sidewalks. What do you do first? I would love to do both But if you don't have enough money Public space is a government product again like this Jaika the japanese agency had proposed the cooperation agency which proposes highways and subways all over the planet Uh had proposed an eight lane highway We did a 35 kilometer greenway linking some of the poorest to the richest areas in the city of bogota and tens of thousands of people ride to bicycles We also did another project which is interesting at 24 kilometer Pedestrian and bicycle street through the poorest areas of the city where the city was going to grow The the citizens did not want initially because they preferred the traditional paving of the streets So we have to do a lot of communication and talking to communities and they it transformed their lives because it showed respect for the human dignity They feel important It's an even underground cables 24 kilometer now the city is all around it except once you are not a major It's hard to get into a helicopter It's a 24 kilometer pedestrian street. And I think this is the kind of thing now that the city is growing around it Look at the car in the mud and then next to it defensive pedestrian street Of course in these low-income neighborhoods 99 percent the people don't have cars But it's a different way of consuming cities But this is not just for the poor. This is in germany I think anybody here's life would be Greatly better if a few blocks from their home they could enter at 100 or 200 kilometer network of pedestrian and bicycle streets only just to sit to ride a bicycle to ride It's a radically different way of organizing a city And it's very simple And it's very difficult perhaps in new york or paris, but it's very easy in the new areas Cities where the new cities are growing such as in developing countries in india in kenya We could have hundreds thousands of kilometers of this with completely Irresistible for mobility for quality of life for everything And it's just a matter of political decision and a little imagination of things doing cities different than have been done before This is again in muster in germany Quality sidewalks or pavements. I don't know how they call them in here I would say that's the most what really makes a difference between an advance and a backward city is not highways Even in the poorest african cities where they don't even have water they have highways What really makes a difference between an advance and a backward cities If you were talking in terms of infrastructure is quality sidewalks But low income people are not even conscious. They have a right to this like this is in india or in kenya They are not even conscious They have this right on the country the upper income people who have the They are the owners of the television stations the newspaper They can convince the poor that to make a great highways great progress even when they don't have a place to walk So it's very difficult for a politician to fight for these things Especially because most of the time you have to get cars out of here For example here we went yesterday from here to the restaurant all along the the waterfront like 15 kilometers And first of all it's sad that we have a such a high velocity road next to the waterfront But worse that there were cars parked all along the waterfront 15 kilometers all along from here to the restaurant we went It was called. Well, what a side-hulling paschal yalisi or what I don't know how to say it So This is Lack of democracy. This is what it shows that citizens with cars are first-class citizens and those who walk are third-class citizens I was almost impeached for doing this kind of thing getting cars out of sidewalks We had many advertising We told in tv, for example, just as people cannot we had this uh, we don't have time because Showing just as cars as people cannot be in the middle of the street We had some people playing cards in the middle of the road and hey having a traffic jam Cars cannot be in the space for of people. We also taught people that sidewalks are not relatives of streets They are not for going from one place to another. They are relatives of parks and so It's absurd. It's just as absurd to say that you can Park have a parking bay as well as having enough space for people to walk by as it would be to say that you could turn the main park Or plaza in a city into an opener parking lot so long as you live in no space between cars for people to walk by My team. I mean I was almost impeached in this process It was very painful My team told me we should Let go We even had to send my 12 year old daughter out abroad because it was such a horrible Environment the whole city was because the upper income people were against that only 22 percent of homes in bogota have cars But they have all the power so it was extremely difficult But this is the kind of thing that is painful at first But people will love it in the end So this is the kind of cycles that we did We also told them I mean parking is not a constitutional right Governments have many obligations governments have to provide roads education hospitals Anyway, let's go quickly shopping malls are a big problem because of course shopping malls in our I mean why such a perfect weather such as istanbul we have shopping malls gate closed shopping malls They are almost clubs designed for upper income people at middle classes So that low income people feel uncomfortable. They are almost clubs When people are in public space, they are all made as equals The the shopping mall is designed to make poor people feel inferior To be feel feel uncomfortable Let's go quickly because I don't have enough time quickly waterfront. These were the waterfronts of Before democracy See these walls there Now you have these wonderful waterfronts and that's the future, but let's go quickly Clearly we are not going to solve traffic jams making bigger roads in the united states traffic Jams are increasing in every city in the united states despite giant highways Because it is not the number of cars, but also is The number of trips and the length of trips. So clearly this is not a solution I'm not going to have enough time, but nowhere in the planet Do you know one city where traffic has been solved making bigger roads? So clearly This doesn't happen anywhere. So the only solution is public transport But it's important to understand. I mean by the way One of the reasons why manhattan has most of the people using public transport is because there is very little access This is a great advantage Because you don't have so this is what you have in istanbul So you may do one or two or three or more bridges But still I would say not having many accesses are an advantage rather than a problem the same as in manhattan Long time ago. They decided they would not make any more bridges But let's go very quickly There is no such a thing As a natural level of car use in a city If you make more space for cars There would be more cars if there was more space for cars in london There would be more cars in london if there was less space. There would be less cars Look at this. Do you think it's because some transport engineer gave them permission to do so And so just to finish and don't have time to go into anything else Just to show this is the London has 1800 kilometers of rail 1800 it's like from here to Athens or something like this And still they move one million more passengers by bus than by rail You can do more Subways if you want It's extremely expensive to build and it's extremely expensive to operate London subway the cheapest fare is about four dollars and it can go up to almost ten dollars And it has a 14 billion dollars a year subsidy So even if you make a few more rail lines in Turkey or in the only possible solution Is to go with buses all over the city and buses in exclusive lane if we have a democracy buses have to have Priority in the use of road space. Of course, there are many political battles battles against these informal operators I don't think you have them here in turkey and have 30 seconds more Okay battles against the people with cars people with cars They want subways Not because they have the intention of using them mostly but because they think the people in buses will go underground So they have more space for their cars So this is a wonderful solution, but this can be much improved A system like this Can be improved you can improve the access of the buses Of course, this is a democratic symbol. It shows Public transfers has a priority over private cars. You have to have overpasses So you can have express buses overpasses at the station this increases the capacity to five I say just to finish that Look at two seconds more Solving Istanbul's mobility is not a technical but a political issue Look at this street in the Netherlands just for buses if you if there is the political will to create hundreds of kilometers of busways in both large and small streets Mobility can be solved This is very easy But this is a political it's it's very cheap. It's technically simple But of course It's politically difficult, but it's the only solution Thank you very good. Thank you. I'm sure how to follow on that exactly