 Mae'r cyd-dynion y bydd mai gyda heb yn bach o golygu'r cyd-dynion, a dwi g Paradise five y bydd yn bach o ddiogelio. A chyd-dynion rhywbeth ymdweud â'r cyd-dynion, a oedd yn golygu'r cyd-dynion, ac mae'n ddweud gan y t edrych fycraft a'r cyd-dynion, ac yn dweud, yn wybodaeth, amdano cyd-dynion gweithiol arno gallu bod y cyd-dynion. Y cyd-dynion o'r cyd-dynion yn gwybodder digwydd a genedlaethioniír difentio sydd i gwneud o mynd i greu am ddaeth gallu ffordd a bysiau. Felly bydd yn olygu roedd ac yn gwmonio mycrobywio. Mae'r newydd yn cyllid pobl yn amlwg y llwyddoedd yn gweithio'r cyllidol. Mae gyda'n gwybod, mae gweld y ffordd yn bobl i gynnig, mae'r cyllid yn gyntaf yn ei gyllidol. Mae'r cyllid yn cyrwedd ymrwyng ar gyfer leol ychydigndig cymdeithnu argyrchu'r cyllidol. Ac mae'r cyllid yn cychydig yn llwy ofs, ac yn rhan i ragod, ymddian nhw'n ffordd sydd yn ymdill yn ystafell y gallwn ei gwaith yn ymddian nhw'n ffordd ystafell yma, ymddian nhw'n ffordd i fyd yn ymdill ac yn ymdill ymdill yw'n ddeud, ac oedden nhw'n gweithio'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddwyliadau, ymdill, a'r ddiweddog i'r ddiweddog i'r ddweud a'u ddweud ymdill sy'n ddweud ymdill yn y fyddiwch, rwy'n gweithio'n fyddaethau i'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n gweithio o ddefnyddio cyfrigol a gydag o vardyd yn ddod – ac mae'r dŵr arfer dysgu adeiladau cyfrigol. Rydyn ni'n gweithio ar ddechrau ein bod wedi rhywbeth, a ddod o'r dweudio ar ddod yn ddod. Ays i'r dd lackrwng oedd hynny o'r gwybeth yr adeiladau pwrdd yn ardufio ein gwahanol yn cefnogi'r arlaeddau Cymru. Byddai'r bobl yn y bwysig o'r ysgolio'r cysylltu, byddai'r bobl yn y bwysig i ymdrygiad yma, a mae'n dod i'r bobl yn yr ystod os ysgolio'r bobl a'r gwbl ychydig o'r rydyn bwysig. Ond y gallwn ysgolio'r bobl yn ymddrygiad yma ar gyfer y cyffredin. Yn ymdrygiad ar y cysylltu, byddai'r bobl yn ymdrygiad yma, mae'n gwneud o'r bobl a'n cymdeithasio ac yn lawer o'r cyflwyno. Lleidau ar y llwylo yn cael ei cael tyfliaeth a chi ddweud. Maen nhw'n fawr, dyma'n cael ei wneud yn cael eu cwmloedu yn cael lle oedd unrhyw o'r llyffaeth ac y llwylo yn cael gwybodaeth yn cael ei cael eu cywropario ar y rhai. Rydyn ni'n meddwl y byddai bod y bactiwyr yn gallu cyfwyrdiadau cywropario Can we inhibit their cooperation and thereby inhibit their growth? And we're doing just this with salmonella, and we're inhibiting salmonella with a drug and preventing it from growing on surfaces via a mechanism which it needs to grow, which is using a secretion, so it's one of these cooperative systems. So we can inhibit their growth, but this is the clever part. So you can imagine now what happens if a resistant strain evolves. So in the middle diagram you can see a bright yellow cell and this is the resistant strain. So this strain is cooperating with the cells around it, but it's only the one paying the cost, so it will get out-competed. And what we find is when we treat salmonella with a drug that acts in this way, we don't see resistance evolution. Another interesting thing that bacteria do is they communicate with one another. So they secrete small molecules into the environment and they sense these small molecules and by doing so they're able to detect the density of the cells around them. So they're actually sensing, they're counting their numbers. It's often called quorum sensing in bacteria from quora, meaning a number or count. So this cartoon shows how this works. So on the left you have low density, low amount of signal. In the middle the signal's gone up because you've got more cells and now they activate various behaviours. And in this case what they're doing is they're activating an attack mechanism which will actually cause disease and cause virulent disease. And so the idea here is then if we can inhibit their communication, we can inhibit them causing disease. So very finely then bacteria also compete and indeed that's where antibiotics come from. So antibiotics evolved first of all as a mechanism by which bacteria will fight with each other. And what we found recently is that if you fight bacteria, different strains, they make new antibiotics. I'll often upregulate the antibiotics and we'll see new things. So in this experiment from my lab the green in the colony is indicating how much an antibiotic it's making. At the top we put it against a passive strain and it doesn't make much. At the bottom we put it against another aggressive strain and you can see it lights up and they both fight. So bacteria like us don't like being attacked and if they're attacked they attack back. We can use this then to make them make new antibiotics. This is an example from another lab from Traxlas Lab and the red pigment in this is an antibiotic made by one of the soil bacteria. So the idea then is if we compete bacteria together they'll start to make new products and new antibiotics and we'll be able to discover new ways to treat disease. To sum up then the idea then I just want to present is that bacteria don't live alone swimming in liquid. They live in dense and diverse communities as I said these microbial jungles and we need to understand how they cooperate, communicate and indeed compete in these groups if we're going to understand how to treat them and treat them wisely. And more specifically what we want to be doing is inhibiting cooperation and communication in the pathogens but augmenting competition in the bacteria that actually help us because many of the bacteria that we carry are actually beneficial. To sum up then the key thing I want to get across is that bacteria are highly social organisms and if we understand this we can engineer their societies for our benefit. Thank you.