 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls 2D College, University of Allahabad. And in the series of discussing educational implications of various philosophies, yesterday I have discussed educational implications of idealism and naturalism. And this time I am going to cover the educational implications of realism and pragmatism. These are very important philosophies, very relevant to educational world. The lecture will be in bilingual mode, and it must be useful for you all. So let's start. We have talked about all types of views, your idealism, idealism, nature, nature, nature, nature, and pre-ojan. So let's talk about a quick review of philosophy and its scientific views. Let's talk about scientific philosophy. What have these views given in education? So, realism or pragmatism is started by an Aristotle, Aristotle believes in the birth of realism and the birth of science. So you can understand that realism and pragmatism are parallel to each other. Then reality, what is the reality for realism? Objects. That is, they can be used only by you, who you can see through your knowledge. What is the basic notion of realism? Reality exists. Independent of human mind is the most important thing. They are saying that reality, that is, the reality, that is, the truth that exists, is independent of the human mind. Meaning, there is no need to take reality from the human mind. We have that thought in our mind. We have that thought in our mind. It's not like we don't know anything about anything, we don't have that thought in our mind. So it can't be true. Aadarshwar says the same thing. Aadarshwar says that every thing is true, whose thought is in your mind. So they are contrasting. Your idealism and realism. Then according to them, the truth is material and can be viewed. This thesis holds the reality, knowledge and value exist independently of the human mind. And according to this promise, the truth, the knowledge, the mouth, our thoughts are independent of our mind. There is no need to take that thought. It exists. In other words, realism rejects the idealist notion that only ideas are real. We have already said this. According to this, Aadarshwar's basic notion of realism denies that the same thing can be found in our mind, in our thoughts. The realist asserts as a fact. That actual sticks, stones and trees of the universe exist, whether or not there is a human mind to perceive them. So what does Aadarshwar say? Actual sticks means a stone, a tree, anything in the universe. It exists. There is no need for a human mind to perceive it or not. This is your basic notion of realism. What did Aadarshwar say in his teaching? Aristotle says that education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. He says that education is the demand of a beautiful, healthy body. So this means rational development, cognitive development, intellectual development. We talk about this plus physical development. Physical development will improve your body and intellectual development will strengthen your mind. Then what is education? Education should be fun and interesting for the student and education should prepare students for life in the real world. He says that education should be a demand of a beautiful, healthy body and a real world for the student. I mean, we don't have to prepare for the world for spirituality, spirituality or divinity. We have to prepare for the world where we are living our lives. Realism considers the sense organs as the gateways of knowledge. You also read in naturalism that senses are the gateways of knowledge. Similarly, the ones who believe in realism also say that the intellectuals are the doors of knowledge. They are the windows of knowledge. That is why they have given a lot of attention to the teaching of the intellectuals. Since the object is the truth, since we have to prepare for our intellectuals, we have to prepare for the world where we are living our lives. That is why Milton is saying that there is power on the excursion, there is power on the field, there is power on the trip. Let the child learn how to roam, let him take the first-hand experience, let him sit in the classroom, sit on the wall, don't study from the book. So, the progressivism, the liberalism that has come has come because of realism. Apart from this, Locke says how to study, how to teach the child how to roam, so for them, what methods have they given them? Learning by doing, that is, how to teach the child, learning by self-experience. The child should learn from his own experience. And that is why all the workshops, laboratories, all that has come in the teaching, laboratory work, lab work, library work, all that is given by realism. Yathatwar did not tell. On the practical aspect of the teaching, Yathatwar gave. Realism considers the objects as the basis of experience that they started to use these objects as means of teaching. Because he said that the basis of our experiences are the objects. That is why he taught by the objects. That is why you can say that all the teacher training is going on. In which TLM is spoken. What is TLM? The teaching learning material, the model, chart, and through which the child is taught, you can say that Yathatwar has met the teacher. Because it is such a big gift. Then realism gave special attention on objective methods of teaching. We are not angry with verbalism and subjectivity in education. In order to make the process of teaching more effective and useful, it suggested these scientific methods. That is to say, do not teach in a bold way. Do not teach in a classroom. They are saying that you should teach the child with a scientific method. Like practical experience. They learn by themselves. Inductive, deductive. They make rules by themselves. They learn the generalization of the rules. They learn by using it. They learn from the practice. They learn from the visualization, they learn by themselves. That is why the training of sense organs has been given a lot of strength. Apart from this, they said that we are not reading the whole word to the child. Do not teach the child in a bold way. Do not memorize it. They ignored the fact that the child should remember in a bold way. They are saying that you should give the child so much freedom that he can discover the knowledge. And give him so much freedom that he can remove things from the situations. And authority as a source of knowledge is not there. The teacher has said that this is why the child should not be like this. They learn from themselves, learn from them, do the logic, do the scientific method, do the practical, do the experimentation, and then reach the truth. This means that learning will be permanent if the child learns. And they have done this. That is why your scientific methods are there. You can make the hypothesis, choose the problem, then you can make a prediction, then you can use it. Then you can test the hypothesis with the results of the practical method. These are the steps of the scientific method. Realism has also done the same steps. Then what is the principle of this? It is a practice on practical education. It is based on practical education. It is based on liberal and vocational education. It is based on scientific subjects. It is based on healthy education. It is based on new and new teaching methods. Realism has given us the concept of teacher training. Realism has given us the concept of teacher training. It is based on experiments. The child is talking about child-centered education. The book learning is being denied. The book is being denied. It is being said that reality changes in our lives. The reality changes. It is also called Pregnantism. It has been given on the discovery method. It has been given on the social nature of the school. It was a student and the society has given importance to both. You can understand that the contribution of realism is in the area of education. Similarly, your second philosophy is Pregnantism. The principle of pragmatism is the use of the practical. It is about what your prayojan will do the work, education and work which is fruitful for you. It can be done for you. So, pragmatism is generally viewed as an American philosophy. It is also considered as a preojan. It is called experimentalism or consequentialism too. Why is it experimentalism? Because it is the universal practice. Why is it consequentialism? Because the consequence is that you do your work and the result is that the work was good or bad. done first and then on the basis of the result, principles and ideas are derived. They are saying that you do the activity, you do the experiment first and then the result will come and it will decide whether the experiment was good or not. When will it be good? When our purpose will be solved, then it will be good. If a thing works in practice, then it is valuable, desirable and should be up there. They are saying that what we are doing, what we are doing in practice is of our work. So what is the implication that nothing is absolutely good, like the idealists tell us about truth, beauty, goodness, they are not talking about pragmatism, they are saying that absolute good means that it will always be good, it will always be good, it will always be good for everyone. But what are they saying? The things that are good according to our needs, so things will change according to the situation and the concept of good will also change for us. Then you can say that pragmatism is very close to modern education or you can say that modern education is based on a lot of pragmatism. It believes in change in education and opposes traditional education. So they have opposed our traditional education, they have said that humans will make their own ideas and principles, according to them, we have to teach the human being, we have to teach the human being and only those educational institutions can survive in this world, according to them, who are flexible, who change according to the needs of the time, according to the needs of the time, so this is absolutely right. Then what is good according to them in teaching, learning by doing, project method. See, D.V. Sahab's disciple Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick Sahab has brought the project method to school. So what is the project method? Many children will collaborate on some work, so they can learn a lot from it, learn leadership, learn collaboration, learn creativity, learn sharing of work, so the project method is the teaching of pragmatism. Then utilizing the educative process is the first criteria. What is most important to teach is the work, the utility, the meaning that you are getting out of it. What should the school do? Give the child more, give the child more experience, which is beneficial for him. Don't study at all in a traditional way, accept the challenging role. And so, a way that pragmatism philosophy has been developed is based on the weaknesses that you had in your practice, which were overcome. So what will happen to the educational pragmatism, that what is the teaching? The teaching is a continuous, that is, the re-organization, reconstruction and integration of its experience. This is D.V. Sahab's definition that education is a continuous re-organization and reconstruction of experiences. So what is the use of giving education, that you give it such an experience, which will get a good experience for it, then it will be a good education and it will get its work in the use of it. Then according to it, education is growth, growth, according to it, education is a social practice. So growth means the growth of the individual and the society. Social process means that we will not leave the society and move forward, individual and social, we will talk about them. And the reconstruction of experience has been talked about. A very important concept has been given to us by pragmatism, that education is the responsibility of the state and education is the birthright of each individual. This was not said by any philosopher before pragmatism and today's progressive education, modern education has also come to our right to education, that education is the right of every child and the state will give us education. This point is given to us by pragmatism. So what is the overall effect of educational and indication of pragmatism? This is an experimental method, that is, learn from primary studies, activity centered, that is, learn by doing children, student centered, that is, study according to the subject, study from project method, do field trips, work in the lab, work in the library, problem solving, learn by doing it, learn from the study of the problem and co-operate with it. So we have given so many new concepts to us by pragmatism. So you can say that the whole modern education is based on pragmatism and more or less. So, this philosophy is of a lot of work, a lot of work. And today's society, whatever your work is good, whatever your work is bad, it doesn't have any value, so we do more or less follow pragmatism today. So this educational indication happened, your realism and pragmatism. So now you are idealism, naturalism, realism and pragmatism. You have the educational indication of all four, look at the characteristics of all four, you will understand yourself, what is the nature of it. So in this way, I have completed these two philosophies and their educational implications too. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.