 The title of today's webinar is the impact of retirement on cognitive decline findings from CLSA, and it will be presented by Catherine Goslin. Catherine is presently pursuing her PhD in neuropsychology at the University, University of Quebec. Her research focuses on the effects of social and environmental factors on cognitive decline in older adults. Catherine's thesis explores the role of cognitive reserve in the relationship between cognitive decline and retirement. She has received research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and funds to research Quebec society and culture. I should have polished my friends before this webinar. So now without further ado, I will let Catherine get started. So, hi everybody. Thank you very much for joining the webinar today. So, as mentioned earlier, my name is Catherine Goslin. I'm currently pursuing my PhD degree in clinical neuropsychology at University of Quebec. I work under the supervision of the Parc-Anique-Paran-La-Mache and Benjamin Bollard. And today we will be talking about the first study we completed using data from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging, where we explored the impact of retirement on cognitive decline among Canadian adults. The Canadian population as well as in other Western countries is experiencing significant demographic change due to two principal factors. So there is the increase in life expectancy as well as the aging of the population. So as a result, we observed that the older age group constitute a larger proportion of the overall population. So according to Statistics Canada, nearly one in four Canadians is expected to reach the retirement age of 65 within the next two decades. So since aging remains the primary and most influential factor associated with cognitive decline, it is important to identify some social factor that may influence the decline considering their impact on the community. So as we age, we undergo a cognitive change that are influenced by modification in brain structures. So it is important to know that these changes do not occur uniformly. So a study conducted by Arstourn and Jeremy revealed that our processing speed, which refers to the rapidity which we can identify and process information, as well as our working memory, which allows us to temporary storage information for doing operations, begin to decline in our early 30s. So we also have the executive function, which are involved in our ability to plan to initiate action to make a decision and also self-regulating. They start to decline in the middle age, but on the other part we have other cognitive ability that remain more stable over time. For example, our vocabulary seems to be more preserved in the aging stage and we also have our semen technology that seems to increase with the age. So it's important to know that it's not all the cognitive abilities that seems to decline when we grow. So there is some function that continue to increase with the age. So for explaining the cognitive aging, there are some theories that have been proposed and that are based on the cognitive function that have greater sensitivity to age-related brain structural change. So the first is the processing speed theory of cognitive aging. So as I mentioned, processing speed is defined by the rapidity at which information is being identified, analyzed and act upon in the environment. According to this theory, the decline in cognitive function may primarily attribute to a loss of processing speed, a general loss of speed. So the slower processing speed may lead to more difficulty to complete tasks efficiently. So there are two mechanisms that will be responsible for the relationship between processing speed and cognitive aging. So the first one is that cognitive operations are executed in a longer time, so it reduces our efficiency to complete the tasks. The second is that the decline in speed in processing the information decreases the amount of information that is available for a higher level of processing. So as an example, when we have a decrease in processing speed, it may be more difficult to encode the same amount of information. And in the memory task, the recalling condition may be affected by the processing speed. As a second theory, we have the prefrontal executive theory of cognitive aging that has been proposed by Wes. So this theory is based on the relationship between the executive functions and the cognitive decline in aging individuals. So executive function refers to a set of cognitive skills and process, such as planning, attention, inhibition, self-monitoring, self-regulation and initiating actions. So these skills play a crucial role in goal directed behavior in decision making as well as problem solving. So according to this theory, there are age-related change that occur in the frontal cortex, and the frontal cortex is linked to the abilities in the executive functioning. So the integrity in the frontal lobe would be the first to present change in the advancing of age, and this will have impact on our abilities on the executive abilities. And the executive abilities are implied in many other cognitive capacities. So this decrease in executive function will lead to a more general decrease in the cognitive abilities. Catherine, sorry to interrupt. I know you've been trying to speak a little bit louder, but if you can speak a little bit louder, I think it might just be either talking into the microphone or just talking louder. That would be wonderful. Thank you. Yes, no problem. Do you hear me well when I talk, when I speak with this level? That's good. Either that or louder is fine. You might have to shout in your room. Yeah, it's just the sound today. Sorry. So the executive function has also been challenged as a traditional notion of one process that that is imply an executive function that has a single process. So we have Miyaki that proposes that proposes that executive function should have three unitary component. These components are mental set shifting. So mental set shifting refers to our ability of a switch with switching between multiple tasks, multiple operation, as well as mental sets. We also identify the inhibition component of executive functions. So the inhibition components referred to the ability to deliberately maintain more dominant, more automatic or prepotent response when it's necessary. And the third component of the executive function is monitoring and updating. So the monetary updating refers to our ability to invest and disinvest in a task. And also to clear the old information in our working memory in order for processing new information use stimuli. The executive function is composed of three different component that are linking between each other, but explain remain unitary. So we also know that aging is the most important predictor of cognitive decline. One of this reason is that aging hands the probability of presenting neurodegenerative disease. But when we have neurodegenerative disease, in many times the diagnosis is made later when we already observe sustainability structural change. And we also have the opportunity to explore social and environmental factors that may provide particularly interesting avenue to identify certain profile of individual that are more at risk of developing cognitive decline in order to take prevent preventive action. So we know that major live events such as bereavement or diagnosis of a chronic illness can have a significant impact on the cognitive aging. Retirement represents a major life event during which individual may experience stress, as well as a numerous of lifestyle change that may also produce some some change in the cognitive functioning. So in this subject we know that retirement may be defined as a complete withdrawal of the working force. There are some studies that have been interest to explore the link the possible link between retirement and the decline in the processing speed. So retirement may impair cognitive processing speed as the study that have been conducted in Netherland show that retirees individual, especially those who present a lower level of education may present impaired cognitive processing speed compared to their peer or remain actively working. So there are also some theories that that subsidy that have been interest to explore the link between retirement and the decline in the executive function. So a study of White Owl that has been conducted among London based civil servants have linked the decline in cognitive function on task of inductive reasoning to the retirement status. So retirees retirement retirees individual show a greater decline in the indicative reasonings. There's also a survey on health aging and retirement in Europe that show a decline in the retired individual performance for task involving inhibition and updating abilities. So the previous studies that I have mentioned that explored the the link between retirement and the cognitive decline have our epidemiological studies and a few of these studies provide evidence from a longitudinal design. So here in Canada, we have the opportunity to have access to the Canadian logics is no study on aging that provide us the possibility to examine the evolution and continue aging among a sync court of participants. So the committee can change and as it is no study on aging is a nationwide and long term research project that aims to gather comprehensive data on various aspects of individual lives. So the study focus on a large sample and nearly 50,000 Canadians that were aged 45 to 85 years at the beginning of the study or the baseline. So that collection occurs at regular intervals so which participant being followed every three years for over a period of 20 years. So the CLSE consists of two main court we have the comprehensive court and the tracking court. So the tracking court consisting of approximately 20,000 participants that were randomly selected from all the provinces in Canada. They have completed a series connective tests as part of a telephone interview. And on the other end we have the comprehensive court, which include 30,000 participants. This participant have been randomly selected from specific geographic areas within 25 to 50 kilometers of 11 data collection site across seven provinces. So the comprehensive court have undergone connective test batteries that were included in the in-home interview as well as the neuropsychological test batteries that have been assessed at one of the data collection site. So our study, we aim to examine our retirement may affect age-related decline in the executive function and processing speed among participants in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. So we have formulated the following hypothesis. So the first hypothesis is in accordance with the processing speed theory of aging where we expect that retirees will exhibit greater decline on measures of mental flexibility to individual who are still actively working. For our second hypothesis, we advanced that retirees will experience greater decline in the processing speed than individual who remain active in the workplace. This one is, sorry, this one is on, is relate to the processing speed theory and also link it to the prefrontal cortex executive theory. We advanced that retirees will experience greater decline in inhibition than individual who remain active in the workplace. So in the CELESA study, participants with connective requirements were not included in the baseline assessment. So for the constitution of our simple, we, we did a list of starting criteria. So we use the data from the comprehensive group of nearly 30,000 participants. So on the first step we exclude the participants that some socio-demographic data were missing, as well as the data at the second follow-up. So participant that does not continue the following after the baseline phase. After we use certain inclusion criteria. So we select participants that were all actively working at the baseline. And after this participant at the follow-up have to be retired or also actively working. We also have some exclusion criteria. So for being sure to measure the impact of retirement, we select participants with a good health condition in neurological. So we exclude participant that may, that may have a memory problem causing by an injury, also cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, also as Parkinson's disease or epilepsy. So after we have a sample of 100, 1029 sample of retirees and 8237 non-retirees. So after we exclude participant that as report not being currently working at the second measurement time for the sample of workers, because some participants seem to have responded that they were not retired, but they were not actively working. So we control this variable too. And for the sample of retirees, we select the participant that were retired for almost at least one year. So we select one year because previous studies have demonstrated that the impact of retirement on the cognitive decline should appear at one year or after. And after we have 758 retirees, one year retirees and 7,895 workers, we use a propensity score matching method for pairing each participant who were retired with a participant that were actually working. And based on some confounding variable that have been, that have been highlighted in the literature. So for our materials, we use the information of the questionaries. So we have the social demographic characteristics that were used for the matching method. So the information were collected from CELESA participants during the in-home interview. The question contained information about the conversational speaking variable in English where the participant was required to answer a question asking if they speak English at home or French. We also have access to the age of the participants, so the age at the baseline and the follow-up form. We also use the sex variable of participants as well as their level of education, so the level of scalarity that has been attained. For the retirement status, we use two items in the questionaries. Our first item was the subjective retirement status where a participant was required to answer a question asking whether they considered themselves as retired, partially retired or employed. And we also use the second item when we want to know if the workers were actually working at the baseline or at the follow-up phases. So there were multiple tests that were conducted during the in-home interview as well as the data collection site. These tests measure executive function processing speed but also episodic memory and other function. So relate to our hypothesis, we select only two of the tests that may be a measure of the specific function that we want to assess. So for measure the quantity flexibility, we use the mental alternation test or the MAT. So the MAT test consists of two parts. So the first part, the participants have to come from 1 to 26 and also have to recite the alphabet. So in the second part, which involves the mental flexibility, the participants have to alternate between alphabet letters and numbers. So for example, the participant has to say 1, a, 2, b, 3, c, etc. So scores are arranged between 0 to 51 and are based on the number of correct alternation minus error during a 32nd period. So for a measure of processing speed as well as inhibition, we use the stroke test. So the stroke test also includes a French language version for the French speaker participants. The tests include three different parts. So the first part consists of naming the color of the printed dots. So it's a part that is more relied to our rapidity or state of denomination. For the second part, it consists to reading non-color words that are written in different colors. For this test, it's more a task of reading, the rapidity of reading. And for the third part, so the interference ones, this test also solicited our inhibition to retain an automatic reading response in order to name the color ink of the word. So for this test, higher score represents a poorer performance because the higher score is the response time. So if you take more time to respond to the card, it represents a poorer performance for this test. We also use the choice reaction time that is a computer-based measure of the psychomotor speed. So for this test, the participant is required to respond to one stimulus but not to respond to the other. So it's a task that also will assess the performance. And for this test, you have the multiple stimuli and the possibility of answers. So the major use or the latency score or the correct answer for the presentation. So for this task, higher score is the higher response score is also a synonym of a represent a fewer performance. So for the procedure, during the CLSA comprehensive study, participants undergo evaluation of episodic memory processing speed as well as executive functions. They are conducted by a trained CLSA staff member following standardized operating procedures. So comprehensive participants complete a battery of cognitive tests during an in-home interview, which lasts approximately 27 minutes. This battery includes the mental alternation test that we use in our study. In addition to the in-home interview, participants also visit the data collection side when they complete additional neuropsychological tests, including the stroke test as well as the choice reaction time. So for the analysis, we want to ensure comparable samples of workers and retirees. So we employed the nearest neighbor matching method with a caliber of 0.02. We use the match-it package for air. And the matching method has been widely used in the cohort studies and has shown to improve the balance in potential confronting variables. So given that retirees and workers may differ in socio-democratic characteristics, the nearest neighbor matching method helped minimize the potential influence of factors that could affect retirement probabilities as well as the cognitive performance. So to estimate the propensity score, we use the logistic regression that was based on the calculate probability of retirement occurrence based on the several variables. The variables considered in the prediction equation were the conversational language, the age at the baseline, the sex and the level of education. So we choose these variables because previously, studies have shown some difference in the cognitive performance that was based on the socio-democratic variables. So at the end, we have each retiree participant that has been matched with the worker participants and the same as the both participants share similar characteristics on these variables that we select. So after we did the mixed design analysis of variance, so we decided to run separately the English and French speakers data because there are language-based differences that has been on the raw score for the condition at many measures. So we decided to do the analysis separately. So our model was a two-factor mixed analysis, repeat measures, and we have the time as our within group factor. So we have a measure, the baseline and the first follow-up three years after. We have also our between group factors, so we compare the group of retirees with the group of workers. We also use the Banterani correction for the multiple comparison at the post-op. But we didn't use Banterani in the multiple analysis on the different components of the cognitive function because our epithesis was actually determined. So the table won't show the results of the characteristics between workers and retirees after they were matched with the nearest neighbor matching method. So what we can see in this table is that we have proportions that are similar for the language and also the other characteristics. So between the workers and the retirees, we have approximately 66, 67 English-speaking person. We have 10% of French-speaking person and we have 25% of the people that were bilingual. For the age, we have approximately 59 of men with a standard deviation of five. We also have the similar amount of men and women in each group, so 45 for the proportion and 54 for the woman. Level of education, we also have the similar proportion at each year. It's interesting to maybe see that our nearest neighbor method may have created a group of participants with either level of education when we compare to what will be found in the demographic population. So the result I present here is the result we observed for the English-speaking sample, the performance trajectory at the color naming card, so the first card of this true. So what we can see is that as the baseline that is represented by the T0, we can see there is no big difference, no significant difference between the retirees and workers. We can see the impact of the cognitive aging on processing speeds as our retirees and workers seems to take more time to complete the task. We also have the interaction effect where we can see that the increased time is significantly higher for the retirees compared to the workers. For this figure, we can see the result of the performance trajectory of English-speaking sample at the third card, so the interference card of this true. It is important to mention that the interference cards true is composed by processing speed as well as the inhibition. If we want to calculate the inhibition part unitary, we have to do a ratio. And for this measure, we didn't find any significative result. So this result may be as part influenced by the processing speed as well as the inhibition component. So in the same way, we found the result for the card one. We can see that we didn't find any significant difference between the retirees and the workers at the baseline. Retirees and workers seems to take more time at the follow-up. And we can see an impact, an interaction effect where retirees seems to significantly take more pronounced response time than the workers at the follow-up. So there is, this is the performance trajectory for the English-speaking sample at the mental alternation test, which was a measure of the mental flexibility. So what we can see is that at the baseline, we have a similar result for the retirees and the workers. When we go at the measurement time, here we see only a decline in the retiree group compared to the worker group. So we also did the analysis for the choice reaction time, but we do not obtain any significant effect between the retirement and the time, as well for the English-speaking group and the French-speaking group. We also know that we didn't find any interaction effect between the retirement status and the time for the mental alternation task, as well as the stroke tax in the French-speaking group. So our study was asked the aim to investigate the impact of retirement on cognitive decline on different areas of the cognitive, including your processing speed, mental flexibility, and inhibition among older agile from the CLSA sample. We expect that retired will experience more decline than workers on mental flexibility, inhibition, and processing speed, according to the aging theories. What we found is that retirement may have impacted the performance for the mental alternation task, as well as the stroke task, which are each measure of processing speed or mental flexibility. We didn't, however, find a result for the performance at the choice reaction time, which was also a measure used for assessing the processing speed. And we didn't obtain any significant result of the impact of retirement on cognitive decline on the measure of inhibitions, totally inhibitions. So in accordance to the result that we obtained in the processing speed, we see a small negative effect on processing speed for both the first and the third card. However, the effect of retirement on cognitive decline was not found on the only measure of inhibition. So these results seems to agree with the previous result that have been illustrated, highlighted by the CRIP-EAL, the study found that retirement was associated with a decline in processing speed. So, however, we didn't find the same result for the choice reaction time. And we may think that the choice reaction time, the average measure may not be as sensitive that the intra-variability measure of the task that will have been with the standard deviation. So maybe for measuring the impact of aging on the performance of the task, it will be more appropriate to be interested in the intra-variability and the response time instead of the average reaction time. So for our hypothesis in mental flexibility, we also see a small effect on cognitive decline on mental flexibility performance for the English-speaking group only. So these findings were consistent with the previous study of CRIP-EAL, which find a negative association between retirement and mental flexibility. We are also in line with the decline in mental flexibility that has been found in retired participants in the study of Ryan, when they assess the evolution of the cognitive performance in a three phase longitudinal study. It is important to acknowledge that our studies have some strengths, but also have some limitations. So for the strengths, we had the opportunity to assess, to analyze the performance with a longitudinal design. So it gives us the possibility to assess the evolution of the cognitive performance, instead of only one measures at one time. The CLSC data also allows us to measure cognitive function with validated measures on multiple cognitive domain. And our propensity score matching method may also help us to have a more comparable group in order to assess a democratic characteristic that may also have an impact of the cognitive performance. We also have some limitations. So for the first limitation, we want to measure the mental flexibility, the reactive part of the mental flexibility, and we only use one measure, the mental attenuation test. We also didn't find many results in the English speaking group in our Francophones group. And one of the main reasons is that we have a smaller sample of the English speaker group. So maybe this is one of the reasons why we didn't find the result in this group. So in conclusion, retirement may affect our results suggest that retirement may affect cognitive performance in the measure of executive functioning as well as processing speed. But we also highlight the lack of significant result in French speaking group that may be interpreted in terms of our sample size. So maybe the use of a matching method propensity score give us less, less, less, less, less, less, but fewer participants for the French speaker group. And also, we observed that many of the French speaking group in our sample were bilingual. So they were not only unitary Francophones. So maybe we know that bilingual may be an advantage at the measures, performance measures at mental attenuation tasks. So maybe it's another possible explanation for the lack of results that we didn't find. So for our future research, we will investigate the work, the role of work history, and more precisely the work of the role of occupational complexity in the effect of retirement on the cognitive abilities. So we obtain the CLSA approval for our second study that will be entitled the role of reserve of community reserve in the association between retirement and cognitive decline. So over the next year, over the next year we will be working on conducting the second study for my thesis project. So we will focus on the role of occupational complexity in their relationship between retirement and cognitive decline. So this study will be conduct using data from the three years follow up. So we will have the baseline, the first follow up and also the data from the second follow up. So in order to have a more, more simple size, we will use regressions, multiple-variated regression, and use the data from the 8,653 CLSA participants. After doing this study, we need to code the textual data of the occupational type of profession that each participant have mentioned. So it takes a little more time for this test to be complete. So I want to thank you all the participants of the CLSA study, as well as all the research staff that are affiliated with CLSA. I also want to thank you, my thesis supervisor, so Dr. Annick Paranamarche and Benjamin Baller. And I also want to thank you, CRSH, from the Research Society, for the funding of our studies. So thank you very much for your attention and your participation at this webinar. I will be pleased to answer your questions. Well, thank you very much for a very informative webinar. We have lots of questions. So just a reminder for our attendees, if you have a question, please put it in the Q&A box at the bottom of the screen, and I will go through the questions with Catherine now. So the first question, going back to earlier in your presentation, why did you feel it was essential to use neighborhoods and not areas of continued study or even volunteerism? To use, sorry, neighborhoods and not areas of continued study? Yeah, so why do you use that as your variable of interest and not areas of continued study or volunteerism? That's the first question. Okay, so when you just, just for being sure, when we talk about the neighborhood, is it for the matching method that we use the nearest neighbor matching method? I'm not sure. So maybe if it's not clear, they can ask a follow-up question or give some follow-up details. And then maybe we'll go on to the next question. Okay. Which is, during the MAT test, what is the rate count or generation? The rate count or generation is, so the score is between 0 to 51. And it's during a period of 30 seconds. So it's all the score is calculated between all alternation that has been done, minus the errors for a period of 30 seconds. Oh, lots of questions happening. Did you look at percentage of participants who retired early at, for example, age 65 or later? Yes, we see in our, we didn't make analysis at each of the group of age and as participants that were retired before 65. But it's an interesting question. We will, we will also made our regression for the second study where we will do analysis as separately as age groups. So age between 60, before 65 and age after 65. Well, in our group, when we, what we can see is that the average of age was 59 with a standard deviation of five. So it informs us that it's a young retirees. It's not so it's many retirees were before the age of 65. And our next question is, are these are these same measures of cognitive functions available in the tracking cohort? And if yes, you may have a larger sample size and may effectively detect relationship. Yeah, that's a very good question. We, we were not sure if we use all the data from the tracking court and the comprehensive court. Our choice has been made on the comprehensive court for, for two main reasons. So the first reason is that there is some assessment that were not available in the tracking court. So all the assessment that have been completed at the data collection side, such as the stress or the choice reaction time were not available in the tracking court. So it allows us to do a less, less analyze of some of the executive component as well as processing speed. And also the tracking court were assessed in during info in phone interview. So, we chose to, to, to concentrate our study in comprehensive court, because there are some difference between the both court in the, in the procedure of assessing the test. Next question is, what might be the role of volunteering on cognitive decline? So, this is also a very good questions. We, I have one friend who is very interested in the role of interaction, social interaction between the retirement. Retirement is one of the component that may influence the cognitive decline, but there are many studies that seems to highlight the positive impact of volunteering and being socially active in the journey after the retirement, as well as doing a stimulating and intellectual activities. So, what was the impact of bilingualism on cognition? I think you talked about that a little bit, but did you actually look at the impact? And if so, what was found? So it was more hypothesis though. So what we, we can see is that in our French, French sample, we find that many of the French speaker were bilingual. If we refer to the literature or research, previous research, we know that learning a second language may be, may be have a positive impact on our cognitive flexibility. So, to think in another language, it may be pretty good for the brain and for our cognitive performance. And we know that at the mental alternation test, it's also a task that will, that solicitate switching between response. So, it was more a hypothesis that may be within these same results also because of this component. Okay, so next question, what was used to assess executive functioning? So you use PRT and STRUP to assess processing speed, but what was used for executive functioning? We use for assess executive functioning. We use the mental alternation test for the flexibility component. And for the inhibition component, we use a ratio between the third card of the STRUP and the first card of the STRUP. We also did the ratio between the third card and the second card. It allows us to isolate the inhibition part that is responsible for the response time to our rapidity of naming the denomination of color or our rapidity to reading. And that's how we assess the inhibition part and the mental flexibility for the mental alternation test. Great. Okay, so next question. How would you address the possibility of reverse causality? That's a very good question. And it's, we try to, we try to control certain variables such as the research. So we select some neurological disease that participants may have a report. So this may be one of the, of the thing we try to control so that people didn't take their retirement for some of these disease, but it remained a long distance in all studies. So it's difficult to, we don't have control at any of the variables. So we try in this way, but it's not, it's not perfect. And we have just a clarification from Adeline from earlier. So she wanted to know what is your criteria of neighborhood. So how did you define neighborhood? So, do I find neighborhood for the, but I think it's for the matching method if I don't. I believe so. So for the matching method, our neighborhood criteria were defined by previous studies that have, that have highlights some of socio-demographic characteristics that maybe have an impact on cognitive decline and cognitive performance. That's all. And we also refers to the study of Tuoco, where the exam in difference between cognitive performance on some of the social socio-demographic. So we use previous literature to select out the neighborhood criteria. We have a few more so I'm going to try to get through them quickly for you. Next one, were there people that couldn't be matched and will this get even harder with what even harder with occupations introduced? That's a very good question. That's why we change our type of analysis. So we did ANOVA. For the second study, we want to exclude at least a fewer participants possible. So we will use regressions where we will control, but in another way. So we will not have to exclude the participants. The confounding variable, the socio-demographic confounding variable will be controlled. But the participants will also be included. So we will change our design because yes, if we also add the occupational role, it will have fewer sample if we continue with this type of analysis that we done. And I just wanted to also know if you're starting as participants start to leave, if you could please complete your exit questionnaire on the way out and we'll stay on probably for a couple extra minutes to finish up these questions. Okay, so next question, what informed your choice of cognitive test to choose from? I understand that the CLS they had other tests available. So that's a very good questions for the fluency test. So our interest was to observe them in the cognitive flexibility. You have two components. You have the reactive flexibility, which is more linked to our ability of working memory and our ability to switch between tasks. We also have flexibility that is more linked to the spontaneous cognitive ability. So our ability to generate spontaneously new strategy as in the animal fluency task. This task is also more linked to the lexical knowledge. So that's why we didn't, we did the, we choose the mental alternation test for assess the mental flexibility but the reactive part that we want to assess. And the next question is about excluding participants who had a primary language of English or French and I can just quickly say that that was one of our inclusion materials of the CLSA. So participants needed to be English or French speaking. And that's outlined in our protocol. So I got you off the hook for that one. Yes. Okay, but the next question for you is seniors will need to be financially aware as they will become increasingly older finances is a complex function. Can we test this critical function since it will be increasingly important in years after retirement. I would just take the time to read. So for the financial part. I'm, I'm not pretty sure I don't want to say something that is not true. I'm not pretty sure of all the, all the finance information that are responsive that are available for testing this part for the occupational part that we presently are recording is the textual information of the occupational type that is that is doing so the person is a response to the question what what are you actually working and the participant will answer. I'm a teacher with the domain of so this is the data that I am aware that are available but I'm not sure with the financial data. And our very last question which I know we're over time was known for English bilingual bilingualism steam or the or in effect of born in Canada versus immigrants to Canada. So it's a very interesting question in our present study, I did not, we did not explore this way, but it will be very interesting for the second study I think to thank you. Well thank you again I'm sorry for rushing those last few questions but I did want to get them get them in. Thank you to our presenter today we really appreciate you coming on lots of good lots of lots of questions the most I've seen in quite a while. I'd like to remind everyone that the next deadline for data access is July 12 2023, and you can visit our CLSA website under data access to review what data is available as well as how to apply for the data. I'd also like to remind everyone to complete their questionnaire upon exiting today. The next CLSA webinar will be entitled influenza and pneumococcal vaccination uptake among Canadian adults it will be presented June 7 by Dr. Nicole Basta and Dr. Georgia. So this MPHD student Katie for Wagner, and you can find registration details for that on our website. And finally, the CLSA promotes the webinar series using hashtag CLSA webinar, and we invite you to follow us on Twitter, using the hashtag at CLSA underscore ELCB. Have a nice rest of the day everyone and thank you again.