 It's Friday, so welcome back to the trading floor, but rather than peers, I'm joined by Stephen again. So a little bit of musical chairs this week, I'm afraid, but we got plenty to talk about. Four things in fact, but before I give you those, I've finished succession, Stephen. It's done. Last night. Last night. Yeah. Oh, yeah. I can imagine you probably didn't, you didn't sleep afterwards. You were too excited. You were thinking about making deals yourself, you know. If you think that it wrapped up the series well enough, did you think that it was an appropriate conclusion? I was, I'm going to be honest, and I don't want to throw out too many spoilers if people haven't watched. I think there's been enough time lag now between it being released and now I was disappointed. I thought it was a pretty weak ending, and I was a bit like, oh, was that it? And yeah, I don't know, I wasn't, I guess for me, I was looking at thinking retrospectively, I think they just killed off Logan too early. He was so strong a character. Yeah, I can imagine you were disappointed because you were saying in the office that, you know, you were saying in the office that you just thought that Logan was going to rise from the dead. So that was the thing. But yeah, no, all good. That was done. So yeah, finally, finally got it under my belt. But yeah, if you haven't listened to Stephen's take on tying succession back to some actual real tangible things that are very prominent in banking, then go back just a couple of episodes, check it out. I think it's only like 20 minutes long, but it's super interesting because it's tied right in there to the narrative of the story of the program. So yeah, check that out. But the four things we're going to cover today are two markets and two careers. And so on the market side, going to have a little chat about, of course, the Bank of England. The papers will say the shock. But we can see whether how shocking it was and is in terms of how markets are reacting, the mortgage market and so forth. And then we'll talk about Nvidia. There were some headlines that that's now topped Tesla as ESG funds have ratcheted up exposure to AI. And Stephen's got a bit of a background in the ESG space. So good to pick his brains on that. And then on the career side, two parts, advice for students that have missed internship, spring week cycles and how can they still get on the kind of grad track in the application phase? So we'll talk about a couple of tactics that perhaps you could deploy to help improve your prospects. And then finally, some non-traditional ways to get into corporate finance. We encounter so many different students from different backgrounds. We often get things like, can I pivot from accounting, for example, into investment banking or equity research? So we'll dive into that as well. But yeah, Bank of England. Yeah, tell me. Tell me what's going on. You know, I follow this stuff, but I think that you're the you're the expert here. So 50 basis points. Was this a shock? What's this going to do to markets? Give me. Yeah, give me the story. Yeah. So really, there was quite a big sea change and expectation in markets after UK CPI came out for May. So we were very much expecting the Bank of England to hike. That wasn't really contested. It was a pretty much shoo-in. They were going to hike the common route, which is now 25 basis points. However, big last moment headache for the Bank of England because literally days before you get this bombshell that UK inflation, in fact, was quite substantially higher than they were expecting. So the headline at 8.7%, importantly, the core reading. So this is the one the market tends to latch onto. So X things like food and energy, which are more volatile components that actually went up to 7.1% year over year in May. And that's the highest rate since March of 1992. So they were kind of forced into action, really, which is inflation is actually getting worse at this point. And so they had to go go bigger to show that they're serious to get on top of this. And furthermore, they said that if there were evidence of more persistent pressures that you could argue is currently the case right now, then they said further tightening of monetary policy would be required. And so this is what the markets look at. It's not so much the shock of, yes, they've gone big, they've gone 50. So they've kind of normally with an interest rate cycle, you kind of go on the on-ramp is fairly slow. What I mean by that is you kind of the first hike is very meaningful in the cycle because it sets the starting gun and of a series of hikes. It's very rarely one and done. So they go 50 or 25, then 50, get up to 75. And then the off-board is kind of right. I don't want to shock the markets. Let's decelerate the size of hike. Not the Bank of England have effectively done. It's gone up through the gears, hit fifth gear, come back down to third. And now they've ramped it back up to fifth again, which is a little bit destabilizing for markets because it's hard to really see the credibility of do they have control? Are they able to manage this period of economic stress appropriately without the tail end effect of increasing the chance of recession, essentially? So, yeah, that's the summary. So, yeah, this is really interesting. And it's a good representation that no two economies are alike. And it seems like in the US, the inflation is still around. It's above target. Maybe it's coming off and maybe it's not quite so sticky as we thought it could be. So is there any explanation as to why the UK, this core inflation is holding so strong and actually going up? Whereas in other countries, we're starting to see the back end of it. Yeah, you're right. There's probably three elements of this. There is the COVID shock that was already happening. That was the key component to create global inflation in the first place, the destruction of supply chains. You then had the Russian invasion of Ukraine. And that's going to be much more prominent for Western European. I'm going to throw the UK and European bucket for the sake of this conversation. But just given the proximity and the reliance side, then that starts to be a factor. Then you've got Brexit. Brexit is a unique factor, of course, for the UK, which isn't so much a thing in terms of the United States. And then you've got Liz Truss's disastrous budget. So there's kind of like a quarter of factors here that have basically made the UK situation uniquely different in how sticky it's been. One could argue, actually, that the fact that people are unemployment rates are still pretty healthy. It's a good situation. People are in work. But if people are in work, and as we just saw from UK retail sales that came out this morning, we've had a pretty killer few weeks for weather. People are spending, we've had the coronation. All these other things are kicking off. And so people are still spending. It's almost like, hang on, we're in a cost of living crisis. There's supposed to be a bit of a crunch on confidence at the moment. But people are still spending. And that's actually somewhat also adding, if you like, this robustness of the consumer to continue in a cost of living crisis to spend is kind of keeping things a little bit elevated at this point in time. So I think there's a couple of factors there that make the UK a bit unique. Yeah. And so so is the government doing anything about this? Banks doing anything about this week? We talk about kind of mortgage cliff edges and all of this stuff. So, you know, are they are they going to do anything? Or are they going to let the pain ride out through the economy? Yeah. So it's a good question. And if you read, I think if you read a national newspaper, I think if you were ever considering getting on the property ladder, I think at any point in history, you've probably gone bit punchy at the moment, bit pricey or the mortgage market, the state of lending rates never feels quite like a good time. But there's a key secret to, I guess, investing in a physical asset like that. It tends to go up over a long period of time. So even if it feels not right, it generally getting on is a healthy thing. So point one, if you can afford it, of course, and that's obviously the problem right now. So I think let's deconstruct that a little bit. So yeah, the mortgage situation, long story short, the average two year fixed rate mortgage deal has now risen to above six percent. Remember, interest rates were arisen by a larger amount than expected 50 basis points this week, but only to five percent. So there's always that little bit of kind of cream on the top, if you like, of where the mortgage rate will sit. Now, the context for this is there's around nine million outstanding residential mortgages, eight hundred thousand due to come off fixed rate deals in the second half of this year. So that's that fixed rate. So if you've had a fixed rate for the last couple of years, you might have locked in pretty much super low interest rates. Certainly the speed of this rate hike cycle has been given. The rapid increase in inflation has been fast, comparative to historical norms. So a lot of people are locked in that basically like one to two percent and now they're going to get hit with six percent. And when you're already getting pressured with your shop at Sainsbury's or little costing you literally like double as much as your energy bills at home and everything else, and now you're going to get this mortgage edition. And that is your biggest pain point out of your monthly paycheck. That's what makes this such a strong narrative for the media to latch on to. So the question then, what is the government going to do about this? I think there's an important point to break up that. What's happening now and what happened in 2008 and nine, I feel is quite different. Back in the global financial crisis, there was literally the trigger moment of a complete breakdown in markets, which led to mass unemployment. Then people have no source of income. And with no source of income, you default and then you've got a housing crisis. In this situation, the UK jobs market is still pretty robust for now. And I would stress that's one of the key areas to really monitor going forward. Any movement in that could well be then a sign that things could get worse. So for major banks, I think they're offering help in whichever ways that they can. I don't think a bank really wants people to default. They want to make the extra money out of you paying your mortgage and the kickback on that. So they're offering ways to support financial health checks, temporary payment holidays. You'll probably remember that during COVID. People were getting these kind of exemptions where they could kind of put off payments for a period. They can extend them the period of the loan itself, so on and so forth. So at the moment, the UK government, quite rightly, I think are sitting on the sidelines. They're doing one thing that's very important. They are meeting with all the major banks today. And so it's prudent, right, either from an optics point of view that the government is taking interest, is preparing the ground, is having the preparatory work for if something needs to happen, whether or not they will ever get to that point is kind of besides the case. They need to just instill a bit of confidence into the market at this point of view. Now, obviously, Labour is beating the drum and it's a great opportunity as an opposition leader, I think, to be like, right, it's just another reason of a government failing. If I was a Labour leader, that's how I'd be pitching it. And you've got to come up with an alternative plan for them. They're talking about, you know, requiring lenders to allow borrowers to lengthen their mortgage periods and so on. That's not going to happen. I don't think unless we see a more broader deterioration in the bigger economic picture, which isn't happening as per the data points that we've seen. Yeah, I can't remember who said this, but if it isn't hurting, it isn't working. Someone said that once about about interest rates. And there is a bit of a, you know, there's a little bit of that in this. You know, we can't necessarily keep propping up everything. You know, there will have to be, you know, there will have to be failures or delinquencies to whatever it is. And times will be tough at certain periods within a business cycle. Yeah, you kind of mentioned this earlier on. I've always thought traditional view interest rates ratcheting up. Share prices hit, right? You know, that just seems to have always been what's been told to me. But I was just doing a little bit of just a very quick look at, you know, we'll talk about the UK. UK interest rates have increased by four and a half percent in the last 12 months and the FTSE 100 up 7 percent. The S&P is up 15 percent and interest rates are up 3.75 percent. So, you know, so what's what's going on here? I'm confused. Yeah, I think there is an interesting stats there. So what the US is out performing the UK benchmark index by 100 percent, like double, basically. So I think that's a telling point. So the UK is underperforming in the context of the global index kind of exposure that you could have as investor. And largely, I think a lot of that is down to things like, you know, Brexit, these other things feed into that political instability has made the UK fairly unattractive through that period that we had through the exit of Boris and the flashless trust crisis that that ensued. And then the lack of real kind of exciting companies that just don't exist as you and I have discussed in the FTSE 100. I mean, there's some there's some mega-sized companies in there, some real Bellwether names, but there's no tech and there's no certainly sizable tech. And that's what's really been the trade, if you like, in recent months is to get on that gravy train. So, yeah, I think in a sense that explains the divergence in the underperformance, but I think the broader market has been just led by the US, really. And I think all global indices have benefited from that factor. It's just the UK has not benefited so much for those aforementioned reasons. It's really interesting. I was thinking about this relationship between interest rates and and share prices. I think about it from a corporate finance perspective. And what we often think, if my corporate finance perspective is we look at future cash flows and we project out future cash flows and we get to be discounting them back down in order to get to our it's in value of those future cash flows, and then we can value a company. That's one of the valuation models that we use. And as interest rates go up, our discount rate goes up and therefore the valuation of a company goes down. And if we're valuing companies lower, then maybe we may not buy as you know, maybe we are sell shares in those companies, stock markets go down. However, I guess when interest rates are going up, it is a sign, usually, that economies are rip roaring, maybe even overheating, inflations, high GDPs, high unemployment, low. You know, so when I'm doing my Hispanic classroom analysis, yes, interest rates are going up. So my discount rate is rising, but also my top line is rising because the economy, you know, as and is kind of overheating. And you're seeing it here, you know, interest rates are rising partly because the economy just seems to be quite resilient and sales, as you said, retail sales are going up. So if I'm looking at my ETF model, my discount rates rising, fine. That should lower my valuation. But if my top lines rising should increase my future free cash flows and then should balance, they might balance each other out. So that's one explanation as to why maybe there's not this inverse correlation. I also think as well is that perhaps the benefit of not being so tech heavy as an index composition when things are going badly is that for one, you've got companies like Shell, BP, you know, these comprises of the biggest index waiting within the FTSE 100. And they've they've gone gangbusters as far as profit is concerned. So they're there right at the top. And then you've got health care is normally quite big, generally basic resource names, things of that nature. So also those companies, I would imagine, probably have less variance than what you've described, just given the nature of their business, comparative to say, tech, which I'm sure multiples can go overstretched, but then be pulled back rapidly and see higher volatility in that measure. So I think super interesting. But yeah, I mean, one thing to close on this section, I'd say is that. So so banks are now offering these like 6% fixed rates. And that kind of, you know, is quite scary as a prospect for a consumer. However. Week ago, we didn't think the Bank of England are going to hike 50. They've hiked 50. Let's just say like in a couple of months time, because these are pricing mechanisms that are dictating for the next several months. Over the next several months, things can change quite dramatically. And actually, you know, you look at things like producer price inflation. That's a measure of prices coming further down the line. They're actually sort of surprised and are moving lower. So is it just the CPI is just lagging a little bit and will it actually start to decline? So just because markets are pricing six now, you know, I hate the phrase, but they're right when the central bank says, we are data dependent. And should the data warrant it, we can move in either direction. And I know that sounds incredibly uncommittal from from not what you want to hear as an investor or a trader, but they're right. You can only react at the information at hand at the time. And so all I'm saying is that anything can happen. Things can change quickly. So hopefully change for the better. Oh, yeah. All right. Well, let's let's kick kick into the second topic then, NVIDIA and has now topped Tesla. Sorry, is Tesla ESG is that I read that headline when I first saw it, it was like Tesla ESG. Is that is that actually true? This is I mean, this is the problem, right? Is Tesla ESG? I mean, so I was looking at some ESG rankings just just before we came on the podcast and the sort that Tesla is ranks lower than Philip Morris International on an ESG rating. Now, Philip Morris International, that's a cigarette company. So, you know, I'm not going to go into that, you know, is Tesla ESG is Philip Morris ESG? What is ESG? Yeah, you know, I mean, we don't know. So let's start there. How can a cigarette company, the ESG? How does that work? These rankings, what's the structure of it? OK, this is this is relatively complex. But fundamentally, an ESG rating, environment, social governance looks at and ESG ratings are comprised by the likes of S&P and Sustainalytics and a lot of big asset managers have their own in-house teams that provide their own ratings. But an ESG rating comprises environmental exposures and risks, environmental factors, everything from scope one, scope two, scope three, carbon emissions through to wastewater, through to pollutants, et cetera, social factors. So everything from all diversity and gender pay gap through to charitable outreach programs and fair working practices. And then governance. Do we have an independent board? What is the quality of our auditor? Is the chairman also the CEO? How are the board controls and all of that kind of stuff? That's an ESG framework. Now, we when we hear ESG and when the media talks about ESG, what we kind of immediately assume is that ESG means a good company. That's, you know, that's what we think. You know, how can how can Philip Morris be pretty highly ranked as an ESG company? How can British American tobacco in the top 40 percent of the category food products in the ESG rankings? How is that possible? How can how can it be better than a food company, a cigarette company? What ESG ratings look at is they look at risk and they look at risk factors. So when I when I talk about ESG rating, what I'm actually talking about is an ESG risk rating. So I'm looking at to what extent do these companies understand, manage and mitigate ESG environment, social and governance risks? ESG does not look in any meaningful manner. ESG does not look at the full product and its effect in the short, medium or long term on its consumers. Therein lies the disconnect. So we could talk about NVIDIA. NVIDIA is ranked number six out of three hundred and thirty one ESG ratings in the semiconductor industry. You know, as and as you say, ESG funds are pouring into NVIDIA as they have been pouring into the big tech names for the last 10 years because these big tech names have relatively low ESG risk. From a traditional sense, are they good companies? That's the big question. And it's not the question that ESG ratings answer. So I can make the very, very, very understandable argument that NVIDIA actually is it fermenting? Is it facilitating some pretty dangerous future existential threats to our society? And therefore, why the heck should it be an ESG stock? But they are two separate things. So when I'm thinking about investing sustainably, ESG is kind of important to the extent that I want to invest in a company that is relatively low risk from a environmental regulation and catastrophe and future goals and things like that. But if I'm trying to invest sustainably, just putting my money in an ESG exchange traded trade of funds, ETF, that tracks the S&P 500, overweight some ESG names, you're not you're not you're not going to change the world that way. Let's be honest, you might feel quite good about yourself, but it's not sustainability in the way that we like to think about it. And it's certainly not impact. You know, we're not doing good. We might be avoiding harm and mitigating risk, but we're certainly not doing good. So people don't like teach this stuff that I've seen. So whenever I interact with, say, students or universities, there's no like course for this stuff at the moment. So where would young people go to educate themselves more about this type of stuff so they can be more informed? It's a really good question. And and to give some business schools their credit, there are there are a growing wave of sustainable finance courses that are available. I think my whenever I talk about ESG with the students that we teach, you know, on a weekly basis, I always invite them to be a skeptic, not because being a cynic and a skeptic makes you sound smart, but because that gives you the opportunity to really think about what good is. So you look at ESG and you understand that it is an interesting framework to overlay on publicly listed stocks in order to have a different view on the ESG risk associated with that benchmark and with that index. But if you really want to get sophisticated and if you really want to be thinking about how can I use my money or how can I invest in a way that is going to actually contribute to moving the needle positively, I'm going to start thinking about moving away from passive index trackers and moving into there are some absolutely brilliant funds out there typically managed where they are engaging with companies on a weekly basis to decrease some of their negative and increase some of their positive. So by inviting people to be cynics or to be skeptics, they can actually start rooting out the people that are doing this, the investment professionals that are doing this with what I would call intentionality. You know, I want to make these companies better on a wide range of really, really high impact stuff. You know, get rid of that, you know, become net zero, really, really change the lives of their consumers by offering, you know, fantastic products to people that really need them. These are the things that are brought, you know, that's what we think of when we think of sustainability. We do not think I don't think we do not think about Apple and Nvidia being the most held ESG companies in the world. We don't think of them as highly impactful, sustainable companies. They're great companies where they're not kind of they're not where we want to go if we want to be properly impactful. Cool. All right. Well, let's let's move on to the career section then, because I know we've got two parts to cover. One is you put to me offline about what advice that I and we can give to many students who, for whatever reason, haven't secured something like a spring week or an internship. How can they still obtain a graduate job? And I know you'll probably have some input into this, but I thought I've got five that I'm going to put on the table first. And then please feel free to interject or add when the five are delivered. But number one, I'm going to start with. Got to think beyond an internship. Think about other work experiences. The best story that I've encountered with a student was this Italian student who, when we were a proprietary trading firm, so this was a couple of years ago now, we used to teach people how to trade, right? So this young guy came and he was at the time, came from Italy. He was studying at Burbeck doing a part time undergrad degree. He was then working in a warehouse overnight to box up vegetables to pay his way to so he could do partially our course part time. And then he was working as a waiter at a wet West End restaurant. So quite fancy. And I was like, OK, tell me a little bit more about this restaurant experience. And he was like, OK, yep. So I wait tables and I was like, what type of food? What type of clientele do you get? And he started to explain to me. He said, well, really, it's not that many English people. It tends to be Chinese, Russians, Indians, because the bill is pretty substantial. You need to be quite wealthy to dine at these places. I was like, OK, so tell me a little bit like, so what's your interactions with them? Like, do you get paid tips and stuff like that? He's like, yeah, actually. So we're always encouraged to try and mark up the wine. We push the wine, right? And I was like, OK, so, you know, culturally, then, how would you sell? Tell me how you'd sell some wine to a Chinese person? And he would talk me through like his approach and I was like, how about a Russian and it would be radically different and how you'd pitch that not just the type, but the length of conversation, the things he'd highlight. And as he was telling me all this stuff, I was like, it was so persuasive how he was tailoring the pitch. And I was like, wow, like, you're great at that. I was like, have you never thought about that being a skill? And he was like, yeah, but I'm just a waiter. And I was like, I'm not sure about that. And then actually we started doing a lot of the simulations and so on. And he didn't mind talking because obviously a big part of his job as a waiter. So essentially, after a lot of months of perseverance on his side, he got a lot of market knowledge, which he didn't have. He completed his studies and then through all those skills, I managed to persuade him to start to interact with a couple of brokers. So a role where you act as basically an intermediary, you're a facilitator of connecting one person with another. And I was like, you'd be made for that. And he was like, yeah, but I've not, everyone else is so like well educated and well schooled. How am I going to compete? And I was like, no, honestly, just go for it. Like that is quite a unique part of finance, which I think you'd fit very well in terms of the characters that work in it. And then, yeah, long story short, he then managed to secure that role and he's been working at TPI cap for the last four years and absolutely smashing it. And so the point here is that I want to make is that other work experiences can be highly useful, even if they're not directly working in finance. It's about what skills do I need to perform as a banker, as a trader, whatever it might be. And how can I then demonstrate the same skill but just in a different context because it can definitely be transferred fairly seamlessly? Yeah, I mean, that's a great story. And I think not only transferable skills, but also having something interesting to say. You have to think that the person who's interviewed you has probably heard quite a few generic stories about, you know, first class degrees and multiple internships and all of that stuff. If you could go out there, I remember I had a friend who who made quite a big point about how he used to how he used to work on a sheep farm during the during the Easter holidays in the summer and again, turn it into a narrative. And that just stood out as something a little bit different. So don't be afraid to be a little bit individual. Obviously, you've got to temper it, but it can stand out in a really positive way. Yeah, and there's lots of other things you can do, you know, sports, organising charity events. There's lots of other stuff that you can you can do that doesn't cost you anything in that in that sense. The other thing then is the second one is developing your skills, getting certified and just using your time wisely. So what I mean by this is we're just heading into summer and a lot of students are finishing. Some will have internships, the majority won't. So then it's like, OK, how can I best utilize this period in order that I can be as well equipped then for the next application cycle, which pretty much starts right now. So all of the time you're thinking, right, I know it's hard when you're young, you're like, oh, I just want to have some fun. Definitely, I would kind of bookmark some time in your calendar to have some fun and do that and go crazy. But basically then, once that's out of your system, be focused on what else can I do? And here, you know, things like, you know, my wife's currently on a coding boot camp, for example. So you can do those which can be like touch in your own time on demand that can be over several months. You can do intense stuff that could be maybe four weeks. The point being is, it's like, you don't need to become an expert, but just get competent to be able to highlight and utilize those skills in a lot of these roles and get a certificate as proof of concept that, yes, you have that knowledge and you can apply it. You know, I think that's a good way to kind of use your time as wisely as you can. And I think the barriers to learning are so low these days that it's almost incumbent upon you to at least do a few things to show that you're going out there and you're independently trying to learn a very, very low cost base because these things don't cost a lot of money. So, you know, why wouldn't you? Yeah. And as a pattern of behavior, you know, everyone loves like a self-starter, you know, when you land on the trading floor or in a team, you're expected to be fairly proactive. So if you can demonstrate that productivity yourself and all these other things that you've been doing, I think it's a strong thing. And of course, you can come to AmphiMe as well. You can come and do our summer program with the next one starts on Monday, actually. But there's another one, I think, 21st of August. But a lot of the people we get on that are doing exactly what I've described. They've, you know, not managed to perhaps just get in through the front door, but it's that that mindset of, right, I've just got to skill up, get experience and and go from there. So, yeah, definitely. That's another another route to explore for those it's suitable for. So, number three, networking. Yeah, it's just so, so powerful. I know you hear about it all of the time. And I'm sure as a student, it's incredibly annoying when people like me and Steven bang on about networking. But we do it for a real reason. And it's about just getting yourself out there. And my point for to help promote that networking journey is develop your profile on LinkedIn. Really amazing to see there's this one student. I'll give him a shout out, Johanna, on our current summer intern program. We did like a LinkedIn content creating like masterclass day one of the program. And the reason why I did that is because I want them to understand that they can promote themselves. They can promote their interests in a certain field, their ability to write, their ability to be engaged. This all then draws in an audience and credit. So, Johanna, he did a piece immediately after the Bank of England hiked and it got picked up by the UK LinkedIn finance team. And he was run in the LinkedIn newsfeed alongside the head of market analysis at RBC, the head of FX, another bank. And there he is, an undergraduate student with no real experience has been selected and his post had more likes than all the rest of them. The idea being is that went out then to 2.5 million people on LinkedIn. That's what I'm talking about. Like, that's but he did that through consistency, quality of content and it was timely content. Now, that sounds easy as a formula. It's quite hard to do that. But that's where you get the real results off the back of that. And, you know, he's made some great connections, I'm sure, through just that single post. That is amazing. I didn't know it. I didn't know it got picked up. I need to speak to him about how to do that. I think the most amount of likes I've ever got on LinkedIn post is about 60. So I'm going to have to up my game. Yeah. And then my my final point, I guess, will kind of lead us into then that final overall question for the podcast, my final point is be open to taking roles that might not be quite perfect for you that you had in your initial kind of goal. A lot of people are like, I want to be an investment banker. And if I'm not that, I'm a failure. It's like most people's first job are not the jobs that they end up in over the long run. I think that's probably true for nearly everyone. So to think that, yes, it helps applications to have a little bit of guidance towards certain sectors. But don't get anchored to this idea that you've got to nail it from year one, thinking that that's going to determine the 50 years of your working life, not the case for nearly everyone. So I think as a young person, think about a couple of things. Obviously, money is important and it will differ individual to individual on your circumstances. Some people have some flexibility, some people just have to earn and that will dictate some decisions in terms of the weighted factor of money. More importantly, I think try to look for good mentorship. That's key. I think when you start a job as a young person, who is it that you can absorb? Information experience from to help you develop more, more quickly. And a good way to do that as a hack, I think, if you're thinking about joining a team or a company, is to look at similar people who are a few rungs up the ladder from you and what's been their career development today? How quickly have they progressed? Has the manager, the mentor, are they someone who puts time into their juniors and you've seen that develop then through these LinkedIn profiles? I think that's a good way to identify. Yes, that's the place where I should be. So, you know, I'm always for if you can take the hit early on the money that will come back and pay dividend like later tenfold for sure. Yeah, and there's always there's always the classic advice that. If you can find a slot and it doesn't necessarily need to be the first slot that you go into out of out of university. But if you can find a slot where you're actually doing something that you enjoy and that aligns with at least a portion of your skill set, the money will come because you're good at it and you like it and you enjoy it. And it doesn't feel like work if you can find that and it won't necessarily be the first thing you do. Then you're on to a winner, even if you have to take that short term, a little bit of pain financially. So on that point then, non-traditional ways to get into corporate finance. So I know, you know, corporate finance is obviously probably the most popular area that many students will want to work in so it's competitive. So the majority don't don't get in through normal applications. So what are a couple of ways to think about different tactics? Yeah, we spend a lot of time thinking about this and talking about this with our summer analysts and trying to work through different backgrounds and things like that. The first thing I would say before I give you a couple of side doors, maybe, the first thing that I always say is whenever you're thinking about accessing the next rung in your career or a career that you're quite like to get into, always start with what do you have as opposed to what do you know, as opposed to what do you not have? You know, you get a lot of people coming up to you and saying, yeah, but I didn't I didn't do a spring week or I didn't do an internship. But what did you do? You know, what do you have? Maybe you're a little bit older. What do you have that 18, 19, 20 year olds? Absolutely do not have. Now, how can you use that to your advantage when you're speaking to, you know, a potential employer or even a recruiter or something like that? So I always like to view it from the from a positive foot as opposed to I'm on the defensive. And when it comes to corporate finance roles, I think there are probably three ways to get in there that are non-traditional. First, I would always say doing a professional qualification. I can account that if you can work for a big four or, you know, a relatively well-respected accountancy firm, get your qualifications. You are instantly not instantly over a period of time. You become a really valuable member of a corporate finance team. I think about it with an M&A hat on. If I had a qualified accountant in my M&A team, I would feel much more comfortable about some quite complex things that I need to be working through, you know, as we come to integration and deal mechanics and things like that. So I would never turn my nose up at bountains or accountancy. That's a great on-ramp. If you haven't quite kind of made the made the kind of the milk ground, as it were. The second is maybe you maybe you go into industry. Maybe you have a particular interest in a particular area of industry, maybe because it's your background from a university perspective, maybe because there was a really interesting graduate role in a drinks company or a consumer facing company or whatever it might be. You can join a sector team within a corporate finance institution as an industry expert. You know, so maybe there's a passion that you've got there that you pursue in the early years of your career that you can jump over into the finance space as someone that really knows that domain. And again, if you think about building the killer M&A team, you've got if you've got industry expertise and you've got accounting, you're starting to build a really, really good, really, really good group of people. And then the third one. And this is something that I've witnessed many times, actually, whilst I was working at HSBC, if you don't get that kind of plum job that you were really banking for, but you like the organization and there are other jobs available. No, for the other jobs. You know, it may not be the most amazing first job and you might have to suck it up for a couple of years, but there is something to be said internally. Whatever the ranking system is, one to five, one to ten, A to E, whatever it is in terms of your performance, if you're consistently hitting ones and you've got a bit of credibility within the organization, you start you start to have the power. If I've been hitting ones two or three years in a row, even if it's in a job that I don't think I'm going to do forever, I can start to go to my HR manager. You know, I'm actually really interested in this area. You know, I'm pretty good. How can we work that through? Maybe it's a second one, maybe it's a placement and you just have to keep performing. So get in, even if it's not front office, even if it's not, you know, my level M&A, get in, work hard, prove yourself. And then you can start to take that jump cross. Yeah, great advice. And if anyone has any questions at all, I know we don't normally talk so much careers on a on a normal end of week episode, but there is a Q&A function on built in to the Spotify app. So do take advantage of that. Anything we've discussed, if you want to know more or if you want us to cover something else. Obviously, Stephen's episodes go out typically on Wednesday, all things corporate finance, and then we'll talk markets. Normally, myself and co-founder peers on a Friday. But look, we'll wrap it up there. Stephen, thank you for all your insights as ever. And yeah, have a great weekend. Thanks, Sam.