 Dear students, now we are going to discuss third perspective of technology adoption which is social shaping of technology. It is also referred as SST, SST is developed following the footsteps of Scott, SST also rejects the argument of technological determinism. The main proponent of these perspectives are Donald A. McKenzie, Judy Wettman, Robin A. Williams and David H. SST argues that technology does not evolve according to an internal technical logic. The main proponent of these perspectives is that any technology is inherently built in and it does not evolve in the basis of technical logic. But rather as a social product shaped by the circumstances of its development and usage. Any technology is evolved out and developed as a social product. When we say that technology is a social product it means that the technology will have evolution and development as per the circumstances of its usage. So, as we can talk about mobile phone, that mobile phone evolved out from just a communication tool to the social gadget, so this is a best example of SST which explains technological adoption. And according to SST, every stage in the generation and implementation of new technologies involves a set of choices between different technical options. For example, if we talk about mobile phone, over the period of the time we have different generations of mobile phones. And the mobile phone of one generation also has different designs available. In other words, if we talk today, you have Android software, other softwares as well that run mobile phones. And the internal design of the mobile phone and its features are also different from the different models of the mobile phone. So, why is this different? Because its technical features actually depend on the social feedback of the gadget. That is, any model developed of mobile phone is developed according to market demand. So, in this way we can say that based on the social conditions, technology evolved out. So, SST says that there are choices inherent in the design of individual artifacts and system. Different routes are available potentially leading to different technological outcomes. Like I am giving you an example of mobile phone. And in the mobile phone, we are talking about smart phone. And the smart phone also has different technical operating systems. And the features of those technical operating systems differ from each other. And based on those features, their acceptability also differs. If a businessman needs a mobile phone, it is different from a young teenager who needs a mobile phone. A businessman needs a mobile phone in which his data is secure, communication is easy, and in which he can utilize professional applications for his business growth. And on the other hand, if we talk about teenagers, then a teenager needs a mobile phone for that. There should be more entertainment options in that. The camera should be better. Or the design should be like people demand in their teenage life. So, on this basis, we can say that different designs have developed for mobile phones as per the need of different social groups. Another argument of SST is that technology affects society by affordness, constraints, preconditions and unintended consequences. SST also propagates that when we talk about technology adoption, these four factors like affordness, constraints, preconditions and unintended consequences affect any technology adoption, usage and impact on society. What is affordness? Affordness is the concept that technology makes some activists simpler to perform in our life, whereas restrictions make them more difficult to complete. For example, if we talk about mobile phones, then today's mobile phone is not just for the call making or call. We don't just use it. It is also a planner for us. It is also an entertainment tool for us. So, a lot of our needs are completed with a gadget. But what is the impact of this? Our social life has also reduced in terms of time. So, the more our reliance on mobile phones, on the other hand, our physical social life is restricted. The preconditions of technology are the skills and resources required to fully utilize technology. For example, if we talk about how we can utilize social media platforms for the economic well-being, you need certain skills for this. If you don't have certain skills for marketing, content development and sharing content, then maybe you may not become a good businessman on the social media. So, the skills required are a precondition of the successful usage of technology. Unintended consequences are unforeseen outcomes and impacts of technology. Now, as we talk about internet, we talk about smartphones, we talk about social media platforms, where they have given us the agency, they have given us freedom, they have brought us awareness, and we perform different things positively from them. There are some negative outcomes as well. For example, I give you cyberbullying. These social media platforms are through bullying. People blackmail each other. This is an unintended consequence. So, when this was developed, it was not thought that this could be a negative use. If we talk about mobile phones, we can manage many things with the help of mobile phones. But we affect your social life with a lot of reliance on mobile phones. You also make a mobile phone addict. This is also an unintended consequence of technology.