 The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market has experienced explosive growth over the past decade, with revenue expected to reach 0.0 billion by 2025. This is due to the increasing use of antibody drugs for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. The development of therapeutic antibody drugs has been facilitated by preeminent antibody engineering technologies such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. This article was authored by Rui Minitlu, Yukai Huang, Iju Liu, and others.