 It's noon or 10 a.m. Second lifetime and various times your time always glad to see such a good audience as this. We've got quite a few people here. Oh yeah, I have one of those two like Texas still have them. Okay, so let's get started here. We have a lot of really, really good presentations about science. In other words, okay, if you look at stem, stem is the abbreviation for science, technology. Yes, I'm typing engineering and math. And we've had some marvelous presentations, of course, in the area of science. We've had some fabulous couple of them in in math. We haven't had a lot in the technology and engineering area. And so this one's about technology and engineering. And I hope there's a couple engineers out there because I kind of need to pick your brain on a demo that I'm doing. So let's go ahead and take a look at our subject today. And I'd like to talk about not computers first today, but computers long ago, and then working up today, because essentially, there have been computers for a very long time. Anybody recognize this? I mean, you may not have seen it. It's in museum in Greece. But the anti-Kithra mechanism is dates to more than 2000 years ago. It's found in, it's about the size of, in other words, they found it in that condition up there to the upper left. But after doing some x-ray tomography on it, yeah, it is. Doing some x-ray tomography, they were even more impressed with what it was. It's about 37 bronze gears. They found it in a box in an ancient Greek cargo ship off the island of Antikithra. That's why the name in about 1901. And then the shipwreck itself dates to about 60, 70 BC. But it's estimated to the device to have been made in the time of Hipparchus, if I'm pronouncing that correct. And what it had was it had a lot of gears. You can see the a model of it. And you can see dials in front and in back. And you turned a little handle. And there are a lot of gears that all mesh together. And based on the fact that it depicts a Sothic, in other words, a solar Egyptian calendar of 12 months of 30 days and five, what are called intercalary days, intercalary days. Yeah, Stonehenge was a lot of things. And one of them, of course, was kind of an astronomical calculator. But this was before the calendars were used today. So in any case, what's fascinating about it is that, well, the Schuyler, that's a good question. And of course, the Egyptian calendar was based on the, it had both elements having to do with the serious, because that's when the Nile would flood and other things on it. But essentially, most calendars here again, I don't want to get too much into calendars because I could easily do a whole presentation on calendars. But the idea was that they needed to know these things because of agriculture and other reasons. And so the winter wasn't a big deal, but the times of planting and harvesting and stuff was a big deal. But in any case, the reason they know this dated to that time period, and what makes this fascinating was, this is a little computer, but Hipparchus actually knew about the precession of orbits, knew about differing velocities at perigee and apogee, that is the closest and furthest point of elliptical orbits. I mean, all of that about 1700 years before Kepler and others rediscovered this. And so that's what makes this quite and quite fascinating device. And you could essentially show the position of astronomical bodies for decades ahead and predict eclipses and all kinds of cool stuff using this calculator. Essentially, yeah, essentially, we can talk about that to epicycles and so on and so forth. But with ellipses, of course, you don't have to worry about epicycles. Okay, another computer or calculator if you want to call it is an abacus. Has anyone ever used an abacus or ever seen one used? For me, I'm looking for that in chat. But for me, when I visited Russia about 20 years ago, I actually saw one in a store being used. And I know it's still used in a, yeah, a very fast. I mean, a lot of times, yeah, and I'm aging myself. But yes, I used a slide rule. My first degree was chemistry. And before the first calculator came out, I definitely had a slide rule and used it back 60, 70s time period. Okay, but there's lots of, oh, I still have mine. And I have one from my stepdad and stuff like that from the 40s. Oh, yeah, well, we're talking, I'll be talking about quantum computers in a minute, quantum abacus, that's funny. Okay. So in any case, these are different types of abacus. They've been used for over 4,000 years still being used. And they can do lots of different things. I mean, basic arithmetic, they can also be do square and cube roots and a bunch of stuff like that. I rather fast thing little devices that kind of cool for setting the one down the bottom right is interesting because that's a calculator with an abacus that was made in Japan. And I thought that's the first time I ever seen that. I thought, wow, that's pretty fascinating abacus app. I'm sure you can. In fact, if anybody finds it, I'd love to know where you get that. Okay, so here's another. Yeah, I never saw that either. So I thought that was kind of cool. Okay, so in any case, here's another computer of sorts that is also been used for over 2,000 years, in some cases possibly longer. And this is an astrolite. And I've got a picture of there over to the right to help the little demo in front doesn't obscure that much. Oh, thank you. Okay, so these have been around for a very long time. In fact, in the 900s, before the common era 900, no, I mean 900 common era. Somebody suggested that perhaps there were over 1000 uses for this device that was invented over 2000 years ago. And today you can actually look this up on Amazon, you can find an astrolite watch. And there are Swiss make Swiss watchmakers and Dutch watchmakers that both make Yeah, okay. And what Shiloh mentioned right there is using this device, you could tell time based on the stars. Now, later when there were more accurate timing devices, but you're talking about the 1700s and such, these became a little less common. But basically, everyone could use these if you're doing any kind of need for time, and such like that. And there's essentially, there's a main disk, which marks the hours, and often degrees or compass, and then it's got a disk which is specific to the latitude of that area, which can be taken out and so you can change it for latitudes. It's got a stereographic projection of 3D dimensional night sky with the north star in the center and then there's a rotating disk called the REIT, which then contains the ecliptic and path of planets. And what you do is kind of look at the latitude of a prominent star, turn the REIT, match it all up, and you could actually tell the time on the outside. Very fascinating. One of the things I like about stuff like this is it shows just how fascinating people think. In other words, you take science and then you use it, which is what technology and engineering is. Okay, if anyone's actually used some of these devices or seen them, please let me know. Yeah, arithmetic rendered easier with good symbolism, et cetera. Absolutely. Geometrical understanding. And that's part of what all this is. In other words, people using some of these devices had to actually know it. They didn't just click and point and do things. They actually had to know how it worked. And that's what's fascinating. And it's also what's fascinating having to teach and learn about stuff like this is learning. Okay. How many are familiar with this item? What I found out just this week was that actually, oh yeah, is that I found out just this week is that the QUIPU is the spelling, Spanish spelling, but the KHIPU is the spelling based on the Native American language, basically. And by the way, I've got a little, if you want to see some, let me share these with you. I'm watching my time, because I've got an hour to tell you all about how computers work. So this is the KHIPU one. And let me see one. This is a one having to do with astrolabes. It's actually a little TED talk, which is fascinating. If you listen to some of those talks, they're rather fascinating. Here's one. It's actually a little mini course on how to use an abacus. Somebody mentioned slide rule. I've got a video on how to use a slide rule that I'll have to show you sometime. I think I actually did that once. I think I had a presentation here on slide rules or analog computers anyway. So some of these I've kind of, this is deja vu, kind of talked about in the past. But I need to talk a little bit about these, because essentially, this is how the modern computer got started. Now, here is the next one I'm going to talk about, which is, yes, in fact, that's a good point. Thanks, Sissie. These were used for looking at genealogy, taxes, payments, calendar information, village organization. They even had what they think is zip codes, essentially. In other words, numbers representing villages, and such, so they could keep track of that. The girls all liked your slide rule, huh? Okay. Let's see. Okay. So before we get here, by the way, on the one before here, I got to watch my time. On the one before here, the knots were in base 10, whereas in the North America, they used base 20. And so you've got, for example, the number 731 would be seven simple knots, three simple knots, and what's called a figure eight knot representing a one. What they haven't figured out is why there's colors and branches and stuff like that. A lot of that was lost because a lot of these were destroyed by the conquistadors because they thought they were pagan. Okay. Yeah. Anything you don't understand. Okay. So now this is on the babbage engines here, which is the next one I'm going to show you. Whoops, not. I skipped ahead. This is the programmable loom. And essentially this is based on some earlier ideas. But essentially with the loom, you've got the first real product of the Industrial Revolution was textiles. And so they're in high demand. And so how do you then get more of them and able to do 24 hours a day and not have to hire skilled people? Well, you program it into a loom using cards. And so essentially you've got these punch cards, which contain holes and controlled control rods. And then it can control the warp of the weft and the little hooks and stuff like that. If you've never seen, I've seen looms, hand looms that Native Americans actually used and down in Mexico and places. Yeah. Okay. And I actually, I believe I actually saw one of these in China back in the early 80s. And they're still used in some places. Yes. Yeah. All of what, take a look at the text. There's some, there's some very, yeah, that's exact. Yeah, it's shallow. So there's apotex down in Oaxaca and places. Okay. So in any case, this thing automates the weaving process. And the, there's a picture to the lower right there that actually shows a picture of Jacquard who invented this. And it's made from 24,000 punched cards. It's actually a little portrait of him in silk. Pretty fascinating. And these things are still used today. Now the next one here is the Babbage Edges. And these were actually, the only part, only parts of these were made, upper left there is one section of this. But in 2002, one of them was actually made based on the design and it worked. And then the one down at the bottom was actually the design to be the first programmable mechanical general purpose computer, which we'll talk about here in a minute, is what occurred was essentially mathematical tables were calculated by hand in the 1700s, 1800s and so views for engineering, finance, navigation, astronomy, and Charles Babbage reproduced some of these and found that there were a lot of errors in it. And so he wanted to produce a machine because these were important to finance and navigation engineering stuff. He wanted to invent machines that didn't make an error and could do tabulate. This particular machine can calculate numbers up to 31 decimal places, by the way, and so or at least significant figures. Yeah, I don't think he meant in a theater. Most of the people that did stuff like this were rather well often didn't have to work. So yeah. Okay, so in any case, speaking well often didn't have to work. Babbage popcorn, I've never heard of that one. Okay, so Ada Lovelace you may have heard of and she was an acquaintance of Babbage and she published some notes that gave step by step instructions for how the different engine would work. And where she's really, she's actually known as the first computer programmer for that. Yeah, Ada Lovelace. There was actually a programming language in the 80s that was used by the US military called Ada. And so she speculated that these machines, absolutely, she speculated that these machines could not only, I've mentioned her when I was talking about the unsung heroes, basically women in STEM. And so she speculated that these things could not only do numerical calculations, but that they could also use numbers to represent things like letters and musical notes. And then you can manipulate these with rules. That was, well, she, not perhaps the first programming language, but she was considered the first programmer, because she did a step by step algorithm for how this works. And that's essentially how what programming languages are. Okay. So her idea that you could use numbers to represent, hang on to this because I'll be talking about it, is to represent numbers and musical notes and stuff like that and manipulate these was far ahead of her time. And so the first program of the language was essentially century after that thought in the, in the 1950s, rather than in the 1850s. And so this was quite a breakthrough in thought. Now the analytical engine was designed to use punch cards. Have we seen those? In fact, the same ones essentially as the jacquard loom and go through the same sorts of cycles. And so it's essentially, even though it was never built, essentially considered the first design for, for a modern general purpose computer. Okay. Okay. So this one here, how it was a German immigrant to the United States. And he in the 1880s census essentially took five years. Okay, let me go back. The US Constitution requires that the census of the population be conducted every 10 years. It determines voter representation, government, a distribution of lots of different stuff. And so back in 1880, it took five years to collect the data of the population. And then another four years to manually tabulate it by hand. Okay. That's nine years. In other words, almost. So essentially, there was a great influx of immigrants, particularly from Europe in the 1800, in the 1880s. And so by 1890, the population of the US had grown considerably so that they wouldn't even be able to do the census in a decade had it not been for Hollerith. What Hollerith did was people still took about five years to collect the data by hand, of course, going around, you know, talking, but then like the ladies here in the upper left translated that data into cards, which were then put on the machine. And the electrical connection then would increment the count by one in the category that was given. So essentially it only took a year and a half then instead of four years. So the whole thing was improved by about six and a half years, which was a considerable improvement. Now the interesting thing is Hollerith created a company that merged with another one in 1911, and then was renamed IDM in 1924. You've probably heard of IDM. I've been moved. Okay. Wow, that too. International business machines was not what they called it back in 1924. But, you know, IBM today. Okay, so general purpose computers. Let's take a look at that. What we mean by that is essentially before the computers that were, yes, Mike and I first learned to program with cards on an IBM 360. And the ad did four times four in the sixties, just to age myself a bit. Absolutely. So the devices that we've looked at before all do one specific thing, whether it's calculate, you know, the model, what the solar systems go look like, or tabulate cards, or run a loom, and stuff like that. But what we mean by, what we mean by, actually, I still have some cards wrapped up. They usually, what you do is you put them out a key punch, put a rubber band around, give them to the operating unit. I still got several photos from when I was doing this. Okay, so any case, a general purpose computer is one that you could program to perform a number of things. And so the first, there was also a version called Colossus in the UK. But in the US, any electronic numerical integrator computer was the first general purpose computer pencil. Oh, no, what's a pencil? Yeah, I understand. Okay, so there's the first general purpose computer. And in World War Two, it was used to calculate tables of trajectories for shells for battleships and artillery, and also to do a little theoretical work on nuclear weapons. Essentially, what the women were doing in that picture is they're connecting various parts of the machine with cables, much like switchboard operators did. And then vacuum tubes were what was used back then before transistors to create ones and zeros. And SZAG, I guess your analog, your, excuse me, your avatar would not know what first life or real life is. I hate calling it real life, because hopefully this is real life. Otherwise, what am I doing here? All of the avatars are actually connected to real life people. Okay, so any case, vacuum tubes were used to connect to, this is real life, absolutely. That's what I tell my students every once in a while. Okay, when you're in real life, and I'm going, oops, sorry, hopefully school is real life too. Otherwise, what are they doing here? It's school is not just a place to do stuff before you go to real life. Okay, so any case, ones and zeros were used in binary arithmetic to store results of the calculations to make calculations and stuff. So before computers were in common use, computer was the title for a job. In fact, anyone seen the movie Hidden Figures? Very good movie. Here again, I know they, yes, yes, okay, good. I got to make sure that people other than just the text chatters are out there. And also that I'm still being heard. Okay, but marvelous movie. So essentially, one of the fascinating things from a computer standpoint was that movie was made. Now it was compressed because they're essentially talking about one time period, but it extended over about 10 years. But human computers were being replaced by electronic ones. Of course, the movie is fascinating. And I don't want to spoil it if you want to watch it or the book about why it was important to have human computers or calculators at the time. I'm reading tagline saying. Yeah, particularly, absolutely, when you're talking about vacuum tubes, they had to warm up. Okay, the importance of the vacuum tube, which I'll show you here in a minute, was, in fact, if you look on this slide, you can kind of see it, is what computers do is they use binary repetition essentially on and off their electrical switches like a light switch. And in the one sweet, yeah, zero one, etc. But there's really no, in other words, if you cut open a line in a computer, there's no ones and zeros that fall out. They're essentially represented by electrical current being present or not. Now that's a very simple way to put it. In fact, actually, that's my next slide. Speaking of three states, if you will talk about quantum computers here at the end, but these computers essentially you went from vacuum tubes, which represented the ones and zeros or could control electricity going on and off to transistors, which then instead of a three ton eight foot tall monster, yep, he did that early 30s, like 40 something that you had transistors, which then did and then integrated circuits after that. And so let's take a look at that. By the way, punch cards. In other words, we're still using it. So essentially, let's take a look at the next one is creating ones and zeros. In other words, computers, like I said, essentially were very, very simple concept of simply switches. In other words, electricity turning on and off. Vacuum tubes were used at the very beginning and then transistors became smaller and smaller and smaller. You will note on the upper right there that no, that may be left. Okay. So upper right there, transistors are actually becoming so small now that it's only nanometers across. When we get to quantum computers, I'll tell you how they're resolving that, but your basic processes that you probably have on your laptop or the one I'm using right now has several billion transistors in it. They're able to do things like second life. Okay. And also the integrated circuits that made them small and smaller, what's called photolithography. That's in another, if you want to look at that. That's kind of another chip manufacturing. What I'm looking for is a video. There's some great videos on how this is chips are actually manufactured. Okay. Let's see. Don't let me go past if there's questions and stuff like that. But it is. What they're going to say is essentially it's the precise control of individual electrons. And what actually happens and they're, like I said, there's some great videos. In fact, actually the YouTube I have on there of the chip manufacturing process, let me see if I can find the slide that that's on because it's worth watching to see how this is actually done. It's kind of an amazing engineering feat to do this. So let me put that in here. You want to take a look at that. That's a video of how this is actually done. In other words, how computer chips are made. But you're right. There's a precise movement, control of movement of individual electrons, essentially where their electricity is on or off. And what a one or zero is to begin with. And it's very, very precise. And it's quite amazing. Okay. So let's take a look then at the next is now back in 1965, actually, Gordon Moore, who at one time was the CEO of Intel, and he also found a Fairchild semiconductors, etc, etc. Okay, whatever. He noted that there was a trend in computer performance, essentially the number of transistors that you could put on a chip. Now a chip is a what we usually call an integrated circuit. And so he noticed that it doubled every 18 to 24 months. And so this is actually kind of a, yeah, this is kind of a so self fulfilling goal or prophecy. So it's not really, when we talk about Moore's law, it's not a loss of much as a self fulfilling goal. And but essentially, we've been able to continue to do it for what 50 years or more. And you could see some of the computers over the time period. Yeah, the trend. Okay. And I'm glad you asked questions here, because I often don't know, is a transistor is what holds the data on the chip. It's basically the transistor makes the ones or zeros. Now, in fairness, a transistor actually can't fill the data. What you actually have say, for example, in RAM is a matrix of transistors one over the other that can actually hold data in RAM. But that's another, that's another story we can get into the presentation. Speaking of speed, by the way, when you, when if you look on the slide then it says five or 100 megahertz or 60 or four gigahertz, what you're talking about is the number of operations that could be conducted in a second or the clock speed, if you want to think of it that way. So for GHZ, four gigahertz is four billion operations that can be formed in a second. That's amazing. I can remember when I bought an Apple on 78 is the speed was four megahertz. Okay. Very, very, very slow at that time. Okay. Okay. If I if I remember it correctly. So essentially central processors, what they've done is since about 2000, they thought at the time that they might not be able to make it any faster because it was essentially melt or burn up. And so that's why you've got the fans and aluminum wicks, essentially, if you look at a computer that are our processors today. And so what they did was it kind of went to multiple cores. So you see up in 2006, where it says dual core. And now, of course, we've got i7, i9, whatever in the Intel range with multiple cores. So instead of one microprocessor doing all the work, essentially, it's divided among a number of cores in order to be able to continue to work faster and faster and faster according to Moore's law. That's kind of how it works that way. Yeah, the comment 128, which I happen to have a copy or one in my garage, very slow, but hey, we thought it was fast back in those times. But as I pointed out in one of the earliest slides, let me see if I could go back real quick is the transistor in the upper right there is only nanometers and others we're getting down to atomic size. It's only a few atoms across in the middle there, which is an important area. So we're getting to a point where it's going to be really difficult to continue Moore's law if we don't do something about it. And current transistor technology is going to be hard to do it. Although I read recently about a five nanometer or two nanometer transistor, and I have no idea how that works, but we'll take a look at, okay, next, I've got 25 minutes for my presentation if I'm going to keep to the hour. Okay, so essentially, here's how it works. So why are ones and zeros important? Because well, it says that you're right. And not only that, the quantum effects. In other words, you get down to the atom size and you start getting unpredictable things going on. Whereas the probability is not 100% that you have a one or a zero. It could be both, which we'll take a look at when we talk about quantum computers, qubits, exactly. You're preceding my slides here by about six or seven. So let's take a look at this first. Okay, this is important because my, no, no, no, that's good. I'm glad you're thinking ahead here. But this presentation is on how computers work. And so I've given you kind of an idea of how older computers work. And now let me tell you why the ones and zeros. Well, essentially, computers work with binary, which means two states or a one or zero. If you look at the upper left there, numbers are interesting because they can be represented by different bases. And here again, this can be a whole hour in itself. But the number 678, which we use base 10 to represent in base 16, that is two a six, don't ask, don't ask me quite yet how that what's a stands for 10. And then F stands for 15. But that's a bit like I said, that's another presentation. But in binary, it's 101, zero, one, zero, one, one, zero, which is a really long way to say 678. But that's how 678 is stored in a computer transmitted. Now, how did language symbols stored also, well, somebody had to come up with a table today. Nowadays, it's, it's called Unicode. It used to be called the first ones in the 60s, ASCII could pretty much show the European language, but could not show like, do you know what language that is? Okay, catch it. That's a very interesting thing. EMP is a risk of losing all this data. However, come if you use vacuum tubes, it's not. And I could go into that. Interesting fact, also would take a little while to explain some. Okay, but in case, yeah, okay, so you can explore limits, let's see, computer pattern turns based to data by seeing how many digits you get for say two, oh yeah, or yeah, absolutely. Okay, so does anyone happen to know what language, in other words, under the number under that red numbers on there on the slide, there's a language symbol. And I don't know what language that is, but that's a symbol in a language. I think it may be somewhere, one of the languages in India, or that area, but essentially that group of, is it Sanskrit? Oh, thank you. Okay, see, I didn't know that. Okay, well, I would get it. No, no, no. Okay. But essentially, it's stored what I'm getting at is everything in the computer. Okay, if you learn nothing today, everything in the computer is stored as ones and zeros. Okay, which then again, are just stored as, you know, electricity, on electricity, off, or other ways of storing what's a one or zero. Here again, that's a very simple, fly way of describing it. But that language symbol is a bunch of ones and zeros, the pattern of ones and zeros, the numbers of ones and zeros, a color, that bluish looking color in the upper right is just a bunch of ones and zeros. Now that's in hex, which means that essentially you're looking at 24 ones and zeros in, but that would take a while to put it across it. Yeah, very good. Okay. Yeah, I had to check to make sure I did it right. Because I did that by hand, sounds are also stored as ones and zeros. Now that is a Icelandic word, meaning happy, like happy to see you. I think it's pronounced show. But essentially, you'll see everything we say just like what I'm doing right now is frequencies or amplitudes. It's a collection or essentially a sequence of frequencies and amplitudes. And you're going to assign values to frequencies and amplitudes the same way you can to others. So essentially everything on your computer, if you think about it, is numbers, language, colors or sounds. And that's how the computer actually works. Images are just grids of color. Videos are just rapidly changing images. So essentially, this slide here tells you pretty much how most of this stuff works, including in Second Life. Okay, but so now that you have music from the people. Okay, so now that you have an idea of how things are stored in the computer, how then do these chips communicate? Well, you've got to have a board or something for them to send electricity from one to the other. If you've ever looked at a circuit board, it's not just the front and the back. It's a lot more complicated than that. And there's a little diagram over to the right that shows essentially is like a really, really complicated road system where you don't want to hit each other because it needs to be insulated because you're talking about electricity. But in other words, these little traces and why things kind of go in and don't come out and that sort of thing is because it's a very complicated pattern. I have some friends in California who actually do this for a living, designed these for a living. And so the components essentially have to then talk about. And so you can go from the ENIAC, which had 18,000 back in tubes and 10,000 resistors and 70,000 capacitors and 70,000 resistors and hundreds of kilometers of wire and all of that stuff and did only 5,000 hertz was the speed to a chip in 1995 that actually did what the ENIAC did rather amazing. Okay, so that's how that works. Now that one other thing that's important here is that the electrical pathways are used. In other words, you just talk about electricity one way electricity. And so sometimes you're sending addresses, sometimes controls like, you know, print this or save this or give me a copy of this and data. And so they're different. It's kind of a bus system where in the computer where things work. Now, here's kind of I'm going to talk about computer logic. And that's why my little demo is here is essentially in a computer, if it doesn't matter whether you're using Second Life, whether you're using word processing or game or whatever, is that essentially you're doing some of the types of stuff that you see on the screen, whether it's copy what you find in this location. Do this until this condition is met. If the user presses a key or whatever, execute this function, add, delete this number or compare this, all this sort of stuff. Now, that's computer logic. So how does that actually work? Well, let's take a look at that. Is that I'm going to get a little deep in here here again, and I'm trying to explain our computer works in one hour. So for you, do we have any electricians, engineers, computer, scientists, other stuff in the audience today? We do. Oh, goodie. Then tell me if I'm, in other words, correct me if I say something wrong. But computer science. Okay, so this is kind of fun trying to explain some of this when I do it to students. But essentially, if you look at these little what are called logic gates and how they work, this is, this is where the amazing part comes in. And you've got a couple diagrams that actually show, okay, use these resistors, use these transistors, whatever they don't have the, and you could actually make a gate that does the logic, at least when you put electricity through it, then what comes out as far as the little LED lights up or whatever is the logic of these computer gates and then circuits. Over to the right, what you see is essentially four chips that have a combination of logic gates in them that will do a simple addition. And I'm going to show you there how this works. Partly it's this demo, and I got to watch my time because right now it looks like I may go slightly over, but I'm trying not to. But essentially, if you follow programming rules and these little logic things, you could do stuff like a simple calculation. Okay, so let me see when I want to do a present show you what the demo looks like. Okay. Okay, here's the next part of that. So this part here is about, okay, this part here is about the logic gates, circuits, chips, and stuff like that needed to perform simple thing like a two plus three equals five in binary. Two is the one and zero, three is the one one, in other words, a two and a one is a three, five is a four and a no twos and a one, so four and a one is five, but that's the binary correlates to these decimal numbers. And so now what does your processor look like inside? This is a very simple one. And let me give you, this is a fascinating YouTube. If you want to see how your processor actually works, this is a very, very simple version of an early processor to show how it works, but it actually steps through the whole thing to show how a processor works. And I will kind of do that a little bit on the slides here in half a second, but essentially inside your processor, the one that says CPU in the middle there, there's a control unit. There is what's called an ALU arithmetic logic unit, which does the types of things that I showed you with the logic gates and stuff. In other words, essentially, since everything is a number of ones and zeros inside a computer, what you're doing is a lot of comparing, which is logic or arithmetic, which is the addition, subtraction, and you can also do multiplication division using addition subtraction, using different logic, whatever, blah, blah. Okay. But that's what's inside your little CPU. So let's take a look at what we would do then to add two and three. Well, this is kind of how it would work in the CPU itself. Essentially, you would go, okay, I need some instructions. Good. And plus they will be out there for you. But so the little CPU sitting there, the processor sitting there goes, I need some instructions. And so it goes to look, you can see the address there, 0110001, which is the red represents electricity going through the wire, the green represents it not going through the wire. Yeah, I can remember that too, four kilobytes. And so we're talking about those time periods where essentially you have an eight bit address rather than 32 or 64, or even 16. The 32 or 64 is what we have nowadays where you'd have like 32 wires or 64, not eight, like what you see here. This is from a while back. Okay, but it's easy to understand it if we look at it from a while back. And so essentially you go to the address, you can see it in gray over there that you'd send a little address on the address bus should send the address to the first address there that's in gray. And the actual contents of that address then would be copied. If you send a what's called a little pulse down the enable wire, you're saying give me a copy off. And so it would copy 0101011, which I just made up that that's the instruction set for add. And you'd send that down to the CPU, and also to the screen so you could see what's going on. And then it would then copy that. And then you'd get the first number, which would be two, and the second number, which would be three, which those are the actual numbers for two and three there. In other words, in the second and third address, and then you'd write it say to the fourth address in that in that address. Well, what you would do account the pixels. Okay, now what actually happens is of course, and this is important to know about computers is computers only do they don't multitask. They multi thread. In other words, they do one thing. And then they do another and they do another they can do billions of times a second. But essentially, yeah, Minecraft has some fascinating things exactly like this. In other words, you can actually go into Minecraft and see huge displays where somebody is is has made a mini computer out of circuits. I mean, it's it's amazing. But that's somebody really knew what they're talking about, right? Okay, so essentially, then you copy. So so for example, you have an operation called add. And then so now the computer knows. Well, the computer doesn't really know how to do add unless it goes into its construction sentence goes, okay, add means take a number and, you know, add it to the other one. But essentially, they want to know what you're going to do. So it goes over to the the address gets the operator, which is add, brings it back. Oh, I'm ready. And means I got to have two numbers. So you go get the first number, you go get the second number. After that, you add them together. And then you put the result in here. Now that's what's happening on the larger scale, so to speak. Okay, I can't translate that. But that's cool. Okay, I'm not a computer. That's machine language. Okay, what's your later? Yeah, very, very funny. Okay, so let's take a look at how this works. Okay, so this is what would be happening in the processor. But what would be happening in the arithmetic logic? Well, essentially this, if you actually traced it through, finish. Okay, if you actually traced it through, take a look down to the bottom right, and you see two is a one or zero, and then go up to the upper left. And so the first digit then is a zero. And then a three is a one and one. And so you're finished. Okay, we got some funny people here in the science circle. Okay, so it's almost as fun to watch the chat as it is. What's going on here in the slides. Okay, so essentially just like you would do it in so-called real life, if you added two and three, essentially you'd be adding those and then seeing if you carried over to the next one, that sort of thing. So that's what you're seeing up there is that you'd put in a zero, you'd put in a one, and the one is the red lines, zero is the green lines. And so you use an or logic gate, and then an and logic gate, and there's one something called not. And essentially you're, you're adding these up and you get a one. Okay, in other words, one and a zero ends up being a one. And then you carry zero. And I'm not going to go through all of these, but essentially you can, if you take a look at these, you can go through all of these, and you get the answer being one, zero, one, which is a five. Okay. Yeah. And Sissi G, that's really the story here is that it's involved, but there's two things going on. One is all that's, all that's happening is electricity being on or off. That's a one or zero. There are these little electronic circuits, it's not magic, that make that happen. The magic part, as far as I'm concerned, is the engineers, the computer scientists that designed this thing, using the logic of arithmetic rules. So we can do this in our head, because our head is way better than any computers. But being able to actually do this in electronic circuitry is what I think is the, the miracle. And so this is, this is essentially down to the circuit level, how two and two is added up. Now, keeping in mind that we are getting up to the hour. Yeah. And we, we do put stuff in memory. We draw information on what a two or three is. We draw information on what it means to add, but we do a lot more than that. In other words, just talking about how the human brain works, I could probably get the tagliner, Max or other people on some of that. But the idea is that when we say apple, it's not just apple, but we may see an apple. We may see different kinds of apples. We may see the word apple in your language or in different languages. We may smell an apple. We may taste the apple. We may have associations with the apple about when our first apple or last apple. I mean, the human brain is, is much more complicated than a computer. And it is, it's amazing that complexity could be achieved in very, very simple things. And that's really the takeaway to this whole thing is that what I wanted to show you was it's not magic. It's simply really good engineering and science behind the thing. And you could become the apple be one with the apple. Okay, so let's take a then be, let's take a look then about what do we do about transistors becoming the size of atoms? Well, what do we do for you guys that know this stuff? What's the next step? Yeah, that's it. In other words, instead of having something that's nanometers in size, why not use a single atom and use electrons to indicate one or zero, essentially one orbit or energy level and another energy level to represent a one or zero. So that's essentially what we're happening in quantum computers. So you can now there's there's a, did I write that? No, I'm pretty sure I hopefully I wrote exotic. You just have a interesting mind. What do you say? Oh, exotic. Okay, boy, you're playing games with me. Okay, we can see what's on your mind. Okay, so, oh, I had it right. Okay. So any case, with quantum computers, you're using single in some cases, it's electron energy, but you can also do quantum computers and other stuff. But but and that's a really good question. And yeah, that's another one for another time. But let's most computer things are somewhat 2d. Yeah, this is rather fascinating. And we can get into qubits. But when you get into actually qubits, what you're talking about is quantum states down at the thing, where essentially, you don't have just a one or zero, you essentially have both at the same time. And then it depends on what's going on, as far as the instructions as to what the outcome is, whether it's a one or a zero. The other thing and you want to, well, now interesting thing about the Heisenberg is the reason for that is because remember, I said a computer, electronic computer can only do one thing at a time, it can do lots, you know, in other words, it can do lots of things very fast, billions of things a second. But a quantum computer can literally do a million things a second, it all depends on how many qubits in this case, D wave is a company that has quantum computers. And IBM is working on them too. But they only have instead of billions of processors, essentially our transistors, you only have like in this case, 128. That's amazing though, because these little qubit things, you can do millions of things a second. So as a 128 cubic quantum processor, you're starting to, you pretty soon quantum computers will outmatch any electronic computer that there is, and then they'll go way beyond that to essentially outmatching our brains in the near future. This is the future right here. Now, the problem with that is that people find is that that's also how security works, essentially, you know, if you try to guess a number, if you do it serial wise, and you know, you're trying to guess one number than the next and the next, it's going to take a long time, 42. Okay, so, but if you can do millions of guesses every second, you can break codes. And that's going to be in other words, we're going to have to think about how to do security with quantum computers. Okay, the other thing that, and I, this is my one of my next last slides, so I'm getting there. But I just have a little demo to do is DNA chips. They're also thinking, well, how do we do stuff in 3D DNA is marvelous about collecting data in this very small area in 3D. And so they they're using instead of two ones or zeros essentially, it's based for exactly. It's based for because it uses the four bases that I had that's fine to represent information, and then it can store it. It's a little harder to manipulate DNA than it is atoms. So this so it hasn't progressed quite as far but DNA computers have done some interesting stuff. Okay, so that's my presentation. But let me just show you something. And here's why I need an engineer out there, because what I've got here is I'm trying to think about how to I could program this okay, in say, Second Life Program. But has anyone ever played with physical objects? In other words, objects which actually things kind of never. Oh, yes. Okay, my next presentation I think is going to be on physical objects. And I'm going to have a lot of like hands on you guys are going to have to do stuff and play with these. In fact, actually, that Oh, it's absolutely fascinating physics, physics objects are physical objects that actually have, for example, soccer leagues in Second Life, where you can have a ball that behaves the physics of just as a soccer ball or golf. Well, I don't know about golf, but golf would be a good one to have. So, okay, and I'm almost done. And I'm done with actually my presentation, but I want to show you something that kind of came up volleyball. Exactly. Okay, so what I mean by physical object is this, let's take a look at the green one in the middle. If I, for you guys to do any, watch what happens if I go in and edit this and click on physical, and then let it go, watch what happens. And you can control what type of stuff it is and how it, you know, how rubbery it is and all that stuff. Now what actually happens here then is you can use this as a physical object. In other words, I can kick it and you can then you and it will bounce around and go into objects and stuff like that. Well, if I do the same thing right here, what I'm trying to do is to show you how I might use physical objects to represent a and an or gate. Okay. And so let's take a look at that is an in an or gate. Let me see, I may have to go out here because otherwise I get, yeah, okay, there you go, second time. I don't like to have my back to people, but on the or gate, watch this. Essentially, if it's a one or a zero, the zero is not is say nothing. And one is a red ball. So if I make this physical, watch what happens. What's going to happen? In other words, if you simply have a one and a zero or zero, whatever, what should happen on an or gate? Anybody happen to know who happens to be a cute Peter science out there? Anybody know? Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So what? Okay. So now click. Well, there comes out the or gate now. Exactly. Okay. Now on the and what happens if I simply drop one through, what's going to happen on the on this one? Yeah, watch. Okay. Boy, okay. But if I have two ones and zeroes, what happens? And I'm looking for a tune to, if you have, if you have two, yeah, go through what? Boy, I haven't. So, yeah, I'm working on this. Yeah, rolls off. So essentially, I'm working on this. But if I have any engineers, what I'm trying to do, like I said, you can yeah, you have a roll over. Okay, but I'm playing with this. And some what I'm trying to do is I'm trying to essentially build this. And let's see, where's that? Build this here. Back back back. Like that. I'm trying to build this in second life. So, yeah, lots of lots more fun. Okay. And why is the other object here? By the way, I had to build a cage because otherwise, I'd roll around. So there's a little that's what the circle is. So now what is this here for? This is because for people that were here last time, that's the Canada. Yes. Okay, the reason being is for people last time, what number is this? What number is this? In other words, how many presentations have we given now for people that were here last week in the QD? Yeah, 501. So what the Canada is, it's celebrating 500. There we go. It's celebrating 500 presentations and 500 more to come. So it's a little fireworksy thing. Yay. Okay. Yeah. And that's the end of my presentation. So you can send off your own fireworks as well. But I thought it was appropriate that we celebrate that. And just like ones and zeros, I've got to stop this. Otherwise, it's going to continue with the fireworks. So now it stopped. Okay, hope you enjoyed the presentation. Like I said, next time around, I think what I'll do is actually have some really fun stuff with physical objects. That way, you guys can all get involved. There's some cool stuff you could do a physical object. Otherwise, have a great day. Any questions? Like I said, I haven't had a lot of technology or engineering presentation. So it's cool. Yeah. Thank you. If you want to know more, just look, you know where I'm at. Oh, oh, yeah, science fair. Thanks, Shiloh. Shiloh is looking for presenters in the science fair, which is June 26th, is that? Okay. Yeah, there is. Now let's see, okay, there's, okay, at the science circle site, we will or will soon have some information about the science fair. And the idea is you create one object that represents a science concept. So there will be some information. We have information. Yes, if somebody could put the link, that'd be helpful. Okay, I was looking at where that is, but the yeah, science fair right here. Okay, here's some information on the science fair. But we've had some marvelous science fairs. I hope everybody has a chance to see things. And come one, come all and make sure that you let Shiloh know that you're gonna, oh, we got, okay, we got a couple people signed up, but we need more. We got more spaces and the DaVinci Award. Yes, for innovative stuff. Hey, thank you. I'm 10 minutes over here. I hope you enjoyed one object and one poster. Absolutely. Okay, everybody take care. Enjoy. Have a great week. I was hoping that we have thunderstorms outside. I was hoping they wouldn't interrupt our internet connection while I was talking. Have a great weekend. Oh, thank you. It's fun for me. It's like, how do you tell about how computers work in one hour, including in history and the theater? Okay, take care. Oh, graduation day. Yep. We had hours, I think, a week ago when we clean up the stage here. Shiloh, I love it that you're going to be so, between you and Daileah, you guys are really going to drive the science fair and it's going to be very exciting. Thank you so much. Well, thank you. I have fun with this. Your presentation is just, yeah, sorry, go ahead. I have even talked about maybe in a year's time, whoever presents the best slides and everything, maybe we can, I don't know, just up in the works, maybe thinking about doing an art gallery to show the slides and the whole presentation. But you know, you are so engaging. It's wonderful to always hear you and see your slides. Thank you. I get my fun from both three ways. One is having to research it and then hearing it, but then also all the interaction. I mean, this is an international audience. How else can you do something like this with an audience that, I mean, I know there are like international conferences and stuff, but this is a one of a kind type of... Yes. And the format is too, it's very interactive for everyone saying that they're having Zoom burnout and this and that is because they're not interacting. And here, you know, you engage and you keep track of the talk and everything just fantastically, you know, and you incorporate the questions in your format. You never know what's going to happen, really. It's almost like doing a play, theater, because you never know. And we have a very, we have a very supportive group here, you know, where everyone will either track down the articles or make comments and everything to help expand the knowledge. It's totally marvelous, marvelous format. And that's the other part. We do have a very interested supportive group. You're not going to see that much everywhere. You go on social media and you see, you know, snarky comments and all this stuff like that, no matter what the topic is, but it just makes my day to come here and see that people can be... Oh yeah, we get such a charge out of it. And you know, I don't think anybody else has that kind of format where it's so positive and interactive and growing. It's totally marvelous. I keep a copy of all the chat because it's so fascinating. Oh, cool. Anyway, you have a great day. Great to see you and keep on mulling over your DaVinci idea. Yeah, that's the next thing on my mind is I gotta go. How can you do one object this year? Let me tell you if Dave's still here, yes, he is. He wrote for professional ideas. He is really... He has thrown down the gauntlet. What was the American Museum of Natural History in New York City? He contacted them for ideas. Yes. And so he is bound and determined. He is going to be the DaVinci winner this year. So you guys all have to... You're going to be a DaVinci winner. Oh, hi, Bar. He already told me. He says, I'll share the idea. I said, no, make it a surprise. But he says, I am going to make a slide that will blow everyone away. And I said, I bet you will. The American Museum of Natural History, right? Yeah. Woohoo. So I'm just driving in the big wigs here. So he essentially said, may the best person win, however, here's how I spell my name. Something like that. But I think it's going to be, you know, it's dynamic. And remember, you know, my whole thing was be as artistic and creative as possible. DaVinci being the perfect example of, you know, artistic, cerebral, and scientific creativity. Anyway, I'll let you all go. It was wonderful to hear you today. Thank you. And I'm looking forward to seeing the science fair. It's a wonderful thing that we do here, and I'm glad you're recruiting.