 believe me. So hello everybody I'm Islam, today I'm going to talk to you about this year Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine that was cogerently awarded to two great scientists James Allison from United States and Tosoko Hanyu from Japan. Actually this year prize was awarded for their discovery of an innovative cancer theory that acts on reactivating the immune system to fight against cancer. But first before we dive into our technology and our our great discovery let's first talk about cancer. But first I would like to ask you so does any of you has any relationship or experience with any cancer patient? Just family, just raise your hands. Thank you. Yeah, have you any experience with cancer patients? Thank you. So we appreciate so much. How open cancer is and how undoubtedly these people already suffer from the disease. Unfortunately cancer is still a second cause of death globally leaving behind more than 18 million cases worldwide. And unlikely 50% of these cancers like over 9 millions lie due to the lack of an effective targeted booted cancer therapy. So this means that there is a still a great need and highly need for better optimizing the cancer therapy to meet the demands of these patients. So first let's have a look on what happens when your cells go older. So because all of you for sure know that our human body is made of different cells like trillions of cells. And these cells go older over time and they develop kind of disrupted DNA and damage. And in order to make up these damaged or old cells we have to go through a procedure called cell division to produce normal healthy cells. In such case this cell division occur between 50 to 70 perians at times a day. So can you imagine how many mistakes could just occur due to this massive number of cell divisions. And certainly there's a great number of errors but luckily because we have an active functioning immune system so luckily we detect these the immune system can nicely detect the damage itself and wipe it out wipe it out of the human body. But unfortunately in the other case scenario where the immune system fails to detect the first mutation or the first mistake then another or further mistakes or mutations accumulate over and this leads to the formation of a tumor mass in such case that leads to cancer which can be destacized and spread over distant organs of the human body. And unfortunately the immune system in such case it failed. But so how the doctors over the last years did manage to treat cancer and what where the cancer option therapy that they did have or what about our current standing right now. So surgery being the first pair of cancer therapy until a surgery ago this will only add final hope for the patients just to be treated. Luckily this option working well with some cancers but unfortunately there were plenty of cancers such as blood cancers or other cancers that can spread to more than one site inside the human body so surgery was not a good and valid option. In the middle of the 20th century the radio therapy and came with therapy came to play an important role in treating so many different cancers but unfortunately because in radio therapy for example you explore the whole human body including that tumor part and the non-tumor part to a certain type of radiations and this lead also to harming the healthy cells. And it works the same with chemotherapy that can result in very life-threatening infections due to the weakened immune system of these patients. This came to think this may scientists think about a new and innovative way of treating cancer by looking at this weakened immune system and if there is a way to reactivate it so it can work perfectly against cancer and the answer is yes. So this means that a new therapy provide a more safe approach to treat cancer because it doesn't work on the normal healthy cell but rather work on only a cancer cells. So right now you should ask me like so that can the immune system by itself act against cancer and answer is yes. Our immune system in the first line of defense that our body uses to fight against different invaders including bacteria viruses and other microorganisms and this amazing system is composed of multiple populations of different cell type that play all together to fight against any invaders and to have for interest of time and for their crucial rule in fighting against cancer I picked these two nice cell populations. To the left you see here this dendritic cells. These are cold dendritic cells because they have this nice tragic arm that are cold dendrites and I like to call it a guide because it kind of create a whole immune body the whole immune the whole human body looking for what's strange inside and they're reported directly to the officer or the T killer cells and these T killer cells they are responsible for directly killing and winding off all these foreign invaders and like cancer cells viruses or whatever. So let's have a closer look and have these two nice cell population work together in the context of cancer. So imagine that this cancer cell is a spy that tries to sneak into your territory and luckily it shows and releases some specific features of a cancer cell that are called here engines and because our guide system is really active on willful conditioning so it's kind of detect these different molecules here, tick several of them and report it directly to the station where the officers are. These are the T cell that you have seen the last slide. So what will the T cells do? Then the T cells will ask other T cells to form a patrol and activate all of them just to start we have a mission and we have to do it in the perfect way. So once they activate it they go to the dark side of the tumor that was kind of recognized by the dendritic cells, they treat the tumor wall and they infiltrate into the different sides of the tumor to make sure that every single spot of the tumor is kind of covered and they have to make sure in order not to harm the healthy cells that might present among this tumor mass we have to make sure that this is the same thing that they got from the dendritic cells and once they make sure now we have a cancer cell then let's release our toxins and finally destroy it and release a victory flag. So the question that might come to your mind right now so why do people still get cancer if we have an amazing and it's really amazing immune system. So the fact, oh sorry I forgot to mention something important. So here is a real scene of how the immune system works. So in this, yeah, so this is a green, this green cell is a T cell and this lucid is a cancer cell and these two red dots are just a signal that the T cells could finally detect the cancer cell and what it is doing right now it's just crawling over the cancer cell releasing its toxins to completely destroy it and it really succeeds in this mission. So coming back to the question I asked, so why do people still get cancer? Cancer is a very tricky disease that adapts so many different mechanisms to fight against the normal or the healthy immune system and one of these amazing mechanisms that was discovered by the great scientist of our Nobel Prize this year that the cancer cell can overexpress or produce a signaling molecule on its surface that tell the T cells no come on go away I'm a normal cell like your normal body and normally the normal cells do express this as a stopping signal so our immune system does not attack our own immune cell, our own normal healthy cells. So our scientists managed to first detect that these two different stopping signals were cared by a high abundance by cancer and they thought what about designing a drug molecule that can specifically target these molecules on the cancer cells and in such case if you release this stopping signal so that T cells can easily detect the cancer cells and start releasing these toxic molecules that are specifically toxic for the cancer in this context and this actually this great discovery was coming like it succeeded to come into real life finally in 2011 after they got approval from the Food and Drug Administration to be used for treating severe type of skin cancer. So what are the capability of these cancer therapies like what about the cancer types that can be treated by these different drugs? So starting from hidden the cancers they can work effectively against the subsets of stomach cancers and colorectal cancers, some blood cancers, liver cancer and kidney. So this means that they are successful at treating these different cancers but unfortunately there are still sometimes even of these cancers that can form a kind of a cover or a shield around them preventing the immune cells from infiltrating so these cancer are not, so these services are not valid in this context but what like the promising results right now that scientists managed to turn these tumors to be more exposed to the T cells or to this immune cell through destroying this shield around them so the immune cells can just deep dive into the tumor environment and go the disease killing. Now what I've mentioned all my talk is kind of abstract so now you wonder whether like what about the numbers from the real life. In this nice graph this was a study that was done across Europe on 5,000 patients with a severe kind of melanoma which is an aggressive cancer of skin and they compared the conventional therapy the chemo therapy and other normal therapy targeted therapy and they compared the in-use therapy drug one and drug two that were discovered by our scientists and as you can see here there's a little increase in the survival of the patient but when they combine the drug one and drug two they could massively see a great difference in the survival of these patients and this even this effect was potentially or even increased upon the addition of another drug so what are the core messages that we can get from this graph here. So first of all this means that these drugs are approved for more different cancer types so the FDA every year upon the clinical trials and upon clinical testing they found that these drugs can be used for treating not only the cancers I mentioned but they can be to use for treating more cancers and this is here translated in terms of money because this market grows from 10,000 millions to 50,000 millions expected to be in 2025. Also what is an important message that should be got from this graph that when you combine these two medications you got put in created and better results which mean that yeah it's great when you work alone but it's always better to team up and this teaming up results and better results that can lead one day maybe to curing cancer or at least extending the lives of these cancer patients. Besides that these two drug discoveries open a new horizons for more drugs to come and work on the new system by reactivating it and I in my opinion these drugs might get a second other prize sooner in the coming years. At the end I would like to end my talk by a quote that was stated by Jens Allison one of the guys who got another prize this year for this discovery he said cancer in unitary is still in its early stages but as science progresses and clinical research grows maybe we will be able to talk about curing cancer or greatly extending the life of more cancer patients. Thank you. You mentioned that chemotherapy and radiotherapy has severe side effects. Yes. What are the side effects of immunotherapy? The side effects are kind of manageable so far but you cannot say or clearly conclude that these are the current side effects because it has been tested for like a certain time like just over three or four years so far so in order to say that there's a valid side effect that coming out of the drug you need some time but what I can tell that most of the side effects of these immunoshermies are right now are so manageable by different protocols. Yes please. You mentioned about this some type of cancer they have this shield. Yes. And actually this T cells like T cells cannot really enter. Yes. But then you can use some treatments and you can actually put them inside but during this time if they leave the primary tumor if they leave metastasis. Yes. So is it really a good choice to treat this type of cancer like solid cancer with this shield? Solid cancer so I think there was a very close clinical trial that was done on stomach cancer and they showed like great I mean in terms of increasing the patient's survival they I think they increase it or like with two years. More than yeah more than the convention therapy. But I think the most important cancer with the shield is pancreatic cancer. And if pancreatic cancer unfortunately the results is not that good. One percent of the patients can actually get this. Yes. This is true for pancreatic cancer and unfortunately so far the clinical trial didn't say that much. So we have time for one more question. So if you inhibit the inhibitor of the immune system what do you describe as the signal? Don't T cells not just attack random cells in your body? This is a great question. So the point is what cancer does in order to escape this immune checkup they over express or they produce these soothing signals in high abundance. So when you get the drug it can't be because you have so much of these signals so the drug selectively can't go to that areas. And this is like you have to do so much with those adjustments so that it doesn't harm the normal cells. Essentially this problem is solved. I hope so. Thank you.