 Is that a moth? There's a lipidoptera in there? I don't think there's a moth. I want us to eat my sweaters. Stay away from my sweaters, moth. I have to do my lower third because I have to do this every time because it doesn't store it anymore because it's a jerk. Moth, do you start this awesome? Let's see your lower third. Hello, is it me you're looking for? This is your lower third. I got it. Yay. Oh, thanks, Blake. That was fun on DTNS. I had a great time. Oh, we are live. We are live. We're going to do a show now. You guys ready? I'm so ready. Born ready. Born ready. That's right. We were ready for all this science coming at you. In. Ha. Pew, pew, pew. Three, two, this is twist. This week in science episode number 647 recorded on Wednesday, November 29th, 2017. Science brainwash. Oh, yeah. I was supposed to say other things. Hey, everyone. I'm Dr. Kiki. And tonight on the show, we are going to fill your heads with an alphabet, worms and rats. But first. Disclaimer, disclaimer, disclaimer. Relax. The following hours of programming are intended for a specific audience. You may or may not think yourself to be who we are looking for. And that's all right. Just relax. It isn't you. Our target audience is the human brain. And sometimes to get there, to get messages to the human brain, you have to slip them past to the human filters. That bogged down bouncer of enlightened thought. So for the next few hours, relax your senses. Even if you happen to love the content, relax. Even if you happen to be offended by the content, relax. It's all designed to sneak past your ears. So that we may communicate with your brain directly. In a relaxed way. And soon, without even realizing it, your brain will be a wash in sciencey goodness. With another episode of This Week in Science. Coming up next. I want to know what's happening What's happening What's happening this weekend science What's happening What's happening What's happening What's happening this weekend science Yeah. Science to your kicking and Blair. And the good science to you too, Justin Blair and everyone out there. Welcome to another episode of So to this week in science, we are back. Yet again, following a weekend of Thanksgiving goodness, I hope everyone is stuffed to the gills, proverbially or, I don't know phylogenetically gills. Yeah, so much wonderful, wonderful, hopefully holiday time for people out there, but it's time to get back to the science. We do love the science here. And on this week's show, the science news I brought includes stories about China's space exploration and expanded alphabet and some heart. Oh. Justin, what did you bring? I've got a mysterious mythological creature, buff ladies of yesterday and fuzzy fluffy feathered dinosaurs. Fuzzy was he was a... Archaeopteryx, no, Brontosaurus, no, T-Rex. And Blair, what is in the animal corner? Oh, I brought some dumb lizards. I brought some hot coffee and I brought some Martian worms. That sounds pretty awesome. I'm looking forward to the animal corner. We've got so many fun things on the show tonight. I am thrilled and ready to jump in, but before we do, I want to remind everyone that you can subscribe to the TWIST podcast on iTunes, the Apple podcast player, in the Google Play podcast portal in Stitcher, Spreaker, tune in. We are on YouTube, we're on Facebook. You can search for this week in science, T-W-I-S, TWIST also. You can go to twist.org, that's our website, and you can find all these wonderful places, but really just look for us all over the place. This week in science. If you want to find us and subscribe, subscribe, subscribe, and if you do go to the TWIST website, the This Week in Science 2018, Blair's Animal Corner calendars are here. I got them in the mail and they are looking amazing. These coloring calendars are just, they're fabulous. I'm so excited to color this in. My son has already gotten started on the cover of the toad. Yes, we're doing some good work over here. And if you're interested, the quality of the paper is very nice. It's matte, but a little bit shiny, so you don't wanna use any inks that are gonna run and smear, but maybe felt tip pens could work and colored pencils. I think colored pencils will be fabulous for this coloring calendar. And additionally, it is the end of November, and as we move into the beginning of the month of December, I wanna remind everyone that at the end of this month, our top 11 science stories of 2017 show is going to be upon us. Within weeks, we will be counting down the top 11 science stories of 2017. So if you have ideas about what should be on that list, tell us what you think. Let us know over on Facebook. Wow, I can't even, I can't believe it's already that time to be here. It's already here. We gotta get ready and start making our list and checking it twice. Gotta make sure that science is nice. All right, let's jump into the show. No more business. It's time for the science. Okay, have you guys seen the headlines this last week? There were a bunch of headlines. I think Newsweek started it off from some others basically saying dark matter is dead. There's a new mathematical idea that gets rid of dark matter and dark energy. We don't have to worry about it anymore. Eh, wrong. Shocking. Yeah, so there is a wonderful write up about this by Ryan Mandelbaum over on Gizmodo. And he went through and compiled a bunch of writing by various physicists, not just science writers, but physicists on the subject of whether or not dark matter has been deemed dead or not. So the idea came from a paper that was published out of the University of Geneva by a scientist by the name of Andre Mater. And Mater proposed that there is a part of the theory of general relativity that sometimes in big voids, areas where there isn't any mass at all, and there's a bunch of those in space, these voids in space, that there are certain aspects of the theory that are wrong. And so he proposed that the mathematics need to be changed. And by changing the mass involved in the theory of relativity, get rid of dark matter, which was always a fudge factor anyway, ish. Because we don't really know what it is, except there's a lot of it. Dark matter and dark energy make up sort of like 95% of the known universe. And we can't even see it. Anyway, yeah, Mandelbaum says that there was wonderful press release released by the university and a bunch of places picked it up and never talked to outside sources, physicists. And there's a lot of physicists who say this is not worth even talking about because this new idea by Mater doesn't even have a mathematical object to define the theory. It's called a Lagrangian. It doesn't even contain a Lagrangian. And for theoretical physicists, if a paper doesn't contain a Lagrangian, it's just an idea and they're not actually getting at the actual math of it. And there are no testable predictions in the paper either. So no testable predictions, no actual math defining the problem. And Mater actually goes on at some point to say, yeah, the math is maybe a little underdeveloped. Oh snap, to say that in a room full of physicists, in a room full of physicists, oh my, underdeveloped. Yeah. So anyway, all these headlines about the death of Dark Matter, the death has been greatly overstated, me thinks. And so over on Gizmodo, I will put the link on the twist website if you wanna read this article by Ryan Mandelbaum because it has some great links to some other write-ups by physicists such as Sabine Hossenfelder, who took the paper apart, according to Mandelbaum on her blog, Back Reactions. And so there's, there's, there are lots of things. It's a great starting point to go investigate. And it's a good, if you're learning about these physics theories and how these ideas work, this is a wonderful teaching moment. Why is it that this particular paper doesn't actually call for the death of this fairly large idea in modern physics? Yes. Moving on from there. Oh yeah. And by the way, China may have some indirect evidence of Dark Matter, even Dark Matter's death is being stated all over the internets. It's not direct evidence, not actually visualizing Dark Matter or detecting it directly, but China in 2015 launched a space probe called the Dark Matter Particle Explorer or Damp with me at the end, Damp B, Damp. Damp looks for decay signals, indirect decay signals of hypothetical Dark Matter candidates called WIMPs, Weekly Interacting Massive Particles. You haven't heard of WIMPs before Blair, you're laughing. This is a long time. It's just all the acronyms, they just keep nailing them on. I'm sure there's gonna be three more. That's what I was laughing about. Damp WIMPs, this is where we're going. Yeah. So Damp is looking for WIMPs, Weekly Interacting Massive Particles and this satellite was launched in 2015 and it has been using its detectors to observe incoming direction, energy and electric charge of electrons and positrons and other particles that make up cosmic rays. Now the electrons and the positrons in the antimatter, if they combine and they hit each other, then you're going to have annihilation and when these electron-positron pairs annihilate, there are other particles that can be detected and so if there is dark matter, if there are these WIMPs involved in the whole system, the WIMPs could occasionally get involved and there are these electron-positron pairs and then there could be an excess over what is expected of the particles that would come from the cosmic ray particles that would come from things like supernovas or other stellar objects that emit cosmic rays. Well, it's like we kind of have an idea of like, okay, supernova explodes, it was about this big, there's going to be this much release of energy, these kinds of particles are going to be seen, this is the kind of spectra that we expect and so overlooking at these electron-positron pairs, you would, if there are no WIMPs involved, you would expect a normal curve that there's just this regular curve but because they're looking in this particular way, what they're looking for is a shift from the normal expected smooth curve and damp confirmed an anomalous break in the curve and has published this collaboration between China and various other bodies, they have basically confirmed that they saw something different. Now, they've only looked at 1.5 million cosmic ray electron-positron pairs so it's a hint that they might be right, that these WIMPs might be there but it's not, I mean, in the term, in the big scale of observations, this isn't huge for physics so what they're looking for are more, the researchers say they expected a three-year life for the satellite but because of the way it's functioning, they're expecting it to last about five years now and by the end of its life, they expect about 10 billion recorded cosmic ray events which will be a much larger data set and if there is some kind of shift or break in the curve as a result of WIMPs being present and leading to an excess of these electron-positron pairs, then it'll confirm that their hypotheses are potentially correct and that these are places to look for dark matter. Yeah, indirect, not direct. It's just getting, and the researchers say these measurements will inform our understanding of cosmic ray acceleration and will tell us about the physical processes in shocks around supernova and the physics of pulsars, fun, fun. And then moving on from cosmic rays and dark matter, let's get deep into the cells. Let's do some biology. You guys like biology? I don't know much about biology. Ha, you're gonna learn a little bit more now. How about synthetic biology? Gonna make my own organisms. I'm gonna give them some new DNA letters in the DNA alphabet. What? Yeah. Yeah, so. Your DNA letters not in the DNA alphabet. Well, not normally, yeah. So we've got guanine, cytosine, adenine and tyrosine, right? GCAT are the letters that normally appear as base pairs in DNA and RNA, well, except you have uracil in RNA. However, three years ago, researchers, Floyd Romsberg from Scripps Research Institute and his colleagues, they reported creating more nucleotides, more nucleotides. So in addition to GC, A and T, they created an X and a Y that they could get to pair up inside of DNA. But it was just kind of like, oh, we can make it work in a dish, right? We can make it work in a dish. We can't actually make it work in a living organism. And so that's basically what has happened now. And they've reported in nature that they have functionally integrated these new nucleotides, new base pairs, X and Y, that were synthetically artificially created. They've gotten them to integrate into synthetic bacterial DNA into the genomes. And not only that, but gotten the genes, the genetic sequences in which they are contained to be transcribed and translated into protein molecules. Now, the protein molecules they've made, they haven't changed too much of the function or only slightly changed the structure of them. So what they did is they took a codon, what codons are three nucleotides together, like in these non-critical part of a gene. And so they took a codon, T, tyrosine, A, adenine, and C, cytosine, a TAC codon. And that encodes an amino acid, tyrosine. So each codon set of three nucleotides is code for a nucleotide that can then be, or not a nucleotide, an amino acid that can be integrated into a protein. And so what they did is they replaced it, this TAC codon, with their new synthetic codon, AXC. And they created a transfer RNA that had the opposite of that, the anticodon, which is GYT, so the X, it's anticodon is Y, this new anticodon. And that carried an amino acid called PRK. And this particular amino acid, PRK, is not really usually found in nature. It is a synthetic amino acid, and it was supplied by the researchers. It didn't come from the cells themselves. And so this codon, this anticodon, GYT, was used to add this synthetic amino acid into the protein that was translated and created. And so it worked. And they created green fluorescent proteins that contained this amino acid that isn't normally in there, this non-standard amino acid, a synthetic, that's synthetically created. And since it was in a non-critical part of the gene, it didn't change the gene, right? It didn't change the protein. The protein was still basically the same, it was just proof of process, proof of function. This whole thing didn't kill the bacteria, the bacteria are still able to divide and survive and to create these proteins that now contain a synthetic addition from scientists. And so go ahead, yeah, go ahead. I was gonna talk about implications now. Yeah, that's what I wanted to ask is why on earth would you need new base pairs? So the idea is that you could potentially with these new base pairs connect it to a synthetic molecule, another synthetic amino acid that actually will change the function of a protein that will lead to protein molecules that have a function that chemists want, that biologists want, if you wanna add something, like if you want to enhance the ability of a microbe to break down plastic, can you change one of their proteins, one of their enzyme proteins to do that using a system like this? And this is something that would be, this would make it easier than just changing the base pairs that we have. It's adding to our abilities. So yeah, it just adds to potential future function that researchers can add to nature. We can stick a molecule in something. Maybe you just want a tracking molecule to be in a cell. And with these new codons, maybe you can easily integrate this tracking molecule into cells and figure out what's happening during some metabolic process. That's one aspect. There's some sort of like affinity, like G's like C's and A's like T's or something of this nature that's going on. So if you're creating something that, G's, C's, T's and A's are like, I don't really know what to do with. I don't really know what to do with that. But you're entering something else that you do want to interact with at a specific place. And you've created your own X, Y, then maybe you can direct it to that. There's a whole field of being able to play with stuff. It's many steps back from where my brain can go because right now I'm just picturing, okay, we got these new base pairs to do a thing that we can already do. That's great. We got it to go in there as junk DNA and get replicated. And get replicated. Well, and we got it to make proteins. We got it to make proteins. Yep. So that didn't, it didn't mess up. It didn't get rejected. It didn't get rejected. That's exactly it. Yes. So now we have to figure out how to use these to make things we couldn't otherwise make. So that's- Potentially. Or store information. Or store information. We've recently reported on a movie being stored in DNA, right? If we're gonna be storing information in DNA, I mean, there's a lot of variables that we have with just four letters. Add two more. And the degrees of freedom that you have for your information storage go up. So for information storage purposes, it's really, this is an interesting, very exciting bit of progress for actually playing with incorporating different amino acids into proteins, seeing if you can give proteins new functions, if you can, what messes up their functions. I mean, the research aspects are going to be very fascinating to see where they go. Nice. Very cool. And the researchers said, the engineers wanted to get molecules that function inside of a cell. And that was our focus. Before this paper, he said, every protein produced in any living cell has been produced by decoding a four-letter alphabet. We have now reported the decoding of proteins with a six-letter alphabet. This still makes the hair on the back of my neck stand up. That's six. So the researchers are excited about what they're doing. Is that, is that being excited or being terrified? Excited. I mean, yeah. Normally you would think the hair on the back of your neck stopping standing up. That's a fear response, right? Maybe it's just excitement. I don't know. I don't know. Ultimate power. Yes, ultimate power. The synthetic biologists. The future is crazy. This is this week in science. Really powerful. It is going to be powerful, powerful future. Justin, what did you bring? There's a mysterious aplac creature said to inhabit the high mountains of Nepal and Tibet. Many names. Though the ones you're likely most familiar with. And the abominable. You never say abominable. I can't say that word. Abominable snowman. You turn into a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers when you try to say that word. I'm much better off just calling it the abdominal snowman. Oh, yeah, yeah. Just say Yeti. Yeti is fine. Just call it a Yeti. I'm calling Yeti. Yetis have been reported for centuries. Footprints spotted. Stories passed down generation to generation. But could these accounts be wrong? Is it possible that for centuries, these people have been believing the myths and the lore of the Yeti by mistake? No! Say the unskeptical. For there is physical evidence. Yeti hairs and skin fragments and scat have been found in numerous locations. Evidence in museums and private collections. These samples stand in stark defiance of a world that refuses to believe that a large upright ape-like creature walks amongst the snow leopards and the high frozen peaks of the Himalayas. Evidence that has now been tested by scientists. Oh, I wonder how that went. Yeah. And now we have DNA evidence. That? The research project, which will be published and precedes the Royal Society to be analyzed nine Yeti specimens, including bone, tooth, skin, hair, and fecal samples collected in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Of those, one turned out to be from a dog. However, the other eight, ready, drum roll? Da-da-da-da. Steve. Oh. Steve? Oh, what? Steven accounting. Look at him, Steve. Steven accounting. He's always taking his vacation to go hiking in the Himalayas. It's all Steve. He's a very hairy man. No. No, it turns out all the other eight samples that they had were bears. That's great. One from an Asian black bear, one from a Himalayan brown bear, and the other six were Tibetan brown bears. Quotey voice of Charlotte Lundquist. Our findings strongly suggest that the biological underpinnings of the Yeti legend can be found in local bears. And our study demonstrates that genetics should be able to unravel other similar mysteries. That is again, lead scientist Charlotte Lundquist, HD and associate professor of biological sciences at the university at Buffalo College of Arts and Sciences and now head of the buzzkill department at all Yeti Incusus Society. Gathering. This study represents the most rigorous analysis to date of samples suspected to have derived from anomalous or mythical hominid-like creatures, says Lundquist and co-authors in the paper. Lundquist says science can be a useful tool in exploring the roots of myths about large mysterious creatures. She notes that in Africa, longstanding Western legend of an African unicorn was explained in the early 20th century by British researchers who found and described a flesh and blood okapi giraffe relative that looks like a mix between that animal and some sort of zebra horse. And in Australia, where people and oversized animals actually probably coexisted for a long time, thousands of years ago. Some speculate that references to enormous animal-like creatures in Australia's Aboriginal dream time mythology may have drawn from actual ancient encounters or encounters with fossil records. Sure, all over Australia. Make this work like the discovery the okapi is direct. Clearly, a big part of the Yeti legend has to do with bears, she says. Well, think about bear feet too. Their hind feet are actually, their pads are pretty long. So that's what I've been thinking about too. And they also have the five toes at the front. So you could almost see how if you squinted really hard and it was a print in the snow, you could almost think maybe it was humanoid. And a print in the snow, and then you get, you know, a little bit of melting and the thing sort of expands a little bit, you know, it changes shape a little bit and you're not, you're not a bear tracker, you're a bigfoot or Yeti hunter. And you're looking for signs of Yeti and so you're already coming at it with a bias. Yeah, also bears make really weird sounds. The researchers investigated samples such as a scrap of skin from the hand or paw of a Yeti that was part of a monastic relic. And a fragment of a humor bone from a decayed Yeti. That was not a Yeti. And the skin sample turned out to be from an Asian black bear and the bone was a Tibetan brown bear. Besides tracing the origins of the Yeti legend, Linkwist's work is uncovering information about the evolutionary history of these Asian bears, which is sort of interesting. So they can sort of find, now it's the story of why the Tibetan brown bears shows a close common ancestry with their northern American and Eurasian kin. Himalayan brown bears belonged to a distinct evolutionary lineage that diverged early on from all other brown bears. That's pretty fascinating. That's a split that is thought to have occurred now 650,000 years ago during a place of a period of glaciation. So these bears, even though they're now sort of seem to be, are co-habitating the same sort of regions as the Yeti themselves who are separated for an enormous amount of their evolutionary history. So Yeti actually lending itself to some scientific research and discovery. So remember last week I talked about that. That portable DNA scanner. So wouldn't it be cool if I could, well, maybe it would be pretty mean to take that to the Bigfoot Museum in Santa Cruz that I went to. Yes. Yes. Yes, let's go. That's very tempting. I want to go all, I want to go up and down Route 66. Route 66. Let's stop at all the sideshow places with all their claims of aliens and Bigfoot and everything. Right to size is clearly made out of plexiglass. Excuse me, I've got my portable DNA scanner here. I'm just going to take a little sample. Don't mind me. Just be here for about 45 minutes. No worries. This is actually from Cockroach. This one's from a rat. You guys get more creative. I like it. This is a good cross-country track. I think there was a, yeah. Wasn't there, didn't we have some sort of similar revelation? There was like a Bigfoot sample that turned out to be a combination of raccoon and bear or something of this kind. This was a while ago. Some Bigfoot carcass that was kept in the freezer but then mysteriously disappeared but then they still had some of the hair sample and then it was, yeah. Alrighty, well, the story might be a buzzkill for some but as you said, Justin, it is also giving us scientific information about the distribution of those bears. Which is, like you said, there's actually science that can maybe be applied to conservation efforts and other wildlife management efforts in these areas. This is great. But now, we've talked about not real organisms in the Himalayas. Let's talk about some real organisms in Blair's Animal Corner. It's that time again? Creature, great as snow. By death, bill of pet, no pet at all. You want to hear about a animal? She's your girl. Except for giant pandas as well. Giapple! I'm so excited to bring you a story about Mars. I don't often talk about space in the animal corner. Anyway, we're talking about- How about Mars making it to the animal corner? This is awesome. Yeah, there's no animals on Mars as far as we're aware. On Mars. Well, a recent study from Vahenegen University in the Netherlands was looking at Mars soil simulants from NASA. And these Mars soil simulants are where it all starts. They have these experiments that they do on these soil simulants to try to figure out how a person could actually live on Mars. In order to live on Mars, you can't just make potatoes out of your human poop like in the Martian. It's a little more complicated than that. So what they do is they actually take some soil from a volcano in Hawaii. That's supposed to stand for Mars soil. And a desert in Arizona, that's supposed to be simulant moon soil. And experiments starting all the way back in 2013 have looked at how to grow crops in these odd soils. They've been able to grow over a dozen different types of crops at this point. The only species they have been unsuccessful in raising in these Martian soils is actually spinach. But crops such as green beans, peas, radish, tomato, potato, ruggola, carrot, garden crests all seem possible. And then they regularly analyze them for heavy metals so that they know if they're actually edible and alkaloids. And then actually pretty recently after they passed some of these tests, they had a dinner with the harvest's crops for some people who helped crowd fund this research which is pretty funny. But now to the animals. You can't have a successful agricultural system without some animals, namely worms. Right. Worms are very important for soil ecology. Yes, they're the middle man between- Everywhere over this one. Yeah. So they're the middle man between poo and bacteria. The bacteria cannot do the nitrogen fixation, processing phosphorus, potassium, they can't do all of that from the fertilizer without the worm as the middle man. So the worm breaks it down into smaller bits that are easily consumed or transported or changed by the bacteria. They do that. The other really big thing that they do which is a problem with Martian and Moonean, is that the lunar soil? Moonean. Moonean, lunar soil. I made up a word. I think that's a cult. Yeah. So Martian and lunar soil, it doesn't move water well because it's almost, they describe it almost as being glass-like or very slick. So it's very difficult for water to move properly through the soil. And worms aerate. They create these kind of channels that bring water through the soil in all different directions. So worms are really essential to a successful agricultural system. So what they did is they took these experiments that they were trying to grow these crops. They added organic matter, which in this case was simulated poo and pee from human Martians, which in this case is actually pig slurry. Mm, those are fun two words, pig slurry. So they add that. And then they have started to try to add in adult worms. Well, a surprise came this week in the Netherlands. They found two baby worms. Oh, little baby worms. Two baby worms. They only added adult worms, which means. First Martians. First simulated Martian worms. The first, first generation. Yeah, there's worms having having sex in simulated Martian soil. Yes. This is great news. This means if this soil can support worms, it is much more likely to be able to support plant life. But so this is soil from Hawaii and Arizona. Yes. This is not soil from Mars. Correct. So it's still earth soil. Correct. It is a Mars soil simulant. Right. So it is supposed to be matching in consistency, composition, all of these sorts of things to the samples that they have analyzed on Mars. So it's all theoretical at this point. But so far. Right, and so we do a return mission and come back with some Martian dirt. That's right. No, no, no. We can't do this the other way. Just send the worms to Mars. No, no, not in Smermia yet. We're not ready yet. In Wormia, exactly. Yeah, in Smermia. But actually this brings up an incredibly important point. Which is long before mankind colonizes Mars, we need to send, we need to send the bottom of the food chain or the food cycle as far down as we can go. We're gonna need to send microbes and worms and pollinating insects and all these sorts. need to get things started before we get there and so and so we should also think of this in case we ever worry about earth getting invaded by aliens it's probably gonna have to happen the same way we're gonna probably start to see what is that strange insect that nobody's ever seen before and it's dna is so unlike anything else on this planet it has an x and a y there's a problem though Justin what's that and that is what worms eat yes they eat poop of vertebrates yes so so how do you send worms to mars without a food source well well we have to we'll have to just like well just like people we would have to send you know them with supplies right so you're going to send me care package this care package of of pig slurry and let them get stuck yeah i don't know without a steady without a steady supply of poop i don't know if worms could survive without us that's it's a potential snag i'm not saying it's insurmountable but you gotta think poop if you're thinking worms that's all i'm saying anyway oh oh and speaking of i know this is jumping into the animal corner but speaking of foreign life forms there's a story going around that russian cosmonauts found bacteria on the international space station that didn't come from earth and that there's like bacteria that somehow landed on the space station from space but no you know you guys know just they checked it they checked it just like the yeti and it's baloney from bears which is also fascinating how bad you know what kind of bears water bears i don't know no but really it's it's it's contamination it's bacteria from people or it's also somebody touched a thing and we know that clean rooms are actually not 100 clean yeah that bacteria can grow in these places and so it's very possible that this was a this this is human error people human error so yeah yeah there's no space bacteria on the iss well but there might be worms in space soon we'll see that's right we'll figure it out moving on to our problems at home bearded dragons a very popular pet a native to australia and recent studies have shown pretty smart bearded dragons are able to note behavior of peers and copy it if there is some sort of reward and that means that they are pretty good animals to test in terms of individual intelligence amongst a group so you can kind of see how a dragon reacts in response to seeing somebody else do something good so despite most people thinking them as just kind of a a pretty pet they're actually a pretty good study species for intelligence a recent study from the university of lincoln in the uk found evidence that climate change could affect bearded dragon intelligence now i'll say right now disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer this is a pretty small sample size of a study they had 13 eggs they put seven in a warmer than normal 30 degrees celsius nest and six in a normal 27 degrees celsius nest after they hatched and grew up they then tested the intelligence of these lizards they did that by showing them a video showing a bearded dragon opening a sliding door and then testing them to see if they could or would imitate the behavior to get to a reward and this is something where prior research showed with the intelligence that opening a screen door something lizards don't know to do on their own but they do learn to do it by watching other lizards opening a screen so this is a good test method and they found that fewer of the lizards that incubated in the warmer pens were able to mimic the lizard in the video than those incubated at normal temperatures and those that did at the higher temperatures did it at a much slower pace it took them much longer to figure it out they also note that this is similar to research done by jonathan webb which found that exposing geckos to warmer temperatures in the nest made them duller and less likely to survive so we know that temperature is a stressor we know that a change in temperature on a reptile is going to be a stressor for a bunch of reasons they're ectothermic they're cold-blooded so their behavior is affected by temperature outside but the other big thing is the nest temperature and we know with some animals like crocodilians and turtles and tortoises that the temperature of a nest can actually dictate what sex the babies come out as whether they're males or females it actually depends on the nest temperature so that can be a big problem as climate change approaches but this is a whole nother element that there's some sort of taxing being done to these embryos as they grow I don't know if it's too hot and so there's other processes going on in the egg to keep them from dying essentially as it gets too hot that they're they're allocating I would assume energy away from developing the brain that would be my hypothesis if this is all shaking out to be true but I definitely think we this requires a lot more study in this species in other reptile species to really see exactly what's going on but it's a pretty interesting initial test on that so warm temperatures the warmer it gets the dumber the lizards are going to get that would appear to be the case yeah there he goes he's open his little side door it's unfortunate these poor lizards they won't be able to problem solve and find themselves food and then they'll starve and then because they're starving then we won't have more lizards and then we will run out of lizards yes so lizards are important for a lot of reasons it depends on what they eat but a lot of lizards eat pest species mice rats snail slugs other bugs so lizards are actually really important to habitats I mean no surprise I always say that all species are important because they are but it's definitely reptiles are going to be hit pretty hard by climate change whether it be you know sex dependent um temperature dependent sex determination whether it be behavioral changes or whether it be them just moving to follow temperatures that they're used to and changing their ecosystems yeah it's going to be a pretty interesting quick change because since they can't regulate their own body temperature they have to do something it's pretty interesting well I I for one don't want to see a bunch of dumb lizards populating the world so let's fix this yes reduce your greenhouse gas emissions save the lizard brains keep the lizards smart yeah all right everybody this is this week in science we are going to take a quick break and we'll be back in just a few moments with lots more stories I got a little heart coming for you and I think Justin's got some feathers heart and feathers yeah it's coming up stay tuned hey everybody thank you so much for listening or for watching we really appreciate you being a part of the twist minion family thanks for being part of what we do thanks for paying attention thanks for being curious and wanting to know more about the world of science this week in science is 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not do this without you and we're back with more this weekend science oh yes we are and one of my favorite times of the show is right now let's talk about what has science done for me lately lately we ask people every week to write in and let us know how science is impacting their lives and we have a letter this week from minyan matt van den ainden i did not pronounce that very well matt van den ainden from ohio and he wrote in with a wonderful list of what science has done for him lately he says he's sorry if this is long he got a bit carried away oh good go for it which we love thank you for getting carried away about science he says like many others who have answered this question for you i am truly thankful for medical advances and new technologies but my real answer to this question is a bit different you see for the past 20 years i've taught science to the very young 10 years at a science museum and 10 years as a preschool teacher my daily interaction with science isn't at all high tech he's put too many lima beans into cups cups of dirt to count i never tell my students what's going to happen and they're always amazed we bring our travels outside and almost every day we dig for worms last week a four-year-old asked why we weren't finding many and i got to talk about the changing seasons and how different animals deal with the cold weather we mix blue water and yellow water and holy crap we get green we have pet madagascar hissing cockroaches and even though other people don't like them we know a lot about them so we're not scared or grossed out last week a little girl asked me what happened if you put spaghetti in the freezer i loved it that's a great question let's try it find out my yeah my crowning achievement as a preschool science teacher was when with a lot of parental help i guided a group of five-year-olds in dissecting cow eyeballs oh wow for me science isn't facts and figures and new discoveries for me science is showing very young people that the world is jam packed with secrets and mysteries that we can ask questions and that we can find the answers so what has science done for me lately it has given me the joy and privilege of helping children discover awe and wonder for the world around them fantastic and and i will i will i will find a point to disagree uh with you matt in that your your your interaction with science is all about new discoveries they may not be new to science but they're new to all of your students and that's what yeah must make it just ever so riveting um we've done a few of those experiments here at this house in fact although not no cow cow eyes we don't have cow eyes and this buddy in the freezer is something now i'm going to have to just do what happens to spaghetti in the freezer i've never done it i can't believe i've never tried that i'm gonna have to find out so many fun things yeah ask a question oh my gosh is there a way i can find out the answer if kids are taught from a young age that they can try things it's a wonderful it's just a wonderful tool to give them going into life for new discoveries forever and ever matt thank you so much for your story your list of things it's i i'm inspired by what you do with those kids and so that's that's just that's just wonderful everyone we need you to write in and let us know what science has done for you lately what does it do for you every day come on give me a list give me one item i don't care i want to hear it from you so write in on our facebook page it's facebook.com slash this week in science right go look for this week in science on facebook send us a message send me a message we will read it on the air i want to know when i want to share it with everyone out there let's inspire each other and let's continue to do it every week all right everybody and um was there something else that i wanted to say but did i have another thing oh yeah and i'm gonna remind you again top 11 science stories of 2018 is coming at the end of the month so while you're there at facebook telling me what science has done for you lately maybe also let me know what science stories from this last year you thought were amazing and should be on our top 11 list sound good good sounds great yeah justin tell me a story okay researchers from the university of cambridge's department of archaeology just completed a study comparing the bones of central european women that lived during the first 6000 years of farming with those of modern athletes on campus turns out the average prehistoric agriculture woman was way buffer they had stronger upper arms than the living female rowing champions on campus physical paralysis was likely obtained through tilling soil and harvesting crops by hand as well as the grinding of grain for as much as five hours a day just to make the flower until now bioarchaeological investigations of past behavior have interpreted women's bones solely through direct comparison to those of men men however turns out male bones respond to strain and stress traumatic way than female bones leading perhaps some to incorrectly uh believe that females had it a little easier in the farming ancient tiny days cambridge scientists say that this has resulted in a systematic underestimation underestimation of the nature and scale of the physical demands born by women in prehistory quotey voice this is the first study to actually compare prehistoric female bones to those of living women bolson macintosh lead off of the study published in the journal science advances by interpreting women's bones in a female specific context we can start to see how intensive variable and laborious their behaviors were hinting at a hidden history of women's work over thousands of years uh the study is a ct scanner to analyze the arm and leg bones of living women who are runners rowers as well as those who live more sedentary lifestyles uh this is a more quotey voice it can be easy to forget that the bone is a living tissue when that responds to the rigors we put our bodies through physical impact and muscle activity both put strain on bone calling called loading bone reacts by changing in shape curvature thickness and density over time to accommodate the repeated strain so basically so basically they did they find that the the shoulder or the arm bones were were bigger the bones were bigger than than women today yeah that they showed they showed the the brunt of the stresses as well as being having more they can sort of uh rebuild the muscle tissue based on the the changes in the bone and and found that the women likely had much larger upper body arm and shoulder strength right uh it says by analyzing bone characteristics living people whose regular physical exertion is known and comparing them to characteristics of ancient bones you'd start to interpret the kind of labor the ancestors were performing in prehistory so yeah they looked at uh they looked at a bunch of of rowers at the Cambridge University women's boat club who actually won the big boat race and broke a record in doing so uh the new lithic women analyzing the study this would have been 7400 to or 7000 to 7400 years ago had similar leg bone strength to that of the modern rowers but their arms were 11 to 16 percent stronger for their size than the rowers and almost 30 percent stronger than a typical female Cambridge student so these women would have won arm wrestling competitions oh yeah they also looked at some bronzade women 3500 to 4300 years old who had nine to 13 percent stronger arm bones than the rowers but 12 weaker leg bones interesting yeah so a possible explanation they put forth for this fierce arm strength uh is the grinding of grain but they can't really specifically say what feature was causing the bone loading that they found fascinating yeah so these women they were active participants in the manual labor of their of their social groups wherever they lived they weren't just carrying the babies around no that wasn't their job that wasn't their only job and they were buff macdash confused prior to the invention of the plow subsistence farming involved manually planting tilling harvesting the crops women were also likely to have been fetching food and water for the domestic livestock processing milk and meat converting hides and wool into textiles uh I don't know what the men were doing but the women seem to be doing a whole lot of work I don't know what was left for the men to do maybe maybe we were in you know cooking in the kitchen who knows right what's left just out quote unquote hunting all day hunting that's what we called it we'll be back in a few hours oh couldn't catch anything today sorry sweetie oh you made bread wow how did you do that that's fascinating oh that's great oh my goodness and thus began the fable of the little red hand in which the little red head says I grew the wheat I ground the wheat I threshed the wheat I made the bread and you never helped so I'm gonna eat the wheat eat the bread all by myself yeah yeah a little red hen so it's sort of interesting too because then you have to take into account the the the downscaling of of labor on women over the over thousands of years as well like from this intense labor environment to a lot of the technologies from you know from creating a plow that's pulled by oxen to grinding wheels to all these things it seemed like more and more it was like a lot of the technology that came about was alleviating the labor of women and men too to some to to a degree but it changed the it probably changed the societal pressures for sure yeah and allowed a a shift in the roles that they that each that each gender plays in the in the society yeah yeah interesting shifting gender roles thanks to plows and metal work in the metal shifting gender roles and I wonder what it would take what would it take for I mean rowers of today they work out and they like they've got some serious upper body strength so what would it take to actually get the muscle mass that these bronze age and iron age women had yeah no it would be quite intensive yeah that's it shooting I'm gonna mess it up it's um Swedish or Norwegian I want to say but there's this there's this ancient site where there was a lot of of early salt and salt mining taking place and and the men there all had kind of short legs and pretty strong upper bodies because they spent all their time in these caves like taking salt out of these these mines and the women all had had had a sort of scoliosis and a like a a a one-sided strong muscle and one-sided sort of weak side and it's thought that they were the ones who were carrying salt from taking like bags or yeah they were like over one shoulder and like carrying like but this was you know and these things when you think about them these are happening for generations these aren't just like oh you spent the summer you know grinding flour or or wheat this is what I can blame if this is like a Scandinavian thing that was going I'm going to blame my scoliosis on the generations of salt mining all of scoliosis might come from Scandinavian salt mining like anyways if you can trace the roots back to some sort of Scandinavian heritage that's right salt mines yeah okay well other things that are strong our heart muscle it's not just ancient female arms but our hearts beat our entire lives except every once in a while they get messed up and you have a heart attack and there's maybe some damage to your heart and that area of the heart does not grow back it forms a scar and that area then doesn't doesn't help the pumping action so the pumping strength of your heart is then diminished and wouldn't it be amazing if we could actually transplant new muscle tissue into your heart to be able to fix that scar tissue to be able to fix the damage that would be great kiki but obviously that's beyond our ability to do that one day means oh right about now I don't know if these these it has not been shown that they can that this can be actually put into hearts yet but this is the step this is the next step so researchers have taken induced pluripotent stem cells these are biomedical engineers at Duke University and they published in nature communications this last week and their research takes these induced pluripotent stem cells to create a big patch of heart muscle they've been able to take they've been able to take these patches that could be implanted into the dead muscle potentially the patches act like normal heart muscle they conduct electrical activity electrical signals they contract they secrete enzymes and growth factors that could help with damaged tissue in the heart that hasn't even died yet but the big thing is getting patches of heart muscle that are big enough to be actually applied to the damaged human heart and to date nobody has been able to create a heart patch large enough which out with it just hasn't worked and so they say creating individual cardiac muscle cells now is pretty common place but people have been focused on growing miniature tissues for drug development scaling it up to this size is something that's never been done and it required a lot of engineering ingenuity they used all sorts of stem cells including cells derived from embryos and other ones that were actually like skin cells that were forced or induced into their pluripotent state and they were able to create cardiomyocytes which are those cells that are responsible for muscle contraction fiber blasts that are like the structural material endothelial and smooth muscle cells that form the blood vessels and they placed them all these cells they took them and they put them into the into a substrate that they call a jelly-like substance and at the right ratios and the cells all self-organized the cells talked to each other and self-organized to create a working system of muscle cells blood vessels and uh and and structural cells a functional fully functional patch uh one of the researchers says it turns out that rocking the samples to bathe and splash them to improve nutrient delivery is extremely important we obtained three to five times better results with rocking the cultures they they rock their cultures rock a by heart muscle yes um so anyway they have been able to create patches up to 16 square centimeters which is pretty big and there are several several cells thick so it's not just a single cell layer it's multiple cells working together and yes the idea next is to be able to uh to actually work in a human heart they have shown that these patches survive get vascularization get blood vessels and maintain the function that they had in the dish when they are implanted into mice and rat hearts so a person that would need this would they be essentially on the way out or would they still have decent heart function but things are going to be difficult for them yeah you would think somebody it would be uh they'd have decent heart function but it's less right um i mean maybe when this is first instituted because it'll be experimental at the very you know when they first start using these things um that it will be people where it's like okay this is kind of their heart there's too much damage and we really need to replace this for their hearts to continue to work um you know maybe so this this might be a a step you take instead of like attempting to do a heart replacement exactly yeah yeah instead of putting in a pacemaker instead of doing a heart replacement maybe you can just replace the dead tissue yeah that would be great yeah and could you imagine i mean the induced pluripotent stem cell um if you can take a person's skin take a skin sample use the stem cells and turn those into these induced pluripotent stem cells turn them into heart these heart cells you're not going to have to deal with a rejection issues because it's your own cells i cannot wait yeah the timing is amazing yeah until that's all it takes is you just have you're going to have a band-aid on from them taking a skin sample from you and you'll get your organ function back yeah yeah um the big the big question now i mean even though it's several cells thick heart muscle in humans is a lot thicker than that so it does need to have more vascularization it does need to have uh it it needs to be thicker they need to be able to do that but maybe it's more rocking right Blair more rocking more rocking i like my heart muscle rocked not stirred uh exactly uh uh yeah so maybe one day a patch for broken hearts got another story Justin oh uh what of course i believe you said something about fluffy dinosaurs and i want to hear about them fluffy what university of bristol ed study revealed new details about dinosaur feathers uh so we have birds which are descended from feathered dinosaurs uh one of the most famous is of course the velociraptor from drastic park one that went around and ate the most clever girl researchers examined high resolution uh high resolution exceptionally perverts preserved fossils of a crow-sized peruvian dinosaur named anchor anus anchor ank your anus anchor anus anky ornus anky ornus the feathers found around the body of the anky ornus known as contour feathers revealed an extinct primitive feather form consisting of short quill with long independent flexible barbs roughing from the quill at low angles to form two veins in a forked feather shape so not your your modern bird with its single row of feathers these are lots of sort of fuzzy bits coming off that aren't aren't like aren't quite quill like uh the observations were observations were made possible by decay processes that separated some of these feathers from the body prior to burial and fossilization making the structures of these individual little feathers between the feathers easier to interpret more visible these feathers would have given anky ornus a fluffy appearance relative to the streamlined bodies of modern flying birds whose feathers have tightly zipped veins forming continuous surfaces anky ornus unzipped feathers might have affected the animal's ability to control its temperature and repel water possibly being less effective than a modern bird feather the shaggy plumage would also have increased drag and anky ornus glided additionally the feathers on the wing lacked the aerodynamic asymmetrical quality of modern flight feathers this would have hindered the feathers ability to form a lift surface so to compensate paravins like anky ornus packed multiple rows of long feathers into the into the wing unlike modern birds where it was just that single row also they have basically four wings they have long feathers not just on the arms but on the legs as well right and elongated feathers forming on the fringe around the tail this increased surface area likely allowed gliding long before the evolution of powered flight uh it's also interesting out of all this previous depictions of paravins perching on tree limbs is out as well developed arms and claws were much better suited for climbing so this is this is a a climbing dinosaur looking fuzzy creature that could probably glide from limb to limb but likely wasn't doing a bunch of flapping and it had grasping claws yeah those grasping claws which uh which aren't aren't going to be so perchy they're not they're not really designed for perching those are those are climbers all right so this guy four limbed dinosaur modified for climbing gliding and staying warm with its nice fur coat yeah four winged and two feet they still had teeth two feet clod climbing the trees you do not want this gliding down on the tree tops to jump on your head cute i guess can we bring that one back if we get enough dna can we bring that one back Blair maybe how big was he it's raven size raven yeah yeah absolutely done maybe it was like the dinosaur version of the sloth like super slow super slow with its little claws and it used its gliding feathers for when it fell out of the tree i was like oh i guess i should glide down yeah i love that that was just like a parachute right it was just like a parachute yeah emergency only just like i'm falling i have to slow it down that's great that's totally possible and yeah let's bring one back and find out that's fine i mean sure i give up no more fighting no more fighting justin's gonna take a win on that one oh my goodness another way to take a win is oh don't give these muscles to the to the robots when the robots come to take over the world as they will someday don't give these new muscles so the robots researchers have created new artificial muscles that can be used in all sorts of applications potentially and this way that they have done it is they were inspired by origami inspired by origami they have created flexible muscles they don't they're not as rigid as designs have been before and they can be designed and fabricated manufactured at a low cost and very easily and it is they've created this fluid filled artificial muscle that has can be programmed for multiple degrees of freedom in its movement and that is actually potentially stronger than natural muscle in the way that it works they did they have done tests on this origami folded material it's a fluid filled design these fluid filled muscles actually produce greater contractile strength in some instances than natural muscle cells origami origami so sure so is this gonna be like some sort of running shoe knee brace combination that i can put on and run like 30 miles an hour right so maybe this is the kind of thing that's going to be integrated into the next big Nike Michael Jordan shoe actually makes you leap like five feet in the air yeah um but they are talking about potentially uh integrating this into exoskeleton designs to help make you stronger um these are biocompatible materials and so these could be used for medical applications wearable applications superhero suits that's super superhero suits everybody can be a superhero with super strength now leaping abilities and all kinds of stuff oh here it is and so they have uh they have an example of um turning the vacuum system on for this uh this artificial muscle and it can lift a car tire off the ground car tires are not light very strong i'm not that heavy either but how big how much material are they using i can't see in this uh yeah not too much material yeah not too much um but it can be 3d printed and folded and created fairly easily and it is a zigzag origami structure um that maybe allows the folding plates and the way that it stretches and works maybe gives it part of its strength yeah pretty interesting stuff so when the robots come hopefully they will not have this nice origami muscle no now we can all have it too now we can have it to help us play ping pong yeah or battle robots or battle the robots that's right i'm wrestling prehistoric women we're trying to wrestle all those uh those dinosaurs we let lose back in yeah try to just catch them again i need to put in my i need to put on my origami exoskeleton so that i can catch my dinosaurs hey blare yeah there's a there's a hole on our para avian net and um i don't see a lot of them okay let me suit up real quick i'm gonna suit up uh um too let's get into the quick stories at the end of the show i've got two kind of fun quick stories according to a new study that has come out on the genetics of new york city rats new york city rats there's like gentrified rats there's uptown rats and there's downtown rats midtown rats the rats across town from each other in new york city are not related i thought they wrote the subway they do they do but a researcher named matthew combs has he's a graduate student at fortum university and he has been trapping and sequencing the dna from brown rats that live in manhattan to put together a genetic profile of the population of rats in the city and they all have a pretty homogenous origin that basically these rats they came from western europe they probably came in about the 18th century when uh new york was a british colony they came in from great britain from france on ships and since then these came with the irish yeah and that's and that's who they are they're not a diverse they're not it maybe with the irish right during the potato famine who knows um but the these rats they have a homogenous beginning and they are not uh a diversified population these western european rats have they have held on to their territory and and not crossbred a lot so even further from that though the populations from different areas of town have diverged from each other even though they all come from that similar western european rat stock uptown rats and downtown rats are separated by midtown and so the midtown area you know what's going on there it's a commercial district and so there's no um no trash from people's garbage not if there's not a lot of houses there or backyards where rats get so there's no food or shelter in this commercial area and rats don't move very far in their lives they only need a couple of blocks to live in and so they just don't mix the uptown rats and the downtown rats they're like we don't know each other yeah this is uh this is a buffer of no no resources so why go that direction from from either perspective just to think you know 10 000 years from now they could be separate species they could be exactly if they continue along this along this trajectory it's very possible they could completely diverge because of this geographical barrier of midtown in new york city um and the researcher combs told the atlantic uh he said if you gave us a rat we could tell whether it came from the west village or the east village even they're actually unique little rat neighborhoods and the boundaries of the neighborhoods kind of fit with the human neighborhoods so they actually can drill it down to the distinctive nature of rat neighborhoods in new york city but the big difference is uptown and downtown there are neighborhood differences but uptown uptown rat always given no that's gonna stop right now but there's i also kind of wonder like if there's gonna be like an overlaying also like the economics of any given neighborhood uh right how much garbage is there do they have good garbage uh pickup or bad garbage pickup because how aggressive is the extermination efforts in a given neighborhood like all of these things are going to be kind of interesting to to layer on but uh and have uh affected yeah they've affected the population dynamics of the rat the brown rat in new york city who knew such a diverse city it's it's largely walkable too which is you know kind of amazing that these these rats aren't more homogenous than they are um something that's not homogenous are musical tastes and we do know that one uh ex-host of this week in science one of his favorite bands was rush who is that ted dunning he always used to rush i know he i know he liked rush all right well i i was trying to use i don't think it is i think it is maybe i'm thinking i'm pretty sure any who canadian researchers looking at some new bacteria that they came across these microbes uh have lots of flagella around their outer membranes so they look kind of hairy and furry and long-haired and a postdoc in this university of british columbia microbiology lab was looking for some good canadian music and uh senior author on the paper that came out patrick keeland he suggested that this post this postdoc listened to rush and then this post doc came back and said those microbes were finding have long hair like the guys on the album 2112 so now these little microbes not only do they have flagella flow long flowing flagellal hair they also have rhythm and they bob and sway to whatever the fluid is that surrounds them didi didi didi didi didi didi didi didi didi didi yes and so this new species pseudotryconinpha pseudotryconinpha has been uh has been named as pseudotryconinpha liii pseudotryconinpha life soni and pseudotryconinpha piertai after the musicians getty lee alex lifeson and neil piert pert pert piert pertai you know pert um so anyway yeah canadian rush band rush they do have some sciency songs natural science tom soyer closer to the heart right themes from science and literature and the microbe that's named after uh pert the drummer and lyricist has a special intracellular structure that has been never before seen in any bacteria they have called it the rotatusome the rotatusome and they have no idea what it does it rotates it rotates it spins and rotates inside the bacteria and they don't know what it does anyway sorry everyone on headphones about that what a rush uh yes well i know that uh the show might be coming to an end some people might be feeling a little sleepy or some people might have a lot of work ahead of themselves and they might be chugging the coffee i love my coffee well coffee is one of those things that might be in trouble due to that jerk climate change climate change take my coffee that's the last straw so the problem with coffee and climate change is that coffee originally grew in dense forests in between these tall trees but the coffee plant now in most of the places where it's grown in brazil vietnam columbia indonesia this coffee has been planted in areas where they clear cut first so they can maximize their space for the coffee plant the problem is that the coffee plant's actually getting sunburned essentially they're in too much sun and as the temperatures rise they're seeing a depletion in their yield in coffee with global warming coffee production in brazil will be dramatically reduced by perhaps 70 percent if it continues to be grown in full sun says dr benoit bertrand coffee expert at c i r a d um that is a uh coffee uh kind of organization in terms of the coffee growing and the coffee research and the future of coffee there's all sorts of regulations on that turns out and so uh with this potential loss in coffee yields because of full sun the best option is actually to grow crops in the shades of taller trees like they used to grow in timber fruit trees in agro forestry systems and it's really good for maintaining biodiversity it's good for soil it's good for um for minerals in the soil it's good to produce prevent erosion it actually reduces on pesticides and irrigation so there is a lot to be gained by doing agro forestry the main problem is that productivity is about 30 lower because you have space being taken up by trees that are not being taken up by coffee plants so in the short term it's easy for people to see that and go hmm i don't want to lose that 30 yield but this new study is very clearly saying a loss of 30 now saves 70 later so this is a beneficial agricultural method for all of these different reasons that now will be potentially a necessity to keep our coffee production up so prices will go up in the short term but it'll benefit everything in the long term because we won't lose as much coffee production overall if they make the shift right plus if in the long term people need less fertilizers less pesticides less man hours to keep all of these things healthy that could in the long term result in a in a lower price in the end as well so short term long term thing with climate change rearing its ugly head we have to start looking long term on agriculture so there is a solution here i'd say this is a very good result of this study we have a solution that is a win win win win win the one loss is that you will end up paying a little bit more for your coffee but it'll be there be there i don't want to lose my coffee so i'll take it i'll take it we need to start looking at these compensatory mechanisms that we can put in place for to fight against potential future losses yeah we got to work as a team people let's be a team to get ourselves coffee if we can't work as a team for the coffee what chance do we really have oh man we got to be a team i need my three to four cups of coffee a day it's good for my brain makes me happy it'll help me live longer come on you guys want me to live longer let's change this any more stories justin no i'm good you're good you are good you are great everyone out there i would love to say we have reached the end of another show thank you so much for joining us for another episode of this week in science everyone out there in the chat rooms hey thank you for joining us thanks for your comments thanks for for chatting and being a part of the conversation today and i hope that you are here again next week to fada brandon and identity for thank you so much for your assistance on a weekly basis so it you help keep this show going thank you and now it is time for me to thank our patreon sponsors this is the music that happens when i can't get things going fast enough thank you to a honey moss erin luthan adam mishkan alec dodie alex wiss andy grow arlene moss artyom benrothic vel cursey bob calder braxton howard brennan 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away you better just listen to what we say and if you learn anything from the words that we've said then please just remember it this week in science this week in science science science this week in science this week in science this week in science time to order your calendar yeah yes yes bleak i need to change the website so it doesn't say preorder and actually says order something else to add to the to-do list thank you i hadn't thought about that actually so thanks thanks for catching that i'll get it yes the twist calendar has dodos janiskew i always have an extinct animal i try to always have an extinct animal and in this one you have a cuttlefish too don't you i do it's a flamboyant cuttlefish it's my favorite flamboyant lampies a dodo and a flamboyant cuttlefish flamboyant it's very flamboyant yes and i i am not teaching my child to draw outside the lines he is drawing outside the lines he said he was coloring outside the lines over here on purpose so it was like wind was blowing the colors out of out of the numbers he said it was a he said it was very dynamic and the wind was blowing it that's why yeah whatever excuses that's fine he's creative at least it might not be able to get inside the lines but he's creative right good i'm happy with that that's great strength funny yes so the calendars they look awesome um my early tests show that colored pencils work great on the calendars um i have not yet tested with pens oh look i've got a sharpie marker right here what am i gonna do with the sharpie marker sharpie should work yeah sharpie sharpie if you want a color with sharpie this appears to work just fine what didn't work i haven't tried um crayons oh crayons gotta work crayons should work okay i have it should i haven't tried it yet oh look and it the sharpie's not smearing that's good sharpies are good what was smearing nothing i haven't tried yet i'm gonna look ballpoint pen i'm gonna try ballpoint pen ballpoint pen is fine yeah yeah i think it's that nice matte finish that they it's not a shiny shiny yeah if it was shiny last year i probably wouldn't even have had the idea to be honest to do a coloring thing yeah it was because it was matte last year and i was like oh i think i think ballpoint pens could work as well yes that's great good to know i was worried about the ballpoint kind of stuff you could probably even watercolor these calendars if you're into the watercolor painting i can't wait i want people to send us pictures of their calendars once they've colored them in i want to know what people are doing i want them tweeting at me their uh their their colorings every month and i will retweet everything yeah how'd you color it in what is it gonna look like i can't wait to see the creativity come out what's people gonna do what you gotta do good idea glitter glitter the cuttlefish must have glitter straight glitter glue my god glitter people will hate me if you start glitter gluing things glitter gets everywhere no the glitter glue though it's contained within the glue it is well until it dries and then it eventually starts shedding wasn't that a story recently that glitter is bad yeah it was what is that i haven't i just read the headline and went shh it's they're saying that um glitter is like an environmental disaster which is fair because it's tiny little shards of plastic so yeah you're just introducing tiny shards of plastic into the environment so environmentalists have been urging people to outlaw glitter which is not gonna happen but it would be cool if we could find some biodegradable glitter that would be great but there is some glitter that doesn't have that isn't plastic right or at least there's shiny stuff that's not a plat like there's a mineral there's like what is it pika or there's there is mineral shiny stuff that's used in makeup that's not micro plastics but yeah i i never thought that plaster that glitter was made out of plastic i always thought it was little tiny bits of metal interesting i didn't realize it was plastic yeah i don't know maybe the the mask glitter they're making now is mostly plastic but that didn't used to be the case yeah interesting maybe we shouldn't put um glitter into bath products yes that would be great that would be a good start yeah although a good glitter bomb no that can be very satisfying glitter bomb glitter bomb somebody glitter bombed marshal at one once there was glitter in our house for months i don't think i ever got it all the way out of the house you moved out and i think we brought some of that glitter with us all right we're moving grab your stuff we're going to a hotel gotta go gotta go oh i'm just don't mind me guys just scheduling some social media for the next few days i gotta i got a calendar post scheduled i got a zazzle store post scheduled i got a sketch fest let's get post scheduled i'll do it all again there's a sound i gotta turn that off got all sorts of things scheduled have you guys seen the peacocks the christ the holiday peacock spiders yes yes you guys i here i'm gonna start it over again hold on you haven't seen it there's christmas music that's playing but i can't play the christmas music right now but it's like if you could imagine fantastic want some cookies yes please these are for center so good it's so good so so good i love that they did that so good it really makes me very happy it actually was the first thing to actually get me in the mood for christmasy things i was like not ready because this year went by so fast i was like it cannot be christmas carolee time yet and i even though it was after thanksgiving i was like i'm not ready for this and then i saw that video and i was like okay i'm ready now okay it's okay okay he's all right yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah um let's see we had thanksgiving everybody have a good thanksgiving sure did still full well turkey because i had pie and then i had leftovers for the following right like four days and i was like gotta eat it all before it goes bad gotta eat it all my dad makes the stuffing once a year gotta eat it all and i was just full for like five days straight oh identity four yeah this year was annoying it's kind of good that it's going by faster than we expected that's true no alex just literally ate some leftover turkey you know if you have a freezer you can take things like stuffing and put them in the freezer and then don't go bad as quickly that's for quitters one year i had had so much leftovers so many leftovers this year we went to a family for thanksgiving so i don't have any leftovers in the house and but on a previous year i had thanksgiving at home here and i had all the leftovers and so i i was like i have so much stuffing leftover and i have so many oh my god what am i going to do with all these things and i actually tried to make like stuffing dumplings to make like a stuffed turkey soup with stuffing dumplings oh my gosh it just sounds really good it didn't quite work but it did kind of i had tried to mash them together i was like okay what can i do to make these dumplings stay together and yeah turkey soup i have a post thanksgiving tradition of going out and buying a lot of stuffing when it goes up like super sale it goes on sale yeah and then i then i have stuffing the rest of the year that's all i want yeah i think the thing i'm sad about is that i don't have a turkey to make soup with so yeah alex i can't make any soup with that carcass i want to make a nice bone broth yummy yummy yummy funny sentence well want to make a soup with that carcass i do boil it down with a bunch of vegetable butts make broth carcasses and butts huh that soup sounds delicious doesn't sound delicious so good i want to i want to but i can't maybe i have to make a turkey you guys want to get into my turkey i know the great time you guys want to come over this weekend i'm gonna have another turkey day so i can make soup i'll come over but i'm not gonna eat the turkey oh no i know but i'd love to come awesome awesome what is i thinking about oh uh we have to tell people about sf sketch fest on january 18th in san francisco got to start telling people about that so that people can put it on their calendars write it in your social media thingies blair and my social media thingies yeah tell people on social media multiple times yep yep i was i was hoping i was actually gonna look and see if there's like a facebook event for sketch fest that i could invite people to because then it'll pop up on their calendar yeah but you don't want them just to go to sketch fest you want them to go to the cal academy event yes yes that's what i was gonna see is if they had any we could i could i could make an event for us yeah maybe that's a good idea i will make an event on our twist facebook page and then you can share that how does that please i would love that great i will do that good good night fodder yes oh it might uh might exist hold on let me see here uh this was this year they haven't made it yet but they did make a facebook event last year for it that's specific to twist that's great i love that and we'll be able to update where we're at then also once we get our room assignment then we'll be able to put that in the facebook event and that'll be really handy yes yes yes we can do that sounds great i'm into it awesome i'll invite everyone i know and ask them to invite their friends yeah that sounds good i would like i like the start of this sentence we were invited back to um not the to that to the science festival that we did in baltimore in baltimore but uh no it was philadelphia oh that one philadelphia um why gabe that's who it was gabe there's an email gabe where's the email i'm gonna put some dates in your guys's heads for thinking so i can um i'm into it yeah well okay so potentially yeah so uh pasadena march 3rd and 4th they are doing oh yeah this young the young innovators fair and they are now calling it i5 live but i cannot do pasadena march 3rd and 4th because kai's birthday is the 4th and i'm also heading up a science communications conference here in portland march 1st and 2nd uh how come you didn't invite twist to that kiki i still might they maybe want to do this whole there's like this film festival i like the west coast thing too yes um yeah there's a fifth film festival that is being and your son will have other birthdays yeah but yeah no uh it's mostly it's the birthday and it's the conference and yeah no i'm not gonna put it all but it's not that's not gonna happen but we were invited um the second one is minneapolis minnesota november 10th and 11th that's you that's also when if baltimore's a thing that's right around when that would be a thing exactly and there's a third one that's austin texas november 17th and 18th so that's again that would only be the austin texas is closer to west coast so maybe austin's a great city wonderful i've sworn never to set foot in texas is one of my bucket list things um i swore never to again but i'd make an exception for austin yeah right and a science festival in austin it's like not even texas in my bucket list that doesn't even count justin by doing something to remove something from a bucket list is also yeah that might be worth it yes um yeah so austin texas i think would be the one that's the most likely but because it's not as far as minneapolis minnesota um it's november 17th and 18th of next year and if the baltimore thing happens it'll probably be two weeks prior to that which might be a little bit too much going on in the month of november but i'm into it so it depends on you know travel and vacation days and all that kind of stuff and what we're able what we're able to do but i'm just kind of throwing it out there i think maybe austin texas november 17th and 18th would be the possibility for us right that's cool they invented us back yeah they really like how we did they did and the uh the radio station pointed at us the first yes exactly look at that up i had it fine this time at first i was like did they do that on purpose are we not doing what they thought we were gonna do and they were like turn it up turn it up this nope that was just that was just accidental placement yeah it's okay uh november possibilities uh i also need to find out if we'll potentially be invited back for their baltimore festival and then we have to figure all that out um yeah i want to figure something out though where we do something here in portland yes please in 2018 i think that would be nice take me to portland yeah you need to you need come to portland 2018 both of you yes yeah 2018 twist comes to portland yeah and wouldn't it be awesome also i mean seriously san francisco davis how come we haven't been invited to do a live show in davis that's a good question oh wait a sec we're always because we're invited weekly we already do a show in davis we any week we want we can slip into ktvs studios that are regular i know they're regularly appointed time i don't know it's an open invite every week yeah identity you should come to portland sometime it is so close i should start doing science meetups we should make a meetup should come do it once a month gotta make it happen anyway lots of shoulda woulda coulda things that i'd like to do but then making the stuff you haven't done yet things i haven't done yet that's right things still to do that's right yes we will make things happen all right uh i don't have any other business except we have to actually start going over our stories from the last year and picking the stories it's good to think about it start thinking about it ahead of time so it doesn't become a last minute thing yeah i've got one yeah which is that uh that virus penetrating the body thing that's one a bacteria phase the bacteria phase the the the virus the the bacteria eating viruses that get pulled into the inner body by the body's existing mechanisms i don't remember any of my that's the only one i've got and i know there's a but that's because i have a short memory span and there's going to be a lot more once i start looking over this year i'm like oh that was this year i'm pretty excited with our um google sheets it's much easier i think it was wasn't it last year in like the second or third month of the year is when we moved to google sheets so i last year when we did our we've been doing this for a long time we've been doing google sheets for a long time okay well then whatever year it was that we moved to google sheets it's all blurred i remember having to try to do i lost the the login to the old show notes so i like had to go through the twist notes right yes i had to go through the twist twist notes on the twist website from the months before we started using google sheets but now using google sheets it's going to be a lot easier i think to go through and yep especially since everybody's show notes are in there every week it's really good yeah huh since everybody's show notes are in there every week look at them looking around why i was i'm it's every week i'm always the stories are there yeah that's what i'm saying they are there this year which is great when last year and the year before and then was there a year where i didn't do it i don't even remember so you guys um i found out i found out about this a new this device kai wants it for christmas um and i i've contacted reached out to the company to see if i can get a review model i'm going to talk with the the guy who runs the company next week and i'm thinking this could make a really fun bit for our sf sketch fits show okay it is muscle control like it you have um it records the muscular activity from one person so you can make somebody your puppet it sends that muscle activity to the other person so if you lift your arm they lift their arm oh my god i so want to do that yeah but i know right away i'm gonna wear i'm gonna be wearing very thick padded gloves so when i'm forced to slap myself continuously it will be less painful right this is maybe this will be like a step up from the shin kicks that would be fun that would be a fun that's great i love that couldn't it be so fun it'd be great if we had a baby chain him right oh yeah oh my gosh okay kiki i can't get the Blair so just so you know this is not for you this is for Blair pass it on she doesn't do it then i'm like i gotta do it again tell you and then she sends it to you and then you see you you can actually send direct to me and then that seems dangerous that sounds like a blast and i'm like yep like why do you have two black eyes uh you should have gone to sketch fest then you'd know you'd know you would know why yeah we have to step it up because this was a higher use category oh oh yeah no here's what here's what it is here's here's what we try to do one of us is controlling the others move our movements right and while well the one doing the controlling has no glass in front of them the person that we're controlling has a glass of water in front of them or why or whatever it happens to be and attempts to pick up and coordinate a drinking activity oh my god that sounds amazing doesn't that sound totally great just let me know and i'll bring um i'll bring some smocks yeah exactly so you don't spill wine all over yourself yeah yes identity identity force as this reminds me of the white rabbit project and that's where the inspiration is has come from because kai was into the white rabbit project and that's where i found out about this wonderful device and this company and yes so we're gonna see if we can do our own experiments um and blare he the uh greg who runs the company uh he said they've also been doing some plant experiments and i'll send you the link he did a ted talk on electrical uh stimulation of plants that's amazing and he said when he was doing research for his talk he came across the video that we made about oh yeah plants yes and they're actually he said he's skeptical of the results of that test and so he and his research fellows this summer are going to be trying to replicate the study and so they're really yeah they're going to be trying to do that mimosa plant study again but what they've been what he does in his his ted talk is um there i can find find that link in his ted talk he takes a mimosa plant and shows that when you he hooks this plant up to electrodes and shows that you can like smack the leaves of the most mimosa plant and there's like an action potential that goes through the plant and then he has a venus flytrap and shows that when you trigger the little hairs on the inside of the venus flytrap that that also triggers an action potential and you have to have a certain number of action potentials within a certain time frame for the venus flytrap to close wow and so then he puts the mimosa plant together with the venus flytrap and records the activity from i think it was the um i think it was the which one did he do one one way or the other i don't remember which way but he records the activity from stimulating one plant and then sends that action potential to the other plant so it was cross species plant electrical activation basically stimulating the mimosa plant to close up triggered the venus flytrap to snap shut or vice versa i don't remember what it was exactly but they were able to do like this this human puppet thing but in plants wow that is rad and so cool right that is so awesome i love that yeah that's that's pretty darn cool i feel like i'm part of the scientific process right now yeah i love that yeah so i'm excited i'm gonna i'm hopefully we'll hopefully we'll be able to get a review model and be able to use it maybe for the sf sketchfest show which would be so fun to put it into our into our show and then additionally i'd love to get greg on the show to talk about what what he does and is what his company's doing and his tent talks and all that kind of stuff because i think that would be really fun that is so cool right it is so cool i'm kind of excited about this kind of well i'm excited i'm gonna talk to him you know next wednesday i'll let you know how the conversation goes they're gonna let us do give us many projects you know what they also have this company they also have a a setup so that you can actually turn a cockroach into a robot and remote control a cockroach do they suggest how to pre procure your cockroach i don't know about that like i wonder if the kit for yeah i bet the kits for like a madagascar hissing cockroach and it's not for like your garden cockroach that might be running through your house yeah run of the mill garden cockroach or just an everyday davis outdoor cockroach uh that you might see in the east davis sidewalks it's pretty girthy it's pretty good size i don't know this madagascar cockroach size it's not it's not madagascar hissing cockroach size but it's you would look at it and think it was a large beetle before you thought it was a tiny little cockroach right um yeah i want to say madagascar hissing cockroaches they're they're raised for the pet trade they're really they're really common they're usually between like three and ten dollars but i wonder i wonder what their status is invasive species well i don't think they're invasive i think they die pretty easily if they're not in a really warm really moist environment but okay so so hang on i'm sorry i don't mean to interrupt but i gotta do it so so in our priming setup for if if we could get everything that we wanted to do we could start off with a demonstration of how to control a cockroach at sketch fest and demonstrate moving a cockroach left right and and then speculate that this could lead to a technology where you'd be able to do this in humans and then demonstrate that that's already been done and watch i can make your arm go up and down right like it'll be kind of fun to like do the like and in the future this could even happen to humans and then do it right there because this is this is like what i love about what we do on the show sometimes in our teasers which happened a couple times tonight already which is where like we tease out a story like oh here's this huge problem that has no solution and then we're like oh but that's i know that the fact that you're saying that means you're about to tell me about a story where we've solved this problem or done something amazing about it yeah and it's like we could actually recreate that by first showing control of a cockroach and then immediately after showing control of a human well i don't think uh the cal academy will let us bring in a cockroach right it's an az a facility so it's quarantine association zoos and aquariums there's gotta be a way to bring in a a remote controlled cockroach they may have a control if it was fine if it was in a very clear like containment you could certainly ask but i'm saying that you'd have to get special you'd have to get special um which we could because we have a phd scientist on our staff who could sure justin you definitely know more about it than i do i know i don't but that's why sometimes you can get more things done by not knowing that you can't be doing it by doing it and then being like i thought this was doable and then just assuming that you can't do something with that said i have a i have a fudge that i think is is i have to go and pull from the freezer because it wasn't really supposed to be in the freezer like i messed up in the freezer that was a weird sentence to hear unfold i had no that was quite the yikes i was not sure where any of that was good i got a bunch of issues or something where my soft boil of the sugar and the butter and the milk uh i don't i think i might have overdone it or underdone it or had too much milk or it didn't evaporate it well you're supposed to use evaporated milk first of all which i didn't have so i tried to evaporate milk by boiling it for a while any anywho uh it didn't solidify quite like it should so i figured i'd throw it in the freezer before baking it and i think it's time to go and try the baking i think it's just ruined that's what it is i hope it's not ruined so somebody say good night justin yeah good night justin good night kiki good night flair good night all right you guys thanks so much for watching i think that we're out this is our our combos out we'll see you next week catch us on the social medias between then and now i hope you're justin your your fudge isn't ruined have a good night everyone happy science thanks for watching i hit the button