 The topic of this module is titled as YANRAS. YANRAS has come from French and it means kind or type. Any type of communication in any mode, written, spoken, digital, visual, that is done by following certain social norms. That is called YANRAS and most commonly the kinds of texts oral and written is called YANRAS. This topic is in fact related with our previous module on frames. In frames we said that speech events have a structure, a sequence. If we add something more to that sequence, it would become YANRAS. Let's see there. Speech events use YANRAS. YANRAS are text types. They can be oral, like interview, speech, lecture. They can be written, novel, short story, editorial. They can be digital, like tweets, etc. Every YANRAS has typical content. We know editorial would have editors point of view on some very important issue, that is its content. That editorial has some structure, sequence, frame. And thirdly, editorial language would be different from other parts of the newspaper. It would be different for example from a news report, from a sport news. So when we combine these three things, content, information, structure and language, that is typically used in a text, we call it YANRAS. For example, for more examples, let's see the content of a story is events. In a story we have events. It has beginning, now this is its structure, middle and end. It is told in past tense. There are contractions, there are dialogues. So all these are language features which are typically part of a story. So story is a YANRAS. The choice of language that is also called style, it is conscious always. Definitely to meet our purpose, keeping in view our audience, who will be our reader, who will be our listener. So we choose language accordingly. So this choice of language is restricted by the aims of the storyteller, as I have told you. Whether we want to entertain, whether we want to explain, whether we want to describe something. And expectations of the listener are audience. Audience, this term is used both for our reader and listener. So what are his or her expectations? His or her expectations can be read in this text. Because this is editorial, I would get information, I would get editor's opinion. His or her reflections on certain current bonding issue. This is her expectations. So keeping in view aims and expectations, you would make choice of your language in a genre. Ather's ideology, second thing, affects what he or she says and how says it. And if you talk about gender ideology, definitely what you will say and how you will present it, that would also be affected. Every culture has specific genres. Women, for example, if we talk about women mourning, especially their lamentations, when they weep, when they wail, for example, all that they do on funerals, especially, that is lamentations. So they are very common in Indian and Pakistani culture, but they are rare, rather they are almost absent from European culture. So lamentation is a genre. The genres are also culture specific. The genres are influenced by ideology. Choice of language in genre is influenced by aims and expectations. These are the things which are related with genre, which can help us to understand genre. Same genre can come in different events. For example, somebody introduces some topic, especially you see in Ramzan telecast these days, when they start intro, they present some story that may be even personal short story. Same thing we see in panel discussion, a panelist may use some story, personal or otherwise, if he has read somewhere, to support his or her argument. So again, in argument you have story, in introduction you have story, in speeches most speakers take support of anecdotes, folklore and stories, etc. Yandras are not equally available to men and women in speech events. This is where you can see it from the lens of agenda. Women cannot use, for example, dirty jokes in public. Men cannot sing marriage songs, this is not available to them. Most novelists are women. And what about men? Men go for poetry and dramas. So some Yandras are dominated by men and some by women, because they are available on the basis of gender. Even the value of Yandras is gender, which Yandra is important, which is less important. It depends on whose Yandra is it. Novel, for example, is considered less demanding than poetry and playwriting. This is considered as less intellectual activity, and those who think that women are less intellectual than men, they say that they are for women. Now, we conclude that speech events are related with situations. Situations are related with Yandras and Yandras are maybe related with gender.