 Abstract electrical stimulation has been used as a therapeutic approach for various diseases and conditions. It is also an alternative treatment option for patients who are resistant to drugs or are not eligible for surgery. Researchers have been studying how to adjust the parameters for electrical stimulation in order to improve its effectiveness. Many patients have already received treatments with electrical stimulation. Recent studies focus on developing reliable devices for safe and long-term operation. Engineers must understand how electrical stimulation modifies the biological system in order to develop advanced strategies that produce effective therapeutic results. The fundamental mechanisms for delivering electrical stimulation on biological tissues are reviewed, along with the requirements that must be met by the electrodes. The latest advancements in electrical stimulation devices are discussed, followed by an introduction of representative applications of therapeutic electrical stimulation. This article was authored by NG Kim, Sumin Kim, Yong Won Kwon and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.