 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panini and Grammar. We continue in this lecture to study Ach Sandhi, namely the Vauban Sandhi. We have studied that the Ach Sandhi can be broadly classified into two categories. The first one being Ekasthanika Ekadesha. What this means is that there is one sthani, Ekasthani and one substitute, Ekadesha. One substituent and one substitute, Ekasthanika Ekadesha in a given environment. And the second category is Dvisthanika Ekadesha, one substitute in place of two substituents. We shall deal with this little later. Right now we are concentrating and studying on the first category Ekasthanika Ekadesha. And we noted that there are two instances that are classified under this category. The first one is Jan Sandhi and the second one is Ayavayava Sandhi, out of which we have already studied Jan Sandhi in detail together with the Sutra Ekoyanaji. Now we are studying the second instance of this category, namely Ayavayava Sandhi. To put it diagrammatically, the Ach Sandhi stated by the Sutras from 6172 onwards up to 6183, they can be described in the following manner. If you have A plus B as the input, which means that B comes immediately after A. In the environment of this B, A is substituted by C. A is the substituent, C is the substitute, A is the A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output, Ekasthani Ekadesha, Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This is what this diagram represents. Now we studied Ayavayava Sandhi and the Sutra prescribing this particular Sandhi, H-O-Yavayavaha 6178. We studied this Sutra in detail, we also introduced the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and studied the Sutra, Anudit Savarnasya Chaapratayaha in this context. Now we are looking at the examples of this particular Sandhi. The Sutra is H-O-Yavayavaha in which H-Aha is in 6th case of H, thereby meaning in place of H, Ayavayavaha is 1 slash 3 of Ayavayav, H is a Pratyahara which covers the Sutras 4 and 5 and so it represents the sounds A-O, I and A-O. Ayavayava has got four elements Ayavaya and Ava. Now in this lecture we studied the examples in detail. We have already studied the application of Anudit Savarnasya Chaapratayaha and so the environment being achh stands for the homogeneous sounds of the achh. And so we have the following templates of examples mentioned on the slide. So you have A plus A and the output after the application of 6178 is Ayya plus A. Here we are showing the Ekasthani in the red ink and the Ekadesha in the blue ink in the environment of A. Similarly we have A followed by A. In the environment of A, A gets substituted by Ayya and so A plus A is the input and by the application of 6178 the output we get is Ayya plus A. Similarly A plus E is the input and after the application of 6178 the output is Ayya plus E. Similarly we have A plus long E as the input and the output after the application of 6178 is Ayya plus E. Similarly A plus O is the input and after the application of 6178 we get the output namely Ayya plus O. Then we have A plus long O and the output is Ayya plus long O. Similarly we have A plus Ru being the input and after the application of 6178 we get Ayya plus Ru. A plus long Ru is the input that means in the environment of long Ru coming immediately after A gets substituted by Ayya and so the output after the application of 6178 is Ayya plus long Ru. Then we have A plus Lu as the input and Ayya plus Lu is the output. Interestingly we have A plus A as the input and the output is Ayya plus A. Similarly A plus O is the input and the output is Ayya plus O. Similarly A plus I being the input and the output is Ayya plus I and finally we have A plus O as the input 6178 applies and the output generated is Ayya plus O. In the environment of O coming immediately after A is substituted by Ayya. This is what is the meaning of the sutra icho yabai avaha and can be explained through these template examples. Now we shall take each one of them each one of these templates and try to understand the concrete examples where Ayya yabai avaha Sandhi takes place. Let us take for instance at the beginning the case where A is immediately followed by a. This is the scope of application of icho yabai avaha because the conditions are fulfilled a is an H and this H is coming immediately after H namely A over here and so icho yabai avaha its conditions having been fulfilled applies over here and then the output generated is Ayya plus O. A is replaced by Ayya O being the right hand side environment remaining unchanged. So the substituent here is shown in the red ink and the substitute is shown in the blue ink. Let us look at the concrete examples. We have Hare plus us we have one three of the word Hari. Hari hi, Hari, Harayaha, Prathama. We are deriving Harayaha. So we take the form Hari and then there is some other operation that takes place which substitutes A in place of E and so this is in fact an intermediary stage. We had Hari plus us as the first stage and then Hari becomes Hare, Hare plus us and then this is the condition of icho yabai avaha conditions being fulfilled. Icho yabai avaha applies and the output generated is Hare plus us, Hare yes, Harayaha, one slash three of Hari. Then we have another verbal form where we have the verbal root G followed by the suffixes a and t. Once again this is an intermediary stage where we derive the form jaya t. Now G plus a plus t and this G is substituted by J, E is substituted by A and after that the conditions for icho yabai avaha are fulfilled. So 6, 1, 7, 8 icho yabai avaha applies and generates the output namely J plus a plus t. So this A gets substituted by Aya. So Jaya plus a plus t that is Jaya t. Both these examples contain square brackets and all the elements within those brackets. Even this example is of the same kind. We have say plus a. Say is somebody who is with E. E is the son of Vishnu. So somebody who is with him is called say. This is the prathipadika ending in A in masculine. We do not have other very popular masculine words ending in A which can be cited over here. So this is an artificial example taken from the text called vayakarana siddhanta kavmudi. So we have say and now we are deriving the instrumental singular of say. So we have a, the suffix stated over here. A plus a, this a also stands for long a. So that is why this comes in over here. Now icho yabai avaha its conditions are fulfilled. So it applies and the output generated is say plus a say a. This is the instrumental singular of say. Now in all these three cases all the elements were part of the square brackets. Now next we have example where a comes at the end of a padha. When the second padha, the next padha begins with avaval. So vartate asha. This is a separate padha. This is another separate padha. At the end of this padha comes a. At the beginning of this padha comes a. And so there icho yabai avaha applies and we get the output vartate plus asha. This a is substituted by a. Vartate plus asha. We join it together and get vartate asha or by the application of some other rule which we shall study in the Visargasandhi section we get the form vartate asha. These are the examples of a plus a. Now we have a plus e being the input and i a plus e is the output. So we have once again the initial two examples where both the words are in the same bracket. This is a compound. The earlier case was that of one padha. So one the padha being generated. Now this is a compound. So samhita is obligatory. These two words are uttered in close proximity and so sandhi has to happen. There is no optionality available. And so we have say which is once again an artificial form and after that the word ishta occurs. So we have a followed by e which is an h. So conditions for the application of h o a bai avaha are fulfilled and so h o a bai avaha 6178 applies and generates the output in the form of saia plus ishta which when joined together becomes saishhta. Similarly saia plus ishvara another compound and a is followed by h in the form of long e and so we get 6178 to apply and the output generated is saia plus ishvara that is saishvara. Now the next two examples are such that a occurs at the end of the padha and e occurs at the beginning of the subsequent padha. Labhate ishtam. Labhate is the active third person singular or pratham purush ekavachana of the verbal root labha to obtain. Labhate ishtam. So now in this case a is followed immediately by e and so 6178 applies and generates the output labhata a becomes aya and ishtam and by the application of another rule which we shall study in the Visargasa in this section we get the optional form labhata ishtam here gets dropped. Similarly vartate ishvaraha. Here again a comes at the end of the padha and e comes at the beginning of the subsequent padha and so 6178 applies this a is substituted by aya and so we have vartate ishvaraha and by the application of the optional rule this aya gets dropped or deleted and we get the forms vartate ishvaraha as well. Now we have examples of a plus u and the output is aya plus u. Once again we take recourse to the artificial word say and if this is the compound say plus ukta and 6178 applies and the output generated is say plus ukta sayukta. Similarly say plus udha where long u comes in say plus udha and 6178 applies and the output generated is say plus udha that is sayudha. Both these examples they are the examples of a compound which means that both the words are part of one bracket. When there are two words a comes at the end of the first word and u comes at the beginning of the second word then what happens even there ishvaraha applies. So we have vartate plus upari and a occurs at the end of this padha u occurs at the beginning of this padha and so there is a condition for hioi avaha fulfilled so it gets applied and you get the output vartatayya upari and vartata upari as an optional form. Similarly vartate udha and you have the same conditions with long u at the beginning of the next word and so you get the sutra 6178 applying and vartatayya udha that is the output generated and by the application of another rule you get vartata udha as the optional output. Similarly you have now a plus ru as the input and a plus ru as the output. So you have say plus rashi say is once again an artificial example and this is a compound so you have say plus rashi 6178 applies this a is substituted by aya so you have say a plus rashi say rashi. Now if we take the examples of two padhas we have vartate plus rashi a comes at the end of this padha followed by ru at the beginning of this second padha and so 6178 applies and the output generated is vartatayya plus rashi and so vartata rashi that is the optional form generated. Now we have vartate plus ru karaha long ru vartate plus ru karaha once again this is an artificial example nonetheless if a is followed by ru and a appears at the end of the padha ru appears at the beginning of the next padha hoy avaha applies and the output generated is vartataya plus ru karaha and the optional output is also generated by the application of another rule. Then we have examples of a followed by lu and the output generated is aya plus lu so we have say plus lu kar once again this is a compound and so we have the output generated say a plus lu kar say lu kar and now at the end of the padha you have vartate plus lu karaha and 6178 applies and the output generated is vartatayya lu karaha or vartata lu karaha. Now you have a followed by a and the output generated is aya followed by a so you have say plus a say once again is an artificial form say plus a and you have hoy avaha applying and the output generated is say a plus a and you get the form say a similarly haray plus a when you are deriving the 4 slash 1 native singular of the word hari here is how the derivation goes on so you have hari plus a then hari it is substituted by haray e is substituted by a so you have a followed by a and then you have hoy avaha applying and so the output generated is haraya plus a where a is substituted by aya and then you get the form haray e similarly now these two examples they this one is the example of the native singular this is also an example of native singular which means within one padha so samhita is obligatory now if we have a coming at the end of the padha and another a coming at the beginning of the next padha then this is the output so nivartata plus asana and you have nivartata a plus asana and this year gets dropped by optionally by another rule and so we get nivartata asana as the output now we have a plus o as input and the output generated is aya plus o so we have say plus os now we are deriving the genitive and locative dual of these forms say and rama so say plus os and we have 6178 applying and the output generated is say a plus os a is substituted by aya sayo plus os sayos sayoho when we derive the genitive and locative dual of rama we have this stage in the derivation which is an intermediary stage rame plus os so rama plus os is the first step then we have rame or becoming a by the sutra stated in the ashtadhyayi so we have rame plus os and then 6178 applies and a is substituted by aya so we have the output rama plus os rama os and rama yoho now at the end of the padha when we have vartata plus ojaha plaster ojaha vartata plus ojaha here we have 6178 applying and this a coming at the end of the padha is substituted by aya and we have vartata a plus ojaha and vartata ojaha will be the optional derived output by the application of the other rule now we have next a plus i as input and aya plus i as the output so we have a compound say plus aya unity with this say say plus aya so a is substituted by aya by the application of 6178 and so we get the form say a plus aya say aya here at the end of the padha we have vartata plus ojaha vartata plus ojaha and a coming at the end of the padha i coming at the beginning of the next padha ojaha applies and a is substituted by aya so we have vartata plus ojaha and vartata ojaha and lastly we have a followed by o and a is substituted by aya and we have the output aya plus o here are the examples say plus aushadha this is a compound and so we have a substituted by aya so we have the output say a plus aushadha say aushadha when this a comes at the end of the padha we have the example vartata plus ojaha where a is at the end of the padha followed by o at the beginning of the padha so 6178 applies and we get the output vartata plus ojaha and by the application of another rule we get vartata ojaha as the optional output these are the examples where a a which is part of h is substituted by aya now let us study the examples where o is substituted by ava and these are the template examples where you have o followed by a is substituted by ava followed by a o followed by a is substituted by ava followed by a then we have o followed by e and the output generated is ava followed by e our substituting o then we have o followed by e and the output is ava followed by e input is o followed by o and the output is ava followed by o similarly o followed by long o is the input and the application of 6178 generates ava followed by long o as the output similarly o followed by ru and the output is ava followed by ru o followed by long ru and the output is ava followed by long ru input is o followed by lu and the output is ava followed by lu o followed by a is the input and the output is ava followed by a o followed by o being the input 6178 applies and O followed by O is the output, O followed by I is the input, 6178 applies and O followed by I is the output, O followed by O is the input, 6178 applies and O followed by O is the output that is generated. Let us look at the concrete examples of these templates. First we have O followed by O and the substitute is O and the output is O followed by O. So, we have Bhanu plus us, we are deriving the 1 slash 3 of the word Bhanu. So, Bhanu plus us and we have the intermediary stage Bhanu plus us where O is followed by O. So, H O Y Y Y applies and Bhanu plus us is the output where O is substituted by Av and then we get Bhanu us and Bhanu vah. Similarly, we have now Bhavati in which we have Bhu plus or plus T and then Bhu becomes Bhho by the application of other rule in the Ashtadhyayi and now at this stage Bhu plus or plus T H O Y Y applies and O is substituted by Av. So, the output generated is Bhava plus or plus T and so you get the form Bhavati. Similarly, you have Go plus R, Go is the word ending in O and if we are deriving the instrumental singular of Go, we have Go followed by R, R is represented by O. So, we have examples of R as well. So, O followed by R 6178 applies and the output generated is Gava plus R that is Gava. Then we have O followed by E and the output is our followed by E. So, we have Bhanu plus Iti where O is at the end of the Pada followed by E which is an H at the beginning of another Pada and here we have O being substituted by Av and we have Bhanu plus Iti and we get the form Bhanaviti. Then we have Smrutu plus Ishwara. O means Shambhu. Smrutu is remembered. So, some person for whom Shambhu is remembered that means somebody is remembering Shiva. That person is called Smrutu, a word ending in O and we have Smrutu plus Ishwara. So, H O Y Y Ava applies and Smrutu plus Ishwara that is the output generated. Then we have O plus U and the output generated is Ava plus U. Once again we have all artificial examples where we have Smrutu plus Uktah. Everything is stated by this Smrutu. 6178 applies and the output generated is Smrutu plus Uktah. Similarly, Smrutu plus Udha beginning with long U and 6178 applies and the output generated is Smrutu plus Udha. Then we have O plus Rhu as the input and the output generated is Ava plus Rhu. Once again we have artificial examples Smrutu plus Rishi and this is the compound. So, 6178 applies and O is substituted by Ava and the output generated is Smrutu plus Rishi. Once again we have Smrutu followed by Rukara and now we have Smrutu plus Rukara and so we get this output by the application of 6178. Then we have O followed by Lu, Smrutu plus Rukara this is the compound and so Samhita is obligatory and in this case 6178 applies O is substituted by Ava. So, we get the output Smrutu plus Rukara and this is by the application of 6178. Then we have O followed by A being the input 6178 applies and Ava followed by A is the output. So, we have Go plus A. This is the dative singular form that we are deriving Go followed by A and in this case 6178 applies and we get Gava plus A as the output and Gave is the desired form that is generated. Then we have O followed by O being the input and Ava followed by O is the output. So, we are deriving the 6 slash 2 and 7 slash 2 generative and locative dual of Go. So, we have Go followed by Os and so 6178 applies and O is substituted by Ava. So, the output generated is Gava plus Os, Gavos and Gavoho. Then we have O followed by I and the output generated is Ava followed by I. Once again this is the compounds Smrutu is an artificial word Smrutu plus Ike, unity with Smrutu and 6178 applies and the output generated is Smrutu plus Ike. Then when we derive the imperative form of the verbal root Chi, we have this intermediary stage where we have Chino plus I. This is the first person singular and then this O becomes Ava. So, 6178 applies and we have Chino plus I, Chino y as the output. Then we have O followed by O, Smrutu plus Aushadha as a compound. 6178 applies, O is substituted by Ava and the output generated is Smrutu plus Aushadha. To summarize what we have studied so far, we studied the examples of 6178 in detail. We focused on two vowels namely A and O and we took as many examples as possible. Many of the examples are artificial but there is no other way in giving these examples. These examples act in different environments where the substituents and the environment is inside a paddha or in between two paddhas. Now, in order to understand this Sutra completely, we need to study the examples where I and O are the vowels which are substituents and the substitutes are I and O respectively and we shall do this in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.