 In this presentation, we're going to take a closer look at external business expansion, which includes things like mergers and business combinations. Get ready to act because it's time to account with advanced financial accounting. Before we move into the external expansion, you want to give a review and keep your mind on what our focus is. We're talking about a business that is expanding. When we think of it about expansion, we can break that expansion into internal and external expansion. We have a business expanding into new areas, new segments. We can think of it as an internal or external expansion. In a prior presentation, we talked a little bit more on the internal expansion, in which case you might have a situation where a parent creates a subsidiary or a parent basically just creates another division possibly and expands in that format. Now we're going to be going to the external expansion, in which case we're talking about two entities. We have two separate legal entities that in some or two separate entities in some case in some way, shape, or form are coming together. Now we're going to have an expansion where we have an external expansion. If we're thinking about this from the standpoint of one company, we're thinking about ourselves as one company and we are expanding, then we're thinking about the expansion externally that we are going to be combining in some way, shape, or form with another company. Now the format and form in which that combination can take place can be various. We can have various forms of that combination. It could result in a parent subsidiary type of relationship or it could result in the parent basically consuming another company and bringing them into the overarching parent company. So let's talk more about that's what we're focusing in on here, that type of external expansion with two separate entities that are somehow coming together. So we have the term business combinations. So when you think about the term business combinations, you're typically thinking of the external kind of expansion. So business combinations, acquiring or combining with other companies resulting in new areas, a product and or new locations. That's the concept of the business combinations happens when an acquiring organization obtains control of one or more businesses. So that's going to be a key term. Of course, when we talk about business combinations, is this concept of controls, especially if we have separate legal entities, obviously if one entity is consumed by the other and is now part of the one legal entity, then there's clearly a control situation because that that other league entity that was separate at one point is now legally consumed or owned by one entity. No question about control typically in that type of situation. Where do we have questions about control? When we have two entities that are still separate legal entities, there's still separate corporations and again, I would think about them as kind of like people in some ways that in that the corporations have have rights or some kind of obligations that are granted to them that are typically only granted to people such as the right to own assets and be obligated by liabilities and therefore have to pay taxes separately and file their own tax returns and whatnot. So if you talk about these separate entities that have kind of a separate legal structure, separate entities, responsibilities that almost are assigned to people and one has control over the other, that's where you get the more complex type of relationship, especially if the control is not complete control. In other words, if you're talking about a situation where one entity doesn't own 100% of the stock of the other, but has a controlling interest, which generally would be over the 50%. So control the ability direct to direct policies and management. So what is control? That's the ability. So if one company, obviously when we're thinking about the concept of control, you can think about it from an investment standpoint, if you have ownership in stocks of a corporation, you are typically are technically the owner of that corporation. However, you exercise very little control over it if the percentage of ownership is very small with regards to the corporation. However, as your percentage ownership goes up, then you are, you have more exercise of control or you have more control over what the corporation does how because you have control over the management in some cases and in terms of the voting for, you know, the management of the organization, if you have over 50% control, then then you have control over in essence management and have a lot of influence over, over the corporation in essence, right? So control methods. So the typical kind of concept of control, what does control mean? It typically you can think of it generally almost most of the time or almost all the time is having over 50% of the outstanding voting stock. So again, if you're talking about an entity, if you're talking about two entities and one entity basically consumes the other one, then, and they're no longer two separate legal entities, then there's no question of control what there's they've been merged together and there's no real question. If you talk about two separate legal entity still, the two separate corporations, then the concept is 51 50% over 50%. So in other words, in your mind, when does, when does control being hit? It hits that 51% and above of the outstanding stock. So if one company owns 51% of, of the stock of another company, you would think unless there's some other extraneous circumstances that they would have a controlling interest in it and they could have less than that in some cases where there might be some other reasons why they have a controlling interest. But your mind is basically saying, yeah, anything above 51% of one entity owning the outstanding stock of another would mean they have controlling interest. Because obviously they have the voting power to vote in whoever they want in terms of the management of the organization, the management having the power to control the policies of the organization. So over 51% you're thinking control. That means that if they own 80%, clearly they're going to be in a control situation and obviously if they own 100% control situation and obviously if one company was consumed by the other and they're no longer separate legal entities, then that kind of combination would mean that one company obviously has control over what used to be a separate legal entity. Use of contractual agreements and financial arrangements. So it is possible note to have a situation where you have less than 50%. If there's some kind of contractual arrangement or something like that, that basically gives the parent company or the one company a controlling interest, even though they don't have the 51%, which would typically be the case for controlling interest. So if you have a question on it in terms of a test question, is it possible to have less than 50% and still have a controlling interest? Yes, if you have some other kind of arrangements that give you that basically controlling power through some kind of agreements or financial agreements or arrangements, but the general rule would be over the 51%. Okay, a merger. Two companies are merged into a single entity. So when you think about the type of business combination, you were typically thinking about basically a merger or a controlling ownership type of situation. So a merger would basically mean you had two separate entities. They've merged together. In essence, one entity consumed the other entity. They were two entities. They've been consumed. The other entity has basically been dissolved or dissolved into the one entity. So the larger entity typically has consumed, in essence, the smaller entity generally with regards to a merger. So two companies are merged into a single entity. So for legal entities, the types, like there's only one corporation at the end of the merger where there used to be two basically corporations or whatever type of legal entity that they had prior to that. Acquired businesses, assets and liabilities are combined with the assets and liabilities of the acquiring company. So from an accounting standpoint, what's that going to look like? Well, you had assets and liabilities on the separate legal entity. You had assets and liabilities of the of the controlling or parents or the company that's going to be merged, that the other company's going to be merged into. And you're basically thinking, of course, that those assets and liabilities of the once separate legal entity are now going to be merged into the financial statements of what is now the controlling or the one legal entity that will be remaining. So that will obviously be a difficult process for the merger process to take place to the accounting relating to the consumption of the assets and liabilities into one set of books. However, after that takes place, the accounting is going to be a little bit more straightforward than other types of legal entities to some degree, because we don't have to think about two separate sets of books that need to be combined together in the future. We now, after the merger point, have one set of books. We have a combined entity. So from an accounting standpoint, once the merger has taken place, you would think from a from just a logistic standpoint, it'd be a little bit easier to consider other. The other type of format would be a controlling ownership. So that's a combination where the acquired company remains as a separate legal entity. So we had two separate legal entities before they're combining together. However, they're not being merged. The bigger company is not completely consuming the other company, but they are going to have a controlling interest in the other country company and the other company is going to have a, the larger company is going to have a controlling interest, typically the larger company having a controlling interest of the smaller company. So that's going to be a situation that's a little bit, it's going to be difficult to put them together to format the structure of the parent subsidiary relationship and also the accounting going forward, we're going to have to think about, well, how are we going to deal with that? Because if there's 100% ownership, then you'd think you might want to combine the financial statements or something like that to show the controlling interest. But what if there's a 50% ownership so you can see it could be a little bit complex, more complex from an accounting standpoint to think about how we can report in a transparent way, a situation where we have two separate legal entities that are basically have a controlling interest in one or another, which may or may not be exactly on that 100% controlling interest. So the acquiring company has a majority of its common stock owned by the purchasing company. So we would think then of the purchasing company, then obviously being the one that's usually the larger company that's purchasing or somehow getting a controlling interest more than 50% of the stock, which gives the control to the to that company, to the larger company, that results in a parent subsidiary relationship. So now we have a parent subsidiary type of relationship that will be resulting from this type of consolidation. Consolidated financial statements are generally required. So generally, if you have a controlling interest more than 51%, generally being the standard of a controlling interest, then we need those consolidated financial statements, we need to be showing the financial statements basically as this company, kind of like as if they're one entity, so that we can and that's an attempt to be transparent in terms of the financial reporting, even though we have a more complex legal structure with regards to two legal entities that that are related in that type of way. So then we have the concept of a non controlling the other idea we can have with regards to related entities is a non controlling ownership, and other beneficial interests. So remember, when you think about these relationships, you can have a merger, you can have a controlling ownership. So that's where basically, you know, someone has one company has control over the other either consume the other company, or they have a controlling interest to the degree that you basically need to merge the financial statements. Now you could have a non controlling ownership, what if there's basically a purchase on the other company, but it's less than the 50%. That would be a non controlling ownership. One company purchases less than a majority interest in another. So that means basically, you know, less than, like 50% or less generally, does not generally require a business combination or controlling interest. So so in that case, then, if you don't have the controlling interest, the controlling interest, in other words, you could think of as kind of like the triggering factor of when you would basically need to combine the financial statements. So from an accounting standpoint, we're thinking, All right, what are we going to do with this? One company is related to the other company. What do we have to do with it? Well, if there's a controlling interest in it, then typically, you're going to have to do that combined financial statements for it. And that's usually going to happen when there's 51 or more percent of the stock owned by the other company, if less than that, then typically you're going to have to account for it in some other way, and you're not going to have that the financial statements be combined in that same way. And then we can have an other beneficial interest. It is possible for one company to have a beneficial interest in another without direct ownership. It may result from an agreement between the entities. So in other words, we might have some kind of contractual agreement where we have some type of beneficial interest, again, with the two entities being related in some way, shape or form, but not through direct ownership. In other words, not through the ownership of the stock, a direct equity interest, but possibly through some type of contractual agreement.