 So, thank you for the introduction. I moved over to Oak Ridge National Lab about a year ago, January last year, just in time for COVID, which obviously didn't help in settling in, but everything is now working pretty much as it should. And I'm happy to give you an overview of the possibilities that neutron sciences at Oak Ridge National Lab. So, please go to the next slide. So I'm going to start with a bit of history. There's a lot of history of this lab. The lab Oak Ridge National Lab was founded with a different name back in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project. And the initial mission was to build a nuclear reactor, which turned out to be, which was the first sustainable, to say, the first permanent nuclear reactor continuously operated in 1943 and they built it in only 11 months, which is worth bearing in mind for those of us who have been involved in large scale construction projects. There were times when these things could be done more quickly. So it came online in November 1943, and it was able to deliver the first gram size amounts of plutonium already in March 1944. The reactor operated for 20 years. And it was the first reactor to demonstrate the production of electricity, among other things, using using nuclear power. So you can see from the photo there that's a vintage 1940s picture of how things were operated then. Next slide please. But very early on it was recognized what could be done with neutron beams from this reactor. Ernie Wallin, who later was awarded the Nobel Prize together with Cliff Scholl, started neutron experiments already in 1944, when the reactor first became critical. Cliff Scholl joined in 1946 and in the photo that you can see there is 1949 when they were working on one of the first diffractometers for neutron research at the graphite reactor. So Oak Ridge has been involved in neutron research for a long time. Next slide please. So we moved on since then. The picture you can see here is an aerial photo of the Oak Ridge National Lab site and there's a number of things I want to point out there. You can see the graphite reactor site in the foreground, right, it shut down in the 60s. Not surprisingly, it was 1940s technology. It was, there were other reactors, which I'm not showing on here, but the one remaining operating reactor on the Oak Ridge National site is the high flux isotope reactor, which you can see on the right. It's been critical in 1965. That is still operating and it has a very active neutron scattering program. It was enhanced capability by the addition of a cold guide hall, a cold source and a cold guide hall in 2004. And almost at the same time, you can see in the background on the left, we built the spallation neutron source came online in 2006. A little bit separately up on a ridge of kind of overlooking the main or R&L campus. And we have a project on track at the moment to build a second target station for the spallation neutron source, which will be up and producing science in 2034, according to our current plan. So sometime into the future. But the idea is that we right now we have two neutron sources hypha and SNS. And in something like 10 to 13 years from now, we will have three neutron sources. So this is a particular unique feature of of neutron sciences at Oak Ridge. We have more than one neutron source and I'm going to go into that in more detail as we as as as I progress my presentation. Before then I want to give you a bit more of the context of what is happening at Oak Ridge National Lab. Next slide please. Neutron sciences is actually only a small part overall of Oak Ridge National Lab and here I'm giving an overview of the different other organizations within Oak Ridge National Lab, which I'm not going to go into in detail but I think it's useful to know what the context is. We have a physical scientist director whose mission is to deliver materials research. We have new from sciences, of course, we have a high performance computing directorate. We have a nuclear science program for developing neutral nuclear reactors. We have a very active isotope R&D and production program. We have an R&D program in biological and environmental sciences. We work in national security issues, and we work in integrating energy systems across this which is of course very relevant right now, as we are working towards producing clean energy for the carbon free economy of the future. I'm interested in this environment of a neutron source embedded within a larger organization whose primary mission is to deliver science. I just want to pull out a couple of examples of that. Next slide please. The first example I want to show here is from the Computing and Computational Sciences Directorate. They actually operate one of the world's most powerful supercomputers. The most powerful until the Chinese build one that was more powerful and the races on it will soon have the most powerful one again. And not only is it about hardware being able to do computing really quickly it's about having the expertise in data science, modeling simulation to support and make use of these high performance computing initiatives. So we are uniquely placed to deliver neutron and scaffolding capabilities together with high performance computing together. And I'm going to go into, I'm going to give an example a bit later on in some of the research we did on COVID-19 last year, where we made use of that. Hang on I'm just going to switch arms because I'm building my phone up it's a bit tiring. Next slide please. The other example is the Physical Sciences Directorate. They have about, that's a large organization. It's a similar size to neutron sciences. They have literally hundreds of researchers whose job it is to deliver science in a range of physical sciences, ranging from new materials, energy materials and to particle physics. The full range of physical sciences and of course key among the techniques they use to do that is making use of the neutron beams which are on their doorstep. So we are integrated into this environment of users if you like, internal users in the lab who push us to be able to be impactful in the scientific areas that they are working in as well. Next slide please. The final thing I want to say. Could you go to the next slide please the one she's saying complementary capabilities. That's the one thank you. The final example I want to give of the environment is these two centers we have a sense of a nano phase materials science a sense of a structural molecular biology. These are important because they actually provide access to complimentary capabilities in the center for nano phase materials science there is various imaging facilities, notably a cryo electron microscope and various other scanning and microscopy imaging techniques, which can be very important in delivering the full picture which you never you rarely get the full picture from just neutrons alone. The structural molecular biology center I want to particularly mention because they have the facilities for due to ration, which are essential for isotopic labeling, which is needed for getting the full information out of neutron experiments. They also have sacks and other supportive capabilities which which are very useful complementaries to to neutrons. So, next slide please. So now I want to get on to neutrons at last. So, as I mentioned we have two new facilities at a bridge we have the high flux isotope reactor and we have the spallation neutron source. And they also have very different types of science which they're able to perform and I'm going to go into that in a little bit of detail to explain what are the advantages of having these two different types of neutron facilities together in the same facility. Next slide please. So firstly, the spallation neutron source. That is a similar technology to what was developed at ISIS in the UK, what is being built at ESS. It's built around a proton accelerator delivering pulse beams of neutrons. Here you can see the range of instruments we have 19 operating instruments, 18 of them are in the materials research user program, one of them is in fundamental physics. There are actually four available slots for new instruments and one of those slots we are currently filling with an imaging instrument called Venus. But we covered the full range of instrument types which you would expect to see at a high end neutron user facility diffraction spectroscopy materials engineering small angle neutron scattering and reflectometry. And I'm not going to go through the instruments in detail. Next slide please. At the high flux isotope reactor. That's, we have 12 instruments in the user program, and they are split into two different areas to the left you can see the beam room that we have a way of showing you with a cursor but you can see around the pool. You can see a number of instruments, and those are the thermal beam tubes so these are thermal instruments that then we have instruments in the cold guide hall which branches off to the right, which view the cold source. They, we also cover a range of instruments there diffraction spectroscopy small angle scattering engineering have an imaging instrument. We also have a number of development beam lines one of the advantages of a reactor source over spallation sources is actually fairly cheap to to implement kind of parasitic beam lines, so that you can run R&D programs and technologies in parallel. It's also worth mentioning that hypha operates a number of non neutron beam programs, we have we produce isotopes. What was what the reactor was originally built to do hence the name high flux isotope reactor for a variety of applications we also provide irradiation facilities and activation analysis and there's actually also a neutrino experiment going on there which does not require a neutron beam. Next slide please. So now I'm going to go into a little bit more detail on the kinds of science which are best done at SNS or at hypha. So, different types of experiments are sometimes only possible or best done at SNS or at hypha. So SNS has some particular distinct advantages for specific science challenges. And as I said, it's it's it's key strengths of pulse neutrons pulse beams of thermal or hot neutrons. So here are some science examples that illustrate these advantages. I'm not going to go into detail but I do want to emphasize that they represent measurements that would have been very difficult or impossible at hypha. And they also have a very high potential impact for supporting new technology developments. So starting from the left. This is an example from research from Duke University, which is in North Carolina. They used inelastic scattering to understand the dynamics of inorganic cesium lead bromide that is a perovskite material, which is, which has a lot of promise for solar cell applications due to their stability and electron transport capabilities, even in harsh environments. They have a very high power conversion efficiency. And that is in large part due to their to the bromine atoms which act as hinges that enable the rest of the atomic structure to flex and twist. And this twisting motion is thought to inhibit some free electrons from combining with the semiconductor electrons, leaving more electrons available to produce an electrical current. This new result is expected to help scientists to optimize optical and thermal properties of a wide range of perovskite materials, some of which have already demonstrated that they can they can provide more than 25% power conversion efficiency, which is actually better than that of silicon based materials. The next example is from the University of California in San Diego. They use neutron diffraction to understand the distribution and movement of lithium in a disordered rock salt lithium vanadake. That's a material. It's another energy material that shows a lot of potential as an anode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries with a very high energy density which can be safely charged and discharged at high rates. And obviously important can be important for things like electrified transportation. So the two most common materials used to make lithium ion battery anode graphite, which can deliver high in its entity but has caused fires in some situations, and lithium titanate which can charge very rapidly and as much less likely to cause fires but has a lower energy storage capacity. So the combination of low voltage and high rate capability of this disordered rock salt lithium vanadate is thought to be due to a redistributive lithium intercalation mechanism. The next example is from the researchers at the University of Virginia. They found a method to strategically add deuterium to benzene as a precursor to drug synthesis, which turned out to have really dramatic effects on the efficacy of the drug and safety and sometimes even to allow new medicines. The methods were validated by neutron diffraction to verify the exact position of the deuterium atom that was also from the selective deuteration of the benzene molecules. The final example is from Manchester University in the UK. They use neutron diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy combined to understand the chemo selective alkyne and alkene separation from a nickel decorated zeolite. Specifically, they've found to occur with binding of acetylene to the confined nickel through the formation of metastable nickel based complexes. And understanding and controlling these porous sorbents like zeolites can lead to cheaper and much more efficient separation of alkynes from olefin, which is a costly step in the polymer processing of the lower olefins, things like ethylene and propylene and things like that. Next slide please. So here's some examples of science which is best done at Haifa, right, really playing to the strengths there, and things which would have been difficult or impossible to do at the deuteration neutron source. So again, from left to right. Here's an example from researchers at University of California Berkeley. We use small angle neutron scattering to refit to look at artificial proton pumps and see how they insert into biological membranes. This is very promising for synthetic biology. The polymers are synthesized in a sequence specific way monomer by monomer from a mixture of monomers with different hydrophilicity. And their statistical incorporation can be controlled by varying the reaction parameters to produce hetero regions that are on average more or less hydrophobic or hydrophilic or charged and charged. The next example, that is from researchers at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. They work together with people from ILL and they use sands at extremely low temperatures and high fields to investigate the topological properties of uranium platinum three. They looked at vortex lattices in the material and found differences in their behavior depending on how the superconducting state was prepared. Specifically, the results show that the superconducting state in this system can be assigned a chirality or handedness and this can be controlled by suitable magnetic field protocols. The third example is again from Duke University they use neutron diffraction to reveal the relationship between applied magnetic field and crystal structure and electronic properties in a compound called trollite. The potential application from this experiment is the development of new spin chronic devices. The last example here on the far right is from the University of Virginia who use neutron imaging to conduct inoperando measurements on lithium batteries to track the migration of lithium ions during cycling in order to improve battery performance. So that was a quick tour de force of kind of currently high impact science which has been done has been done recently at high for an SNS and trying to showcase the differences in capability between pulsed and reactor sources. Next slide please. This is also the example of what we one of the highlights of what we have been doing during last year. And of course we've been very focused on COVID-19. There is a consortium which was set up of the search facilities in the US, including synchrotron sources at various places. We have also been shooting at Oak Ridge and Oak Ridge Neutron Sciences. And here you can see the combination of different how these different efforts have combined over last year to help us better understand the SARS-CoV-2 virus and how to fight COVID-19 as a disease. Next slide please. The main, so SARS-CoV-2 replicates by invading a host and then it expresses a number of polypeptides that are cut into smaller pieces by the main protease enzyme called MPRO here. We want to understand that protease, the 3Cl MPRO, it's called. It's an essential enzyme for viral replication and if we can inhibit its function, it will make it unable to produce mature infectious variants. So the enzyme is a promising target both for developing specific new drugs and for repurposing existing clinical drugs. We started out by measuring the room temperature protease structure using X-rays. We then use the supercomputer to understand the energy landscape and then we use neutron diffraction to locate the hydrogen atoms. Understanding the protonation states in a number of critical active site cavities helps to understand the catalytic details of the enzyme and to inform rational drug development against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We found that the catalytic site of the protease adopts what is called a zwitterionic reactive form. The zwitterion is a molecule that has at least two functional groups, one having a positive charge and the other with a negative charge with an overall charge of zero. And neutrons are particularly good at locating these hydrogen positions. So these results were done at Imagine, pro-syncrasalography instrument at Haifa and Mandi, the equivalent instrument at SNS. Next slide please. We then looked at several promising drug candidates which are known to bind effectively with the MPRO protease. They were studied by X-ray diffraction and then the shape and the rigidity of the active site cavity was determined. One of the most promising drugs, which is called telapravir, was then studied using neutrons to determine the relevant protonation states. And it was found that a whole cascade of changes in protonation states takes place following the binding, which enhanced the binding effect. So with the work continues on this obviously COVID-19 is not something that's over. Neutrons are continuing to impact on this area. They are ideal for locating hydrogen positions and for experimentally determining protonation states at near physiological temperature. That's an important point. This is done at room temperature, not at pre-prisoner temperatures. And the observations made, they provide the critical information for structure-assisted and computational drug design. Next slide please. So here I just want to go back a little bit and talk about now I want to go through various kind of science applications other than neutrons at Haifa and SNS. Other than material science should we say. So we do support fundamental physics. We have neutrino experiments at both SNS and Haifa. Looking for gaps in our understanding of the standard model. We also have a dedicated neutral electric dipole moment experiment at SNS. Haifa is very active in producing radioisotopes with a variety of applications including medicine industry. One of the particular highlights is you may have followed the landing of the Mars Perseverance rover about a month ago. That is powered by plutonium 238 which was produced at Haifa. Plutonium 238 is an alpha emitter so it produces heat at a very steady rate which allows a thermoelectric system to produce electricity. Haifa also does a lot of materials irradiation, activation analysis and gamma irradiation. I'm not going to go into those in detail but those are important parallel science missions going on there. SNS as the world's highest power proton accelerator is very active in accelerated physics, studying how to reduce beam loss, how to improve the performance of specific accelerating cavities. And at the moment looking into laser stripping to remove the electrons from the H-minus ions which come out of the VNAG. Next slide please. One of the kind of unintentional side impacts of COVID is that we have had to become much better during the mode experiments. We are not able to accommodate users travelling here from outside the lab due to quarantine and travel restrictions which are still in place. So we rolled out remote access experiments back in April last year. Users can participate by remotely providing direction to the instrument team. And this is our main mode of operation, has been our main mode of operation since then. There's various software tools that we set up to improve that way of running experiments. At the same time we're setting up genuine remote instrument control and that's shown on the right. Where we launched a pilot program in February this year and this has been gradually rolled out across all instruments over time. It's not in place for all instruments. We started out with the four mentioned there, ARCS, BIOSAN, CNCS and POWGEN. And the plan is that we will roll it out to all instruments by the end of this year. It really means that from your university or wherever you are you can connect your computer to control the instrument and run the experiment from your office. Obviously we would expect you to be communicating very closely with the instrument team who will need to be on the instrument as well at the same time. Next slide please. Both SNS and HYFA are very impactful scientifically. I want to show what I'm showing here is a number of experiments completed on the left and the number of publications on the right. We have now reached I would say a steady state level of publications. You can see on the right there at least about a level of 500 papers per year. That's a very good level. It puts us on the same level. This is at a similar kind of scientific productivity level as other top neutron facilities. I would point out if you look at the slide on the right, I mean there's some little symbols there which of the COVID-19 obviously last year. The little spanners show technical issues that we had. We have had a significant amount of downtime in 2018 and 2019 due to issues with the HYFA fuel element and due to issues with the SNS target which is a liquid mercury target which is a very complex engineering assembly. We had a mercury leak within the target. It's not a safety issue. It sits inside a series of cavities to contain the liquid mercury if it leaks out of the inner volume but we have to stop operation when the innermost volume is breached. That resulted in a significant amount of downtime at SNS in 2019. We would expect that to impact on our publication output in the next couple of years as well. Next slide please. I just want to point out that if you want to do an experiment at SNS or HYFA we are open to all both US and international users. You should submit a proposal at one of our proposal calls to take place twice a year. You just missed one in March. The next one is September 22nd. We're actually right now going through the beam time, the proposal review process. That's actually finishing today for the March 24th proposal call. We typically get about 1500 user proposals in each round. We do have a large backlog of experiments at HYFA because HYFA had a long-ish outage last year, several months. In the current round, some users may have noticed that not all HYFA instruments were available because the beam time was taken up by that backlog. Next round, all instruments should be available again in September. These new users should bear in mind to contact the instrument scientist in preparing their proposal. You can go to this website for more information on that. We have a rolling program of instrument upgrades, which I just want to highlight here. Here I give some examples. We have installed a 14 Tesla vertical field cry magnet expanding our maximum field from 11 up to 14 Tesla. This can be mounted on the chopper spectrometers. So it has already been successfully tested, I believe at CNCS and ARCS. It actually has rather good background and angular coverage performance compared to other magnets that we have. We're going to a detector upgrade on Nomad. That's our total scattering diffratometer completing the detector array and improving the background with improved collimators. These are 3D printed collimators. We've also had to update a lot of the electronics to increase the count rate capability. We upgraded the detectors on HB3A. It's a single pistol diffratometer at Haifa with a series of silicon photomultiplier detector arrays with a much reduced pixel size and lower sensitivity to magnetic fields and a greater area overall. We replaced the collimation systems for the two sands instruments at Haifa GP sands and biosands, which were in need of being modernized. And we now have the ability to incorporate advanced optics or beam polarization in the collimation systems. Next slide please. So now I want to look a little bit into the future. Just trying to see how much time I have. Look into the future. We have a number of projects, some which are already funded and progressing and some which are more in which I'm preparation in which we are trying to attract funding. So I'm going to go through some of these Venus and discover those are two instruments, instrument projects at SNS, the proton power upgrade, the second target station. The two big projects at Haifa, the beryllium reflector replacement and the pressure vessel replacement. And then finally we have a project which we are studying to build a beam line for muons spin rotation and resonance, which will be combined with a single event effect station for neutron irradiation. And the last point is something which I would emphasize is not yet funded but we are studying how that could be done and technically we can see how to do it. I'm going to go through the other examples in a bit more detail now. Next slide please. So starting with Venus. This has started installation it started spring last year, just in time for COVID. We've obviously had to adapt some construction plans as a result, but it's actually progressing as as planned after we adapted those. So this is going to be kind of the detailed timeline. The overall timeline is still in plan in place and we expect to be able to to operate Venus as a as a as a new time of flight imaging instrument. By the end of 2023. And then you can see some of the, the, the progress at the moment, we inserted the core vessel core vessel insert earlier this year which went, which went well. The other instrument which which we are currently working on is it's called discover. It is a it's a it's a diffraction instrument which falls intermediate between power gen which is a high resolution part of the thermometer nomad, which is a very high flux total scattering instrument. So this kind of falls more in between as a more general purpose part of the thermometer. It's a high flux position, but we and medium resolution. We have have been successful in getting with the National Science Foundation in in going through the first round of selections that we are now in the second selection round and have just submitted a proposal for funding to build the full instrument. We are currently very excited about that possibility. Next slide please. So, at hypha. This is a project known as HBRR, the hypha beryllium reflector replacement, which will be accompanied by a series of instrument upgrades. So the reflector around the fuel element at hypha is made of solid beryllium. And it needs to be replaced due to radiation damage every 20 years. It was replaced last time in 2004, which was a time when we installed the cold source in one of the four beam tubes as you can see in the left hand picture there the blue beam tube is the one that houses the cold source. So it's time in another two years to replace the beryllium reflector again. And as we do that we will be renewing the guide system cold guide hall which is shown here on the right. And we will redesign we won't just replace it like for like we will upgrade the guide system upgrade the instruments at the same time so there's a number of upgrades taking place together with the beryllium reflector replacement in 2024. As part of that we will be expanding the cold guide hall so that we create more space. This will allow a much better space for the imaging instrument and where it currently is, which will increase its performance by about a factor of four. So we're going to move the CTAC which is a cold triple axis from its current position to a much much better position, allowing it to increase its performance by 50 times seems like a reasonable estimate that's game changing for for for for cold triple axis We will also be creating a space for a spin echo instrument. High resolution spin echo instrument. We don't have funding for that yet, but we are designing in the place for it by designing the guide accordingly. And the other instruments which are in the cold guide hall will go back more or less as is notably the two sands instruments. They will also see some improvements noted most mostly at short wavelengths. Next slide please. I'm sorry can hear the timekeeper. How many how many minutes. 10 minutes. Give a buffer of five minutes questions. Okay, okay. Okay, sounds good. Thanks. So hi for futures is, as you might imagine something in the future. It's it's how we see high for developing beyond after the brilliant reflective replacement project in 2024. Hi for is an old reactor. As I said came online in 1965. If we replace the reactor pressure vessel. It would extend the lifetime of the reactor. I was going to say almost indefinitely to the end of the century. And we had a review committee looking at that this last year, which confirmed the mission need for replacing the reactor pressure vessel. Now that's a that that's only so that's called CD zero in the Department of Energy project speak. And it means that they recognize that it needs to be done. And that the next step is for us to make the case for getting it funded. That me having the replacing the pressure vessel means that we can rebuild the bean tubes and we can rebuild the cold source and we can rebuild an awful lot of the infrastructure which is currently restriction the performance of some of the instruments So that could have a transformative impact on particularly the thermal instruments in the in the beam room. So we are studying how what the impact could be of that one of the very exciting aspects is that we could we would move the thermal instruments out of the beam room and build a guide hall for the thermal instruments or second guide hall pointing out at a perpendicular direction to the cold guide hall housing a similar number of instruments. And really bring high for up to to to world leading performance for its thermal instruments as well. That has a very rather long timescale we're looking at around probably the similar timescale to the second target stations I'm going to get to in a minute. Next slide please. So that brings me to the SNS upgrades. So there's two upgrade projects which are which are in progress at SNS. There's the PPU the proton power upgrade and the STS the second target station. So the proton power upgrade will increase the accelerator power for 1.4 megawatts where we are today to 2.8 megawatts. And the idea is that firstly that will provide more new funds for this for the existing target station, which is obviously good. You get more flux and all the instruments. But I think the high impact is that it provides the the the right accelerator for diverting one pulse in four of the accelerator to the second target station and delivering 700 kilowatts the second target station, which will be optimized for cold neutrons and large bandwidth applications, whereas the first target station is much more optimized thermal neutrons and small bandwidth. Next slide please. So here you can see the picture at the moment 60 Hertz accelerator feeding the first target station at 1.4 megawatts. I would like to emphasize that is the highest power person accelerates in the world already today. And then in the future, we will be delivering two megawatts to the first target station and 700 kilowatts to the to the to the second target station with a whole new range of instruments. Optimize for something very different to what the first target station is optimized for. Next slide please. So here we outlined the kinds of science which we expect the second target station to be to be really transformative within. It's about in cold neutrons, small samples, time resolved studies and looking at hierarchical architectures, i.e. things which which have information over many length scales, or over many time scales. And there's many systems which fall into these categories, which I won't go into in the interest of time, but we have a report on science at the second target station called first, the first experiments at STS report, which I think is. It's a really good report I'm happy to share with anybody who wants wants to wants to see that. Next slide please. The second target station that is funded as underway. We had, you may may recall I talked about CD zero as as the milestone reached for the high for futures. These are critical decisions in the project management framework that we work within within Department of Energy. Normally second target station formally reached CD one November last year, which means that it's ready to move into detailed design. So, we are planning for early, early completion in 2032, as gives you the time scale overall. On this plot, you can see how well we expect the second target station to perform compared to other facilities. The y axis shows the peak brightness, and the x axis shows the time average brightness at five angstrom neutron wavelength. So the second target station will really provide the highest peak brightness of any facility in the world by a significant margin. In this same plot at a different wavelength, you will see how the first target station performs well at shorter wavelength and hypha. As you can see down at the kind of bottom right provides a very high time average brightness as you would expect. Next slide. So here I get to the three source strategy we will have hypha both cold and thermal, and we will have SNS first target station and SNS second target station. So why do we need all these facilities? Well, I tried to show with the science examples earlier on the complementarity between SNS and hypha already now. Here I'm trying to show in a bit more technical way if you draw out the neutron, the phase space between let's say neutron energy resolution and neutron bandwidth, where those facilities operate best, shown on the right, kind of these 3D bubble diagrams. They all cover different and only slightly overlapping volumes in this three dimensional phase space. So if you want to go to large bandwidth, low energies and medium resolution, the second target station is the place to go. If you want to go for high energy, high resolution, then the first target station is the place to go. If you want to go for low bandwidth, low resolution, low energy, high for cold instrument is what you want to build and so on. So if you collapse this 3D plot onto a 2D plane shown on the left, here I'm trying to show where the different types of instruments belong in this landscape. And you can make these kind of plot for all instruments. It looks very busy. The point is that for every kind of instrument, for every kind of science, there's an optimal place to put it. Either the second target station, the first target station, high for cold, or thermal instrument, high for. And that's how we maximise our scientific impact. So the final slide is next. And here, basically sending the message that you should obviously do the science where you get the best results. High for, with its highest steady state brightness of thermal and cold neutrons, is where you go if you need monochromatic or polarised beams. It allows you to do parametric studies and kinetics extremely well and efficiently. SNS first target station, which has this very high peak brightness, particularly your thermal and hot neutrons, is where you go if you want high-resolution and more focused bandwidth. And that's particularly impactful in high-resolution crystallography and fast and high-energy dynamics. The second target station, which is with its very high peak brightness of cold neutrons, is where you go for the small beams and the large bandwidth experiments. And as I mentioned, that is forced naturally to the strengths of hierarchical structures and should open up a new pathway for materials discovery. And with that, that is my final plug for the three-source strategy at Oak Ridge. Thank you. Next, last slide. Next slide. Okay. Thank you. Yeah, good. Thank you very much for this great presentation. Apparently we were able to overcome to troubleshoot the connection from the beginning. So we have a couple of questions, so maybe you can also read them yourself, but I will read them for you. First question, what are the prospects for the high-fast second guide hall? Well, the prospects, I mean, it is a long-term vision, I would say. We need to secure funding for the reactor pressure vessel replacement as the first step, and then we need to secure funding for the high-fast thermal guide hall. I'm very optimistic about this, but I think the time scale for that is something like 2030. So I would like to emphasize that we don't have the funding for that yet, but we are preparing plans to make sure that we, to maximize the probability of funding and to make sure that we are ready for it. There are a number of opportunities coming out, coming available right now in the US. This is actually a very good time to be looking for infrastructure funding with various COVID-related stimulus packages being debated in Congress and a new administration having moved in a couple of months ago. Things are looking promising, but I would say the time scale for that is about 10 years from now. So another question, how do you manage the remote instrument access with the strong IT security requirements at Oak Ridge? Yeah, I'm not sure. I have a good technical answer to that. I mean, I can say that we are working very closely with our IT people. We have an EPICS-based control system, so our EPICS control people are working with the cybersecurity teams and IT more generally. I will say it's an issue that we are aware of and we cannot make ourselves vulnerable to hacks on instruments as we do that. And then there is a more general and I think curiosity question. What's the geographic spread of the user community? Do you think that there is a strong link between proximity of institutions and use of your facilities? Maybe this may change with more remote use in the future. Yeah, that's a very good point. We do, and this is part of the joy of being in this larger environment of the Oak Ridge National Lab. We have quite a lot of users internally, not within SNS or HIFER, but from Oak Ridge National Lab, Physical Sciences Directorate for example. And we have users also across the US and from Europe and Japan and so on and China. Will it change? I'm not sure. I think I would say that it has been very important to us to open up the possibility to do remote experiments. I would not like to see remote experiments replaced the way we have done experiments until now. Having somebody come physically on site discussing with the instrument scientists, that is how you build a collaboration. That's how you maximise the added value of having instruments and instrument scientists on place. So I think it's important that we make remote experiments available, but I wouldn't like to see that as the predominant model for doing experiments here. Yeah, true. So we have a last question. So are high-brilliant sources being considered to study at Oak Ridge? So the short answer is no. At Oak Ridge, we can't do everything. We're already doing a lot. We have the most intense neutron sources in the US. I know that there are projects for high-brilliant sources both in the US and in Canada. But I have the impression that this is an area in which Europe is very active right now. And we are following with great interest what's happening in places like Ulysses, LLB and the USSR. Yeah, good. So, okay, another question. So thank you for the wonderful talk, one of our... So is there a framework for conducting long-term studies? So all these types of studies be possible. For example, I work with batteries and I would be interested in examining a battery initially and then cycle for a month or so before collecting another measurement. Is this possible? Okay, I have to admit, I don't know the answer to that question. It might be a little bit specific, but we always ask our audience, maybe, I mean, you can find our speakers' contact on our official webpage and then they might actually get in contact specifically maybe with the Bill and scientists and then ask a specific question like this one. Yeah, I would be happy, I will look into that. If you could send me that question so we can keep track of it. I would be happy to provide an answer for that. I'm afraid I don't know. Yeah, great. So if there are no more questions, yeah, last question. Do you plan to implement spin-ercos-molengos scattering techniques? I presume that relates to kind of the beam-modulated spin-erco techniques relying on resonance, neutron resonance spin-erco techniques. So we do have an active program in developing resonance spin-erco at Haifa and actually using it for things like ultra-high resolution diffraction and phonon line widths. I'm not aware, oh no, there have been tests to look at implementing those for small-angle scattering, but I don't believe that's the main thrust of that research effort.