 Russell's account of knowledge realized crucially on this idea that the universals are something real and they're not physical and since they're reeling wants to make judgments about You know physical things about the real world. Well, they can't be just merely mental either They have to be neither physical nor mental a really important question with this Given that Russell says that all knowledge begins with acquaintance is how we can be acquainted with these You know universals that are neither physical nor mental in this section he tries to get an account of how we can become acquainted with universals and You know the answer basically is that you have first to become acquainted with the particular things and then from that you have this process you go through this kind of abstraction you see the similarity between these things and this gets the whole the whole ball rolling where You could become acquainted with universals By seeing how particulars are similar to each other probably the easiest way to begin with this notion of How we get the universals in particular is to start with particular things that are pretty much exactly similar to each other so Well Russell points out is that we look at particular things right and you look at each of these leaves each of these leaves is Bear a strong resemblance to each other They're very close and description to each other You know the big difference is that perhaps a location on the stem Right, but they have a very similar shape. They have Pretty much the same colors They have the same structure when you look at the veins of the leaves So each of these are particular leaves But they have a relation of resemblance to each other This one resembles this one this one resembles this one this one is this one so on and so forth. I in fact, you know we we would look at this resemblance and we would say that They have you know that they are the same kind of thing because of that resemblance So it starts here Right, we can start here with this with this very very strong Similarity in fact that they they're almost exactly similar to each other and having that exact similarity We say it's of the same kind Well, that's similarity right and that that helps us out a lot. So you notice Here is that same leaf that we saw that we just saw okay, and you know each of these leaves are similar to each other Now each of these leaves are similar to to each of those of the same kind right So this there's a similarity here, and there's a similarity here But notice these leaves Have have a diss similarity to these leaves The structure is different. You got two different colors in these leaves here Even you know these are on a single stem and you got five of them coming off a single stem where you get a lot You get a different structure right there The structure inside the leaf of the veins it's something that's that's got a diss similarity between these two as well so what we have is we have similarity that's one way of Understand these particulars, but we also have diss similarity Now similarity and diss similarity give us two very important things and and logic right is and is not This one is like this one this one is like this one. Okay, so these are all of the same kind This one is like that one that one is that those two these are the same kind But this leaf is not like this leaf. These are not of the same kind at least Not right off the bat, right? There's an important diss similarity between these two now With similarity and diss similarity we get is and is not and this is going to be the foundation of logic And it starts with Aristotle way back with the Greeks Oh his logic was based on this of being able to say that one A subject is a predicate or is not a predicate So we could have a universal a predicate here and we can have a universal a predicate here given this similarity And we say this leaf is not like this leaf or is not this kind This is how universals get us started With is and is not and get us started on the road to logic and then logic Gives us everything else dealing with universals Merely as exact similarity is not going to get us very far Very few things are like those leaves that we looked at where they're exactly similar to each other But there are other universals we can deal with all right, so You know Russell gives examples of pulling universals from sensible qualities. All right, so here's what he's talking about Let's look at Let's look at this these leaves right here. All right They have a particular color Look at this tree back here It has a particular color and then of the switch sides and Then that tree right there Now now look at him just compare what is your challenge. Let's step out of frame a second compared to each other You notice that there are different colors, right? They don't that the colors aren't exactly the same, but there is a resemblance between the three of them Now that resemblance is what we call green You see the resemblance Between the three of them even though that resemblance is not contained in the sensible qualities The sensible quality that that's the individual colors for each of these three, but the resemblance is something other than that Now you don't need to infer that resemblance that's something that you know happens automatically you use you Grasp that resemblance right away as nearest I could tell this is what Russell means by being acquainted with the universal You have an immediate grasp of the resemblance between those three So this way You are acquainted with the universal green Even though you've only seen three shades But that's okay, right? You just you're getting acquainted with what the three colors have in common namely green the sensible qualities like colors are kind of an easy start You know kind of easier to see resemblance in terms of of color and we do a lot of abstraction as far as this is Disturbing look at you. We look at the particulars and we abstract away Universalists we Yeah, like I said, you know the sensible qualities. That's one we could Excuse me Color is one. We can also do light and dark that that'd be another You could do examples. I mean I can't do it with a video of course But we could do examples with touch smell taste so on and so forth even what you hear It's it's really kind of interesting to me that you know a sea a middle sea is lower than a than a high sea yet There's still a similarity between the two and you know, that's one of the reasons why we had the musical scale Sensible qualities are one thing. What about space and time? now space We can add you again the space is not contained in the sensible qualities so you know behind me we have I have the water fountain and What we could do is it kind of impose and here I have the sensible qualities in my hand and they are you know You immediately Grasp or apprehend that it's spatially speaking in front of excuse me in front of that fountain behind me and You you do do you do this automatically even though that's not contained the sensible qualities Now you might think well. No, no, it's it's contained in sight right the distance is contained in sight Well, here's a small short little proof that it's not right. You immediately grasp that the fountain is behind my hand and yet On your computer screen. It's the same distance Yet my hand is not closer to you than the fountain from you on the computer screen All the pixels are the same distance from your eye to your eyes yet. You immediately grasp the distance so Distance is another one of these things that Russ is gonna say we We are acquainted with you know with particular things were acquainted with the particular but from that we abstract the universal From that we abstract the universal With you so that's that space right well with space we can very quickly get greater than and less than the distance from the camera to my hand is less than the distance from my camera to The fountain Greater than a less than that comes you know that that happens pretty quickly as far as time well, I Started I just began speaking you know more than a few seconds ago the progression of time has passed and You grasp that Even though that's not contained in the sensible qualities It's not contained the sensible qualities You know if you want some for the proof is not contained the sensible qualities You know take a look at the little timer down at the bottom of your screen for this video Now that the certain amount of time has passed you probably don't know what it is just by looking at the sensible qualities You have to look at that timer yet. You still grasp before and after You still grasp before and after all right and you can do similar Abstraction in terms of greater than and less than with time as well, you know the amount of time That has passed between now and Now is less than the amount of time that's passed between the second now and when I first spoke in this scene That's greater than and less We don't encounter the universals in everyday life. We don't see them or hear them Right we see and hear what we have our experiences that what we that's what we see in here But we abstract away the universal From those particulars. We immediately grasp That universal and it's in that way that we're acquainted with that universal We abstract from the particulars We abstract for the particulars from the particular since data And one that abstractions immediate it's immediately present to our mind and it's in this way that we grasp the Universals that we are acquainted with the universals universals are not Are not given in the sensible qualities particular instances are okay and Those particular for those particular instances we abstract away, but the abstract itself is Not in the particular instance the abstract is what the universe is what the particular is having common But it's not contained in any one particular particular All right So what do we get from this well with with these Universals very quickly we get is and is not okay. We give universal for sensible qualities and that's great that's a great start and From that you can get such things to shape shape isn't hard Shape is actually pretty straightforward with given shapes of things We abstract away the resemblance of shape from particular things and then we start identifying those Shapes with the simplest the triangle to the square and so on and so forth before long we got geometry with Also with this resemblance and dissimilarity we have is and is not which is the foundation of all of logic logic Can give us mathematics really quickly if you don't like logic for mathematics. Well, we can You know we can start with shape right and you start counting the sides and With counting the sides you have mathematics really quickly you have greater than or less than we saw that was space and time Spate greater than or less than also will give us mathematics real fast We would not only abstract away Logic and mathematics geometry we abstract away cause and effect cause and effect is not seen There is no little light that shines every time one thing causes another we abstract away cause and effect from these particular instances Now, you know with cause and effect it's not and you put that together logic. It's not hard To get induction so pretty soon. We've you know, we've got the principle of inference. They got the principle of induction We have all of our universes Now, you know, you know getting a little ahead of myself We had the universe right now putting them together for the judgments like the principle of inference and the principle of induction putting together for the judgments is another thing, right just Becoming acquainted with the universe is not yet truth Green as universal isn't something true or false green is a color or Most if not all leaves are green. All right, that would be a truth now the That deals with judgments and we put the universe together get judgments Now judgments are different matter. You're not acquainted with judgments In order to determine whether your judgments are true or false We need to talk about intuitive knowledge And that's the next section