 Hello everyone, welcome back to Question Paper Discussion of Overland Maxillofacial Surgery. Hope you are all finding the discussion videos helpful while preparing for your exams. The first topic is Cerebrigland Disorders. Here are few recently asked questions. Apart from these, other questions like pleomorphic adenoma, botanist tumor, xylography are also important. The first question is adenoid cystic carcinoma. For any Cerebrigland tumor question, you need to include all these headings in your answer. First you mention all these synonyms of the given condition and the classification. You need to mention under what classification does that particular tumor belong to. If it is benign or malignant, if it is epithelial in origin or not, all that needs to be included. Then you list down all the clinical and histological features of that particular tumor. Do not elaborate on features, mention them in points. Then you list out all the investigations required to diagnose this particular condition. For example, computer tomography, MRI, xylography. All these are few investigations that you carry out to diagnose a Cerebrigland disorder. So list out all the investigations required. Then mention what is the differential diagnosis of this particular condition. And then the treatment. Almost every Cerebrigland tumor is treated surgically. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a radio-resistant lesion. So radiotherapy cannot be a primary treatment option. The first option is definitely surgical. Then add a note on its prognosis. Whether the given tumor has a good prognosis or not. And also the associated complications. So these are the headings under which you need to answer any question, especially short days on Cerebrigland tumor. So short notes. You can confine your answer to clinical features, the synonyms, clinical features, investigations and treatment. The most frequently asked short note questions from Cerebrigland disorders are ranula, mucosil, the management of ranula, frays syndrome and xyladenitis. All these questions have been very frequently asked. So for ranula and mucosil, mention their other names and write what classification do they belong to. You know that ranula is a retention cyst and mucosil is an excavation cyst. So that needs to be mentioned. List out all the possible etiology for this particular condition. Write down what are the causes of this particular cyst. What are the clinical features followed by investigations, differential diagnosis and the surgical treatment. So the headings under which you write these answers is the same as that for Cerebrigland tumors. Here you need to also represent this site and the surgical procedure. For example, what is the incision given? What are the landmarks for the surgical procedure? All this needs to be represented schematically. In case of xyladenitis, you need to mention that it is an infection. Infection can be viral or bacterial. Then you need to mention what are the organisms that are found in xyladenitis. The rest all headings remain the same. For phrase syndrome, again mention this synonyms, the etiology, the pathophysiology of phrase syndrome. You need to mention how the autonomic fibers of auricular temporal nerve is affected. Then you elaborate a little bit on the pathophysiology. What is the diagnosis? You perform iodine test. So you need to mention what is iodine test for phrase syndrome. And then finally the treatment. These are the questions that are asked for short notes. So you can keep your answers also short. But remember to include all the relevant points in your answer. Moving on to orophacial and neck infections. The repeatedly encountered questions are on terbomanibular space infection, Ludwigs angina and osteomyelitis. Equally important other topics are all the primary and secondary spaces of maxilla and mandible, cavernous sinus, thrombosis, media standardis which is a complication of Ludwigs angina, cellulitis and abscess. You need to be also thorough with the anatomy of facial spaces, their boundaries and their communication with neighboring spaces. You can see a question in the short notes, Eagleton's criteria. Eagleton's criteria is six diagnostic criteria for cavernous sinus thrombosis. Pteromanibular space infection. Any question on space infection can be answered under the following headings. Anatomy and boundaries of that particular space needs to be explained with good diagrams. Both general and specific features need to be listed. General features, for example, fever, chills, malaise, lethargy, all that are general features of any space infection. And you also mentioned features specific to that particular space. Lab and radiological investigations include blood culture and sensitivity, hemogram and imaging techniques like CT and MRI. Management for any space infection is the same. General management is the same. For example, you administer antibiotics, analgesics, fluids and electrolytes. Coming to surgical management, the only difference is in the local anesthesia technique and also where you place incision. If the patient has Christmas or limited mouth opening, then you need to administer local anesthesia through an extra aural block or visceraniacinosis technique for mandibular block in cases of Christmas. Also, incision is ready. You can either place an incisional incision or extra aural incision. So the location of incision also varies according to space. So this is how you answer any space infection question. A detailed description of orophacial infections has already been uploaded in the channel. I recommend you all to listen to them as you read your textbooks and prepare each answer. An answer on Ludwig's angina is incomplete without its definition synonyms 3Fs, which is a unique identity of Ludwig's angina. Ethological factors need to be enumerated. You mentioned what are the microorganisms responsible for this particular condition. Write down all the clinical features, both general and regional features of Ludwig's angina. You also need to mention what is the intra aural and extra aural findings. How do you diagnose the condition? What are the laboratory investigations and radiological investigations carried out for Ludwig's angina? Coming to the management aspect, mention the medical management and also the surgical management. You add a note on airway maintenance. There is a chance of airway compromise for Ludwig's angina. So you need to mention what are the airway maintenance techniques. Ludwig's angina is associated with a different range of complications. There are several potential threats. Serious complications like septicemia, pericarditis, mediastionitis, neurological complications, all of them has to be enumerated. Include all these points in your answer to make it complete. There is a question on dental alveolar abscess. You first define an abscess and then mention a flow chart on the sequelae of dental infection, which is given in the textbook of oral pathology by Schafer's. List out all the etiological factors of dental alveolar abscess. It's the same as adentrogenic infection. What are the clinical features? Mention them. And also add a note on the course of abscess formation. There are different stages of abscess formation which you need to list out. Coming to the management, you can manage an abscess medically by administering antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics and surgically by performing endodontic therapy or extraction of the offending tooth. Other few things you need to know here is the difference between an abscess and cellulitis. Also difference between periapical abscess, dental alveolar abscess and periodontal abscess. All these are given in tabulated forms in your textbooks. So please refer to textbooks for the answer. Another important and frequently asked question is osteomilitis. These questions can be asked for a long assay or for a short assay. The management aspect alone can be asked for short assay. You include the following headings for a long assay. The definition, etiological and predisposing factors, pathogenesis of osteomilitis which always needs to be mentioned in the flow chart. There are several classifications of osteomilitis given among which you can include one or two. The clinical features include both intraoral and excrawal findings. Unless asked, you can always write about the radiographic features of chronic osteomilitis because acute osteomilitis rarely show any radiographic changes. All these forms the first part of your answer. The second part and the most important aspect is the management. Osteomilitis can be managed both conservatively and surgically. There are few points under conservative management among which antibiotic therapy and HBO therapy needs special mentioning about. Elaborate the different regimens of antibiotic therapy. You can also add one or two lines about HBO therapy. The rest all can remain in points. Moving on to surgical management. Here again you can elaborate on certain important procedures like decortication, sequestromy, sorcerization and jaw restriction. All these steps can be represented diagrammatically and the rest can remain in points. These are the subheadings of osteomilitis which you may expand or condense as per the mark allotment. Submessutoric space infection. Submessutoric space is a part of masticated space which is a potential second to a space of mandible. One thing I forgot to mention while explaining tergomandibular space infection was involvement. Involvement refers to how a space get infected. For example, submissutoric space gets infected because of pericoronitis of the lower third molars. So for every space infection you need to mention the involvement of the space. Same like tergomandibular space infection here also you mention the anatomy, boundaries and contents of the space width figures based on the involvement and how spread occurs to neighboring spaces. You also mention the features of submissutoric space infection both the general and specific features. The next and the final topic for discussion is management of medical emergencies. If you have any question on medical emergency that arises in a dental clinic the answer must include definition pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management in flowchart including the drug dosage. You can get questions from emergencies related to CVS, RS, endocrine system CNS also hemorrhage and shock which again is vascular. Memorize the drug dosage and root of administration for epinephrine, apropine glucagon and diazepam as different situations demand different dosage of torque. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a very important topic for exams as well as for a medical practitioner. Begin your answer by defining cardiac arrest and discount the various conditions for cardiac arrest. Define basic life support or CPR and then straight away explain the sequence of CPR by highlighting the method of rescue breathing and pulse check. Next come to the technique of chest compression. Here you need to emphasize on location of compression rescuer position rate and CV ratio. You can present this answer in two ways. In first method you explain CPR for adults in detail and at the end of your answer mention the differences in rescue breathing and pulse check for a child. The compression technique also varies for a child so all this you can point out at the end of your answer. Another way is to compare the procedure in adults and in a child in a table form. Whichever style you follow make sure to include all these headings. You have a question on emergency drugs discuss the role of adrenaline and atropin in emergency situations. So first you list out all the four modules. You know that there are four modules of emergency drugs with few equipments also so just list them out. Do not explain or elaborate on the function or action of each drug or equipment. If the question was only on emergency drugs then you can give the function of each drug used in each module. Then you explain the pharmacological action of adrenaline and atropin. Adrenaline and atropin are used in different emergency situations so that comes in therapeutic indications. You mentioned what are the indications of each drug how is it available and what is the dose given for each emergency situation. So that is how you write this answer. All these questions here are direct questions from textbooks. The first one is indication and procedure for tracheostomy. There are about 6 to 8 indications and before explaining the surgical procedure anatomical landmarks for incision for tracheostomy should be diagrammatically represented followed by step-wise surgical procedure in points. The subheadings for bronchospasms and anapylaxis remain the same like already explained before When a question bronchospasms is asked you can mention that bronchospasms occur in acute asthma as well as anapylaxis. Pathophysiology remains almost the same for both and you can develop your answer under the same headings for both bronchospasms and anapylaxis. I needn't explain again on how to write hyperventilation and syncope it has been told enough. Hemostatic agents have already been discussed in the second video on question paper discussion. Hemostatic agents are of 3 types mechanical, thermal and chemical quote a few examples and explain 2 examples each from each category Other important questions from medical emergencies are hypoglycemia hyperglycemia, adrenal crisis, epilepsy, status, epilepticus, myocardial infarction Dear students I again tell you that these videos are only to guide you through presenting your answers precisely and to the point. It happens that in spite of reading and revising you forget to mention some important facts or features in your answer. Our discussion will help you to overcome this issue. For any topic after you have read your textbooks and notes keep revising the subheadings for every question so that it's easy for you to recollect and you don't miss any relevant points. Thus we have completed the recent OMFS question paper discussion by Kerala University of Health Sciences. I wish you all the very best for your exams. Thank you.