 Okay, welcome everyone to the Linus Pauling Institute's webinar, Our Future, Our Health, by Dr. Emily Ho. My name is Alexander Michaels. I am a research associate at the Linus Pauling Institute. I'm also functioning as the communications officer. So if any of you have heard, you know, wrote into the Linus Pauling Institute or communicated with us via all the different channels, you're probably talking to me most of the time. I'll start off this today by just saying, wow, this is quite a crowd that we have registered for this conference. This is one of the largest audiences the Oregon State University has seen since this whole year. And that's pretty impressive, given the fact that we've been all online pretty much for the last six months during this pandemic. I'll be functioning as the moderator for this webinar. And part of that duty is that I'm going to be fielding your questions. One of the things I'd like to point out to you is if you look below, there's a Q&A button. If any time during this webinar you'd like to ask a question of Emily, please type it into the Q&A box. We've already received some questions. We have quite an audience attending this seminar today. This is one of the most diverse crowds we've ever seen. And that just goes to show how many people are interested in the message that the Linus Pauling Institute is putting out and our focus on global health issues. We have in attendance research scientists, health professionals from dietitians, naturopaths, and other physicians and nutritionists. And a lot of dedicated supporters to the Linus Pauling Institute legacy and the Linus Pauling legacy, and just people who really enjoy the work that we do. So we're going to have a lot of questions from a lot of different sources, and I apologize in advance if I'm not able to get to all of them. But please, if you do put your questions below, I will make sure that they are answered one way or another, if not in the presentation today. So in a moment, Emily will be getting on to start her presentation. I'll just give you a quick rundown of how we're going to be doing things today. The beginning, we'll have approximately 30 minutes of Emily talking, and then she'll stop and we'll start addressing questions. We're only on the schedule for an hour today, so if we run out of time, I will let you guys know and, again, we'll get to your questions through other channels. And please feel free to send us an email at lpi at OregonState.edu if you don't get your question answered. Without further ado, I'd like to introduce Dr. Emily Ho. Emily comes to the director's chair of the Linus Pauling Institute from the Linus Pauling Institute. If you weren't aware, Emily's been an investigator in the Institute for the last 17 years, approximately. And I remember clearly when she came to interview, I was a graduate student working in the Institute at the time. And I was really impressed with all her work on zinc. She was coming from Bruce Ames' lab, is that correct, Emily, at UC Berkeley, where she was doing some amazing and exciting work. And it was really exciting to have her on the faculty at the Institute shortly after. Before UC Berkeley, Emily worked in, she got her PhD in Tammy Bray's lab. And if anybody knows Tammy Bray, she did a lot of work with antioxidants and diabetes. She also was the dean in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences until recently, she was the dean. And so Emily and Tammy worked together in public health while she was an investigator, while they were both investigators in the Linus Pauling Institute. And before that, Emily got an undergraduate degree at the University of, I'm going to murder this, Gulf in Ontario. And so she's traveled quite a ways across the continent in her academic career. Emily's work at the Linus Pauling Institute has taken two broads paths. One is her work with zinc, where she works on defining the roles of zinc throughout the lifespan. But the other one has been on sulforaphane and cruciferous vegetables, whole foods and cancer chemo prevention. She's often known as the broccoli lady to a lot of her students and people who know her. So as a participant in one of her clinical trials, I usually refer to her as the broccoli sprout lady, because of the number of broccoli sprouts that we had to eat trials. Emily has been a leader in the Linus Pauling Institute's cancer program since its inception. She's often championed the benefits of whole foods and it's no wonder that in 2012, she was named the director of the Moore Family Center of Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health. And she held that role as director until this year when she was named the director of the Linus Pauling Institute. I could go on and on about Emily's research interests and her highlights of her career, but instead I'm going to let her take the stage and talk about the future of the Linus Pauling Institute. And just one more reminder, if you have any questions during the talk, just put them in the Q&A section below. And with that, Emily. Great. Thank you for that nice introduction. Let me share my screen and welcome all of you. Just give me a moment here. Sorry. I'm sorry, I'm just going to check the Q&A. Is that Alex, is this viewing properly before I get started? I can't quite tell. You look fine to me. Great. All right. I know all of us have been negotiating how to communicate in different ways. And thank you all for being here and taking the time from your day to hear about the future vision for the Linus Pauling Institute. I'm really very honored to be serving as the new director of the Linus Pauling Institute, as Dr. Michaels had mentioned. I've been at the LPI as a faculty for close to two decades now, and the mission and the caliber of science that the Linus Pauling Institute was really one of the main reasons that attracted me and really wanted me to be a part of Oregon State University. And I've had the fortune to interact for these many years with our fabulous faculty. I've made examples from our previous leadership, including Don Reed, Balls Fry, Fred Stevens, and Richard Van Bremen. Again, I'm really sorry we can't be together in person. For those of you who do know me, you know that I usually love any excuse to throw a good party and share a lot of good food. It's definitely my preferred way to do things, but unfortunately we can't do that. So this is what we're stuck with, but I'm happy that all of you can be here with me. So the mission of the Linus Pauling Institute is to promote optimal health through cutting-edge and nutrition research and trusted public outreach. I'm excited to share with you where we are with the LPI today and importantly where we need to go. And in that vision, I really foresee forging our future path together. So not just the nutrition scientists, not just the scientists, but also how do we include our communities and our populations worldwide in terms of informing and moving our research forward. I really strongly believe that the Institute and OSU are a really uniquely poised to both discover and enable ways that individuals, communities can really help tip our balance towards optimal health. So I'll come back to that optimal health several times throughout the presentation. So we're really at a unique time in our history. Now more than ever, our nation's health has truly emerged at the forefront as our nation and the world's highest priority. In the current situation, we're clearly given a lot of circumstances we can't control. But the question is, what can we do as an individual, as a family or as a community to really increase our chances of staying healthy? And that has become extremely important. How can we be informed? How can we make decisions? And how can we take our own action to take charge of our own health again? And this is exactly what the Linus Pauling Institute excels at. We have a mission to discover ways that you can take charge of your health again and live the best life that you can. Independent of the current situation in the pandemic, our health in the nation is in trouble. This is a slide from the CDC. 60%, so one in six adults have some chronic disease. Many have more than one. On the bottom of this slide show some of the major diseases that are affecting the nation in the U.S. currently. And this is a huge burden not only in terms of quality of life, but also is a huge burden on in terms of finances. So over $3 trillion in annual health care costs are associated with diseases. To combat and to improve the health, both in our nation and across the world, we really need to think about disease in different ways. We need to think about how it starts. We need to think about how it progresses. Again, there are many factors in all of these leading diseases and disorders are things that we can't control. It could be our genetics, our family history, aspects of our environment that we can't control. But as a community, as a population, there are some things that we can do proactively to help tip that balance towards positive optimal health. And again, now more than ever, the value and the importance of a scientific discovery is extremely important. And then also making sure that that essential information is accessible and actionable to the population. Making sure that the population can act is also a critical point in terms of enabling the population towards better health. So what are the things that we as a population can take charge of? For many of these diseases, there are key lifestyle factors that we can control that can really make a huge impact in terms of both our susceptibility to disease and also could potentially help with treatment or cessation of the disease. And I want to highlight this second point, which is a major focus historically of the Lyons-Pauline Institute in terms of the foods that we eat, the nutrients that we take, that can be a major contributor to many of these disorders. So when you look at just the one box nutrition and the diseases that are related to a poor diet, they are the same diseases that are the leading diseases across the nation. So things like heart disease and stroke and cancer are one of the leading causes of death and mortality in the United States. And each of these, what we consume and what we do can have a major impact both on the incidence and the severity of these diseases. Other disorders, diabetes and obesity is also a growing factor that is a contributor to these other three as well. And again, simply what we consume has a major, major impact in terms of both the prevalence and potential severity of these disorders. I'm going to hone in a little bit more on some of the numbers in terms of the impact if you're not convinced yet. So one of my research areas is cancer. In particular, I study things like colorectal cancer, breast and prostate cancer. And this is a slide from the American Institute of Cancer Research. Colorectal cancer is one of the leading cancers in the United States. And they estimate that 45% of colorectal cancer cases could be prevented simply by again taking charge of your own health, eating well, moving more and staying lean. That's over 60,000 people that could be free of this particular devastating disease. That's a lot of people. And again, simply by making good lifestyle choices has a major impact in terms of prevalence of a devastating disease. Looking a little bit more closely, how much change do you need to make? In some cases, it's not a ton of change. This is also with respect to colorectal cancer. So 10 grams of dietary fiber is estimated to reduce colorectal cancer by 10%. So this is just one thing. That 10%, that 10 grams is a cup of oatmeal. It's a cup of broccoli, which happens to be one of my favorite vegetables in terms of cancer fighting properties. So it's not huge potential changes that need to be made. And again, the impact of these choices with food and diet can have a pretty significant impact in terms of our health. When we look at our inspiration, Dr. Lyons Pauling, he was an innovator well ahead of his time and this is not something new. This is a concept that he championed for many, many decades in terms of this concept of optimum nutrition is the medicine of tomorrow. And I point this out, traditionally we, and even in the slides I just presented, we're talking about food, nutrients, other bioactives from foods that play a strong role in terms of preventing disease. But they also could play a significant role with treatment, decreasing severity of disease as well. So the scope and the power of nutrition and these nutrients is not limited to just stopping disease in the first place that they really have a role across the full spectrum. In terms of what we do at the Lyons Pauling Institute, again, we really want to build on the inspiration of Lyons Pauling. As a quick reminder, he is the only person with two unshared Nobel Prizes. One of his prizes is for scientific discovery for his work in the nature of the chemical bond. But his second Nobel Prize is a Nobel Prize, largely for his humanitarian work. So he really wanted to make a difference in the world. So to truly honor this inspiration of Lyons Pauling, we at the Institute really need to ensure that we really take this to heart in terms of valuing the scientific discovery, but also ensuring that we're making an impact, a true impact on society. And although we have a focus on food and nutrient approaches to this optimal health and disease prevention, we really need to emphasize this concept of translation and impact. So we at the Institute focus on mechanistic aspects of healthy aging, chronic disease prevention, chronic disease treatment as well. But we need to ensure that this flows through in terms of making a difference in people's lives. And the other piece of this is we also need to understand what the critical issues are in the population in the community and have that feedback into the questions and the research that we have as well. This approach takes collaboration. It takes translation and implementation. It takes adequate dissemination. So it really takes a village in terms of ensuring there are multiple perspectives and multiple points of expertise to really work together. And again, I try to emphasize that this is really a two way interaction in terms of moving forward. In terms of some of the strengths that LPI currently has one of the major focus areas is around this concept of healthy aging. I know I've been talking so far quite a bit about disease prevention. This healthy aging is not just about chronic disease prevention. That is certainly a piece of it. A term that we like to talk about is the concept of health span. So when we talk about healthy aging, it's not just referring to longevity and living longer. It's really about how do you live your life at its best capacity at the highest quality. So again, not just live longer, but how do we live better longer. So we like to ask questions in terms of how do we optimize our mental capacity. How do we maintain a healthy immune system so we can fight off stresses and other infections. In addition to how do we stop disease from happening in the first place, so we stay healthy. But even if you are diagnosed with one of these diseases, how can we again kind of take charge of our health and do things to potentially help slow the progression and best manage some of these diseases that are some of the major contributors to death across the nation. So who are some of our researchers. So we have interest, we have researchers that across multiple disciplines, we pride ourselves in terms of being multi disciplinary nature, our faculty are drawn upon various disciplines, they come from many colleges across Oregon State University. They span interest from understanding the biology of aging for healthy aging, improving memory and cognition, working on aspects of things like immune function, looking at neurodegenerative diseases like Lou Gehrig's disease or ALS, and also looking at other age related diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiometabolic disease as well. Our research is highly collaborative, is highly connected. So for example, we have experts like Morett Traver and Fritz Gombart who do work on specific vitamins. Myself, I work on zinc. We also have researchers that focus on things like N3 fatty acids like Dr. Jim. So our researchers sometimes have a specific food component focus. We also have some of the leading natural product chemists like Dr. Stevens and Dr. Van Bremen that are discovering almost every day new phytochemicals and botanicals that are important in health. We also again have researchers that are interested in this aspect of healthy aging, so looking at biology of aging and what are the deficits that go wrong in the mitochondria, sometimes in the immune system. And then other researchers that are more focused on age related neurodegenerative diseases, Joe Beckman that's doing work specifically in ALS and discovering treatments for this devastating disease and Kaki Magnuson who is looking at aspects of cognitive function and memory. We also have some newer faculty that are also looking at how to use health data and I'll talk a little bit about that in a moment as well. So you can see that we have a highly diverse faculty. Again, a major component of what the Alliance Pelling Institute also does is ensuring that this evidence based information is accessible to the general public, in addition to the scientific community. We have this Micronutrient Information Center that acts as a major hub and resource for all things around nutrition, nutrients, phytochemicals and disease. This is one of our flagship programs. It's launched in 2000. So we are currently celebrating our 20th anniversary of at the Institute with the Micronutrient Information Center. It is a resource that gets over 2 million users annually. So it's a highly used resource with expertise in various areas, articles on these nutrients, health conditions, it's translated into several languages as well. And again, really enables that full circle in terms of ensuring that the information and the discoveries that we make and others make are accessible to the general population. So where do we need to go from now? So the challenge to the Alliance Pelling Institute and to the world is really how can we better discover some of these factors to help individuals push them towards this path. Positive balance and towards optimal health. If you think of our health as kind of this dial that again, what we want to do is discover and enable strategies that help push you as an individual, you as a family, you as a community towards this optimal health. Our strategy has been to look at some of these lifestyle factors. So again, factors that that you can take charge of. So with this slide, I know it's a complicated slide and it's meant to be complicated. When we think about our health, it's a highly complicated system. And then there are factors that contribute to our health that that that we have no control over. For example, our genetics, in some cases, our environment, and all these factors function at different levels as well at the cellular level at the tissue level, and the person level. So in this simple model in terms of pushing our balance forward, the fact is that this dial has many gears inside of it that also drives what moves forward. And in fact, there's there's likely more than one dial as well there are multiple stresses, multiple factors that push an individual's balance, either back or forward in terms of their health. Dietary factors are one one piece, but we really need to think about that the challenge is, again, that this dial moves in different directions, depending on who you are, where you are. There are multi scale effects, and there isn't necessarily a one size fits all. And to really be able to to think about even the focus on nutrition and diet on moving this dial. We need to consider the whole system. We need to consider the food that that comes that these nutrients come from. We need to consider all of these internal factors as well. So doing things differently is is going to be necessary, and doing things together is is also going to be necessary. So thinking about at the individual level again, there, there isn't necessarily a one size fits all some of those factors and gears could be your age, it could be your genetics. Again it could be where you live. In terms of play in terms of adjustments that you may need to make in terms of determining what your body needs to be able to function optimally. An important theme for the future is, you know, how do we bring expertise together to really look at all of these different factors, all of these things that we could potentially measure that all contribute to your health. How do we bring these expertise together to help solve some of these leading health problems. How, how can we better customize how can we better predict what an individual need what an individual needs. This concept is called personalized medicine. The concept of potentially personalizing nutrition is going to be an important future direction, and we'll need to include the integration of all of these factors together. Integration of multiple facets of the human body and the environment that you live in to be able to fully realize. Again, we have the capacity to individually look at all of these factors, but where the gap is is how do we how do we put it all together. How do we use this data and numbers that we're able to generate to solve problems to be able to predict what the problems will be in the future is something that we need to closely look at. There are some new faculty, for example, in the, in the Institute, in particular, Dr. Melissa Handel and her group, for example, that are using some of these similar approaches. Using integrative approaches to integrate health data and health measurements and to accelerate things like that are extremely relevant right now. One is around cancer and the second fairly recently, she has started a multi center project that's across the nation to really use these data approaches to help accelerate the fight against COVID. So this allows us to be nimble and highly responsive to emergent health health needs. So again, our focus currently is around food and nutrient approaches. But as we move forward, we can consider food and nutrients on their own that we need to be able to consider how these interact with disease states how they interact with with other lifestyle factors as well. So really encompassing again a whole body a whole person approach to to really look at how we can better define and understand how what are the major drivers of our human health and what makes each person different in terms of customizing their needs. Looking at biomarkers, for example, is another major priority for me. So how do we identify early markers of disease so we can catch people earlier, and how do we identify biomarkers for food intake and nutritional status as well. I strongly believe if if you are able to couple the two early disease prevention with early nutrition detection at the same time that the power of those two together in terms of combating disease is going to be huge. The other thing again but again want to emphasize is this emphasis on on translation and impact. If our work, you know stays in the labs it doesn't make that impact so we really need to ensure that we enable and empower individuals populations to to take the discoveries that that we make. And that they become actionable that they have the right information. And they're able to to to act on them and then to that the work that is done or the needs and the emergent health issues that happen in the population are things that we can be nimble and quickly pivot towards in terms of helping and and moving forward. I know my time is getting closer to to the end. So I guess the bottom line at the Institute is things things are going to change things are evolving in terms of our science and how how we want to move forward but the same time things are not changing. The essence of the vision of lines calling is still strongly going to be upheld. I know, and many of you may have have read Dr. Pauling's book, you know how to live longer and feel better. This is really what we're trying to do. We're really trying to help you live better longer. This is this is a passion of mine. This is a passion of my faculty a passion of my staff a passion of my trainees and the students all of them are extremely passionate about about your health, their health health health in general. And we really look forward to working together to help amplify what we currently do to make it better and have the lines calling to really truly make a true difference in impact on human health and I'm excited about this next stage. And I'm extremely fortunate to be part of this this fabulous Institute for so many years and I look forward to to learning more about you as well as we move forward. Just to close again just want to thank you want to give you a few resources in terms of if you want to learn more about our research that we're doing we have a fabulous newsletter. You can check out our website here as well. Again, go to resource in terms of information is our micro nutrition information center we currently have a 20 for 20 campaign that's going on as well. Reach out to me reach out to the Institute with your questions there's lots of different ways that that you can get involved. We have ongoing studies that that are always looking for participants. And we just love to be able to share our message out broader and and all of you are really our champions in terms of helping amplify and ensuring that these these important discoveries are being being used and are being brought to the community at large. Thank you. Okay, I am back. I don't know if you want to stop your slides show there Emily for the moment so we can have a little chat. Thank you for that presentation. That was wonderful. Questions have been coming in through different channels, not just the Q&A below but on on the our our email. So if you have any questions that you don't want to type into the Q&A here you can certainly send us an email at lpi at Oregon State that you and we'll definitely respond to every question that has been sent. I, as I mentioned before, we won't be able to get to every question that was sent to us today. But keep sending them we'll we'll get that we'll get to them one way or another. I'll make sure of it. So let me let me start with a question about lines Pauling. One question that came in was will the lines Pauling Institute be doing more to promote the the life and legacy of Dr. Pauling himself. His history, especially to younger generations that seem to not necessarily know the impact that he's had on the world. That's the hard hard yes, and absolutely that Dr. Pauling's work is is our inspiration and we at the Institute have a strong commitment in terms of ensuring the next generation of scientists are equally inspired. As all of us are in terms of his legacy and what he has done, just as a side note. So I have two sons. My, my older son is a middle schooler and he goes to the Linus Pauling middle school here in Corvallis. So when you started middle school, I asked him specifically without prompting or previous history for me, you know what, what do you know about Linus Pauling. And his first answer was, well mom, he's this genius scientist. So I thought, okay, that's a good place to start. Yeah. And I was just found myself into a conversation the other day where somebody turned to me and said, what is orthomolecular? And I said, oh, let me tell you about orthomolecular. The word Linus Pauling coined. Yeah. So we're getting a lot of questions about specific nutrients and specific dietary factors and I don't think we can field all of them here today. Maybe if you just want to do it in a broad sense, like what how we approach these type of topics, you know, like if someone has a question about vitamin C, they have a question about vitamin D, you know, how would they best get that answer at the institute? Yes, like I mentioned, the Micronutrient Information Center is usually where I direct people as their first stop. It's an amazing resource. It's kept up to date. It's vetted by and written by experts in the field. In some cases, those experts are outside the Linus Pauling Institute as well in terms of their expert review. It's just a fabulous source to really understand a little bit more about just the basics of each of those nutrients, but also its relation to disease. So it's a great stopping point or a first place to look for information and certainly people can reach out to the individual faculty as well in terms of their specific expertise. Yeah, certainly, if you want in depth information about any specific nutrient, start with the line. You can even contact the Victoria Drake, you know, the head of the Micronutrient Information Center. She will definitely answer your emails, or at least get into the person that will answer your emails if you've got a specific question. Again, scrolling through all the questions, let's... Here's a one that we get a lot, and that's, what do you recommend that seniors do to monitor their levels of vitamins and minerals to watch out for any deficiencies? I mean, are there any blood tests that they can take, or are there other ways of just seeing if you've got enough? And that's a great question. Unfortunately, for a lot of the micronutrients, especially in older individuals, there isn't a great test. So for example, in my expertise area with zinc, where we already know that zinc is a, especially right now, a very important nutrient to make sure you're getting enough of to boost your immune system. And we know that older individuals have increased susceptibility to deficiency because they tend to eat less of it in terms of zinc-rich foods, which tend to be protein-rich foods and richer foods. And at the same time, there are some problems of absorbing it. But yet, the blood tests that you take that your doctor will recommend isn't a great test in terms of finding zinc deficiency. You have to be pretty zinc deficient already for the test to show positive. So even though your test may say you're okay, you may not be okay. And there's some other examples of that as well. Bottom line, though, I still make sure you consult with your doctor in terms of your needs. Some of the nutrients that we already know that are kind of more problematic as we get older are things like zinc, vitamin D is another one, and calcium that you can monitor. I recommend a lot of time for persons of any age to make sure that they, as backup, and it's certainly safe to take a multivitamin and multimineral to ensure that they're getting some of those gaps filled in. But at the same time, there might be certain cases in some populations where even that standard RDA multivitamin multimineral may not be enough and you may need to up it a little bit more as well. But unfortunately, I mean, that's a big area of interest in the institute in terms of how do we define better biomarkers so we can develop better tests so we can catch this earlier. And make stronger recommendations to people. And are there any specific recommendations that we that you'd like to give to the people who are older? I mean, you know, multivitamin is a great solution at any age, really, if you're not getting enough to the food that you eat. But are there specific nutrients that you'd like to highlight in, you know, kind of the aging process? Yeah, absolutely. So, you know, bone health is always a concern as we age so making sure you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D. Again, zinc is another one that I usually recommend for older adults as well. With zinc, you do need to look at your multivitamin multimineral label. It's one that sometimes is not included in the formulation. It has some poor taste qualities. So sometimes there is not included. My husband has made the mistake of coming home with a zinc free multivitamin in the past and he's not in charge of buying multivitamins anymore for the family. It's because of that, but you do need to look at labels because there is not consistent, especially with the age of zinc. I think vitamin D, as I mentioned already, not only for your bones, but for your immune system. Vitamin E is another one as well. Again, if you go to my condition information center, there are some specific LPI recommendations for older adults there as well. Let me ask you a couple of questions, changing, kind of changing the topic from the nitty gritty about micronutrients, but more to how the line of polling is negotiating the landscape currently when it comes to funding sources. You know, it's difficult to get funding for micronutrient research sometimes because it's not seemed necessary. There's also kind of this perceived bias against of nutrition research or at least micronutrient research where studies aren't being taken seriously or the impact isn't really been felt by the general population. Yeah, no, that's a great question. I think people care about their health and the approach that we're taking is, again, as I mentioned in my presentation is, you know, how do we work together? So it might not be a study specifically focused on an individual micronutrient anymore, kind of looking at more combinations. And that's where I think the where we need to go. There's likely not one magic bullet. And that's when it comes to either, you know, medications or fighting nutrients and nutrients as well. I think, as we think about the whole body system as well, kind of pivoting more towards nutrients is one of those, those factors that we that we need to focus on but we also need to focus on the components of health to to really make the biggest impact on stopping disease, preventing it and stopping the severities as well. So really taking this integrative approaches is something that a lot of us have pivoted towards. I'm going to point out one one of the questions that it's not really a question that came through but one of the our audience members would like to point out that there are plenty of registered dietitians across the state, who would help when we talk about earlier micronutrient deficiencies will help you evaluate your diet and help you figure out if you're getting enough so I mean there's there's definitely help out there and support. Especially for evaluating your dietary habits. Yes, and I think that and that's one of our limitations right now that I'm always shocked. When I look at electronic health records that diet information isn't something that seamlessly is there for the clinician to see. And it's not consistent in terms of patients that are consulted with a dietitian and that and that needs to change. Yeah, and we need to, of course, make those connections with the health care providers that are that are doing this work. And, and, you know, convey the research to them as well. The, this is kind of a another broader question, but actually, let me ask you the question about what people can do if they're interested in being part of the scientific study or the clinical community, kind of this crowd sourced research. I mean, do we have any, do you have any comment on plans for crowdsource research in the future. Certainly something that's on my list in terms of something I'd like to cultivate again kind of this two way concept of trying to understand you know what's going on in the populations. But at the same time, and there's also mechanisms currently, obviously right now in terms of with the restrictions on just research activities at the university because of coven that a lot of our ongoing studies that involve people in particular have been kind of been put on hold. But in general, amongst the investigators, there are always there, there are usually some opportunities in terms of participation within research projects. You might have to eat broccoli. There's, there's a lot of opportunities to, to provide that I'd like to cultivate in terms of providing input, perhaps looking at kind of more citizen science community crowdsource based research. I know several of our investigators have some proposals out currently doing that type of work, but there's lots of different ways that you can get involved. So here we have a very wide population that follows our research that takes vitamin C. So if we ever want to do any vitamin C population based studies I think we've got a great cohort going on here. You mentioned the C word first so let's let's have a question about COVID-19. So, I think a lot of people have wondered why, or how the message about nutrients micronutrients healthy eating healthy immune system can get to the places where it matters in terms like hospitals or healthcare providers you know what, what are, what can we do to bridge that gap between the two most not only just what is the lines Pauling Institute doing but what can people do. That's a great question. And an important issue now, not only responding to COVID but for for many of the diseases. In a lot of cases, making sure that you are taking a vitamin D or vitamin C or zinc is kind of a low hanging fruit is inexpensive and generally low, low toxicity so so why isn't it widely more widely promoted. I guess some of the questions come around you know that the, some of the pitfalls I guess is with these micronutrients stage really seems to matter. That's why I was talking about kind of early detection methods is really important because where these nutrients are going to play a bigger biggest role is early on the disease, and especially with COVID at this point, kind of our tools for detection are limited. And then, hence, some of the more rigorous studies that are done show very mixed results because there's an entire continuum of the disease that that the treatment is being affected with. But the bottom line is, I certainly would love to look at you know working more with the health community in terms of getting that message at a minimum, making sure that we prevent deficiencies and these deficiencies are widespread already in the population. Some may be undetected because of lack of testing but again kind of this insurance policy of advocating for micronutrient intake is something that I do believe is important. And to be honest, I'm not I'm not sure why there there is so much apprehension, but having partners advocates is going to be critical. I think we may have lost Alex. Okay, so I think at this point maybe this is a good time to wrap up. I will send the questions to Emily so that you guys can reach out to those that maybe didn't get answered and they, I did see that the few of those questions were all summer similar so that'll be easy to answer. But I'd like to thank you again for your talk today your time I know it's precious nowadays, especially with zoom fatigue so thank you. Thank you for stepping in and ask you all call with us. In the meantime, I would recommend visiting LPI's website. I'll pop up that email address or that web address here in one minute. But once again, thank you Emily and we'll talk soon. Thank you.