 Hi, so far we discussed various alternate methods of integrated pest management technologies which can be used in the farmers practice. You know all these alternative methods we started thinking mainly because of the misuse or the overuse or the indiscriminate use of insecticides or the pesticides. So that has led to the thinking of the alternative means of the pest management. But even today as a curative means chemical control still forms the major weapon in IPM. So this we have to remember well in advance. Let us discuss how this chemical control vis-a-vis the IPM can be made use. What needs to be done for using chemical pesticides? What are the strategies to be considered? What are the points to be remembered? We should discuss in the next 2 to 3 classes. Yeah, I said you know chemical control and the IPM we may have to relate in the future 2 to 3 classes. What is chemical pest control? The basic question we have to answer. It is nothing but using chemicals for controlling the insect pests in this case and it is a pesticide used to prevent or destroy or to repel the insect pests from the source of the food here the host plants or the crop plants. They also combat the pests and diseases occurring on our crops not only on our crops even on livestock and also on our possessions including the stored products. Before going further we should know what is the history of these pesticides? Before the synthesis of new insecticides the inorganic pesticides were in use. If you see the history as back as in 1867 Paris green was used for the management of Colorado potato beetle in USA. Similarly in 1892 the various arsenic compounds lead arsenate was first used against gypsy moth control which is a temperate tree plant in USA. In 1936 lithium was used for many of the foliage feeding insects management. In 1940 the synthesis of the new insecticides started after identifying the DDT insecticidal activity during 1939 later on one after the other many molecules started synthesizing which included majority of chlorinated hydrocarbons which include as I said the insecticidal property of DDT was identified in 1939 then came lindane then came chloradane dialdrine and haptachlor. Later on in 1946 organophosphates having a quick knock down effect on the insects were synthesized. Some of the important organophosphate insecticides are melatheon, paratheon, dichlorovas and metastox. Later in 1956 another group of insecticides carbamates having a stable compound having a quick knock down effect on majority of the insects were synthesized. This included aldecarb, mythomil, carbaryl, pyrimicarb and so on then came the synthesis of formamidines in 1965. One of the best example in under this group is amitras which has got a very broad spectrum insecticidal activity particularly effective against the sucking pest complex of majority of the field crops. Then came a striking phenomena in 1972 that is the identification of synthetic pyrothroids. They are more stable, photo stable compounds and they are required in very low quantity as against the earlier conventional insecticides and they are very effective for biting and chewing insects on various crops. Under this category bio resimetrin, allatrin, palmetrin, delta metrin, cyper metrin, these are the important compounds which are in use even today. Then from 1992 onwards there was a major development in the synthesis of newer insecticides belonging to newer chemistry class altogether they belong to newer chemistry classes. Some of the newer insecticides include neonicotinoids, insect growth regulators, spinocins, fifronols, ourmectines having major activity on biting and chewing insects, oxidizations, then pymetra zone, diamides, phenyl pyrazole, tetrazymes, ketonols, these are some of the insecticides belonging to newer class of pesticides. Broadly we can group them into three phases as far as the age of pesticides is concerned. One is the ancient era of traditional approach wherein from ancient days till 1938 which included cultural and mechanical methods, botanicals which included neem, chrysanthemum, rotinone, tobacco and so on and the basic inorganic insecticides belonging to arsenic compounds, mercury compounds, tin compounds having a direct mortality effect on the insecticides. Then came the era of doubt after the synthesis of the various insecticides starting from chlorinated hydrocarbons particularly between 1962 to 1975 lot of discoveries were made with reference to various chlorinated carbons and the resistance problem was another thing which was noticed during this period and lot of organochlorines, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethrides were synthesized and almost to the tune of 80% of the farmers dependent for the management of crops on these synthetic insecticides. Because of the indiscriminate use the problem of resistance came, the problem of residue problems came and more important the problem of health hazards to human being and also to other higher animals was seen in almost all the places across the globe. So the concept or the third phase era of IPM started from 1976 onwards particularly the IPM became more important with the Hoofhecker project in USA and also in Southeast Asia and on RISE the FAO IPM program which gave a boost in our country for developing IPM strategy on various field crops. If you understand the pesticide usage across the globe you know so far 260 pesticides have been registered so far and almost around 585 formulations are available as on recently that is August 2015 and the pesticide consumption interestingly in our country India is very low compared to some of the countries abroad. In fact Taiwan records almost 17 kg of pesticide per hectare and then followed by China, Japan, USA where in India consumes hardly 0.6 kg of pesticides per hectare. Because we have large area under dry land condition the consumption goes so low but if you take the pesticide consumption in irrigated area particularly in rice growing areas in cotton growing areas the pesticide consumption is almost 10 kgs per hectare. So the separate estimation the government of India has made very recently. Then if you take the information on crop wise data in the country cotton 50% consumes 50% of the pesticides followed by paddy and fruits and vegetables. Then if you just analyze the pesticide consumption within the country of course undoubtedly Andhra Pradesh takes around 24% of the pesticides followed by Maharashtra then Punjab then almost Karnataka and Gujarat takes 7% remaining states consume the remaining percentage of pesticides. Again the Indian scenario if you observe because ours is a tropical and subtropical country where in insects play a major role rather than the other pest problems almost around 80% of insecticides are consumed out of the pesticides that we use followed by herbicides. Of course in recent years the percentage of usage of herbicide is increasing season after season mainly because of the labour problem followed by fungicides and all other pesticides put together they contribute around 3% of the consumption. If you compare this with the world consumption of pesticides it is altogether different. Across the world you know it is herbicides which dominate the consumption almost 47.5% of herbicides are used followed by insecticides which consume around 29.5% then followed by fungicides and then rest of the other pesticides. These pesticides are classified according to various means firstly they are classified based on the usefulness. Pesticides belonging to acaricides which kill ticks and mites for example carbofenthion. Pesticides named as insecticides mainly they act on insects, carboferon, chlorophyrophos, some of these insecticides are included in this category. Then fungicides mainly effective against the fungal diseases, mancogea, carbondysm and so on. Then pesticides as herbicides mainly acting on weed fauna in that you know 240 butaclore then nematocytes mainly acting on nematodes phenomaphos is one of the standing example we have. Then pesticides as rodenticides which kills rats as invertebrate pests, comarin is one of the commonly seen rodenticide. Then based on the mode of action how exactly they act on the insects they are classified. As contact poison for example carbaryl whenever these insecticide come in contact with the insect particularly the cuticulin layer because of the wax layer present in the cuticular layer of the insect it absorbs the insecticide then it results in death of the insect. Then stomach poison mainly zinc phosphide now here the insects have to feed on the treated surface that is on the plant surface or on the fruit surface and whenever the material goes inside then it acts as a stomach poison. Then systemic poison in this case whenever the insecticide is spread on to the treated surface the plants the whole plant becomes poisonous. The phloem and xylem is contaminated with the poisonous material and whenever the insect feeds either by sucking or by feeding on the foliage the insect will be killed. And then as fumigants as the name itself indicates the insect spiracles whenever the insects respire these fumigants enter into the insect body and the insect will be killed. Then based on the chemical constituents the pesticides are classified as botanical compounds and then as synthetic organic compounds which are synthesized based using many of the chemical groups and then as microbial compounds particularly from various microbes like bacteria, fungus, nematodes, viruses the classification is made and then insect growth regulators particularly using a molting hormone, zoonyl hormone compounds these molecules are included under this category synthetic pyrothroids because they are mainly photo stable and required in low quantity having low mammalian toxicity. These classification of the conventional or the old insecticides in broad can be made as organochlorines as organophosphates and then carbamates and then synthetic pyrothroids having some of the examples shown there. The major drawback of these old chemicals are the conventional insecticides as I said repeatedly because of the problem of residues. The residues remain for a long time on the treated surface whenever the human being or the higher animals consume the residual toxicity results in various health problems and then the problem of insecticide resistance because of over exposure or repeated exposure to the same molecule the insect gets acclimatized to the toxic of the particular insecticide and they develop many behavioral as well as physiological mechanisms to overcome the toxicity and then the resurgence you know because of use of these broad spectrum insecticides majority of the insects and their natural enemies maybe parasitoids maybe predators will be killed in the absence of these natural enemies and also in the absence of toxic residues the same species will come back again and cause major economic damage which is known as the resurgence problem. In addition to that we also see secondary pest outbreaks the minor pests becoming major pests particularly in case of cotton because of the continuous use of synthetic pyrethroids we have seen a minor pest like cotton white fly assuming the status of a major pest in recently in Punjab and Haryana area. So here the secondary outbreak is seen because of the continuous use of synthetic pyrethroids. Then coming to new class of pesticide synthesis wherein the insecticide resistance action committee of Washington they grouped all these new insecticide molecules into 24 groups based on chemical nature based on toxicity of each of the chemical and then say group 2b contains phenyl pyrazole 3a contains pyrethroids 4a contains neonicotinoids like that the list goes on in fact 10b contains oxozonols which are important new molecule pesticides itoxanol is one of the standing example we have and the group 11a contains all the BT formulations the microbial toxins are included under this category and then group 13 contains pyro pyroles which are again important sucking pest compounds and then group 17 contains triazine which are again recently synthesized molecules and then most important one is a group 22a which contains oxidizing's one of the classic example under this new class of insecticide is endoxicarp which is very effective for the bullworms particularly in cotton ecosystem and then of late diametreins have been synthesized which include flubendomide and then Rhinoxophore as one of the standing examples. So again some of the molecules are still undescribed so they have been grouped under codename UN wherein still the chemistry of this and the toxicity level of this still have to be understood under this category there are so many molecules including the dichofol which is one of the old molecule is also included under this and pyridolol is again a new molecule which the toxicity level and the chemical nature of the insecticide needs to be understood. So that is how the new class of insecticides have been classified and they are finding a major role in the insect pest management because of their low mammalian toxicity because of their low quantity usage in the IPM. Thank you.