 So, hi everyone. So, today we are going to see the agriculture questions in the last contact exam, UPSC, the GS paper three. So, usually in paper three, we can expect three, four questions from agriculture. So, this year, three questions are from purely from agriculture. So, question number four. So, how and to what extent would micro irrigation help in solving India's water crisis? This is a question. So, the question is about the role of micro irrigation in solving India's water crisis problem. So, the reason these are the evergreen topics in agriculture. So, the reason we are talking more about in agriculture, we are talking about more the resource conservation technologies, like the precision forming micro irrigation conservation agriculture. So, these are the evergreen topics in agriculture. So, actually, this question is highly expected one. Okay. So, in the micro irrigation, so, this is actually a ten-mass question. So, two pages for ten-mass. So, first, we have to construct a proper answer structure. So, the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. Okay. So, the introduction. So, first, we can define what is micro irrigation and the facts related to the present water crisis. Okay. So, so that we can justify how micro irrigation help in India's water crisis. Okay. So, in the introduction, first, we can define micro irrigation. Then the main body, we can justify how the micro irrigation in addressing India's water crisis. Okay. The significance, significance of micro irrigation with some facts. Then finally, so, what are the challenges in adopting micro irrigation and the conclusion way forward. Okay. So, how to address those challenges and to promote micro irrigation in India. Okay. All right. So, micro irrigation is a modern method. Okay. So, here, we can define first point. So, micro irrigation is a modern method of irrigation by this. We are delivering water to the crop lands through droppers or sprinklers, step by step. Okay. So, by this method, the water is delivered through droppers or sprinklers or foggers or other emitters on surface and subsurface of the land. So, this is a common definition for micro irrigation. So, the two most common micro systems followed in India, the drip and the sprinkler irrigation system. Okay. They are very famous and the drip is almost okay. That's a most important one, drip irrigation. So, we can save nearly 80 to 90% of the water through drip irrigation. Okay. So, we can achieve maximum efficiency through drip irrigation method. Okay. So, these are the first points of the introduction part. And then, so, we have to give some facts regarding the India's water challenges. Okay. So, India's currently India's facing the twin challenges of water scarcity and the population explosion. So, the country's population is going to touch nearly 1.6 billion people by 1.6 billion by 2050. Okay. So, we have to meet the water security. So, for these people, at the same time, in India, regarding the water consumption, so, agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water in India. So, it accounts for nearly 90% of the annual freshwater consumption with the troubles from in the country. Okay. So, agrees sector alone. It consumes nearly 90% of the annual freshwater. Okay. So, these are the facts we have to give. So, the problem is, so, why agriculture sector, okay, they contributes more. So, that means the freshwater is entirely nearly 90% by agriculture. So, the problem is at present, we are practicing many traditional agriculture practices like unscientific practices like the flooding method of irrigation. So, the flooding method is the most common method of irrigation. So, here, actually it's called wild flooding. Okay. So, we are open the water directly to the crop field. So, without analyzing the soil measure condition and the climatical factors or the crop conditions, okay. So, that's the most unscientific practice of irrigation. Okay. So, we are following in many places in India throughout India, especially for rice cultivation, sugarcane cultivation, and banana. Okay. Actually, these are the, these crops are called water guzzlers. So, highly water consuming crops. Okay. Banana, sugarcane, rice. Okay. So, we can give those facts. So, India's per capita water availability is 1,428 kL per year. And the annual water availability below 1,700 kL per head is considered here. Water deficient country. So, India at present it is in a situation of the water deficient country. Right. So, what are the problems, the continued irrigation through the traditional unscientific practices like the flooding method and the climate change also. The, recently, the global warming. Okay. The grimace effect on global warming. Actually, the global warming that increases the risk of the agriculture. Okay. So, the climate change. The drying up of water bodies is very common. Okay. When the temperature increases, that leads to, so drying up of water bodies that increases, that leads to high evaporation and transportation loss. Okay. So, that aggravated the water scarcity concerns, especially in the dry land agriculture. So, in dry land agriculture, the problem is still was, okay. Right. So, water scarcity concerns. So, this is where micro irrigation has seen significance. Right. So, you can give these facts to justify why micro irrigation is necessary at this time. Okay. For the water conservation, for water conservation at the same time. So, it is a present situation in India regarding the water crisis. Okay. So, now, okay, this is the introduction part. So, now we can justify why micro irrigation, how the micro irrigation helps in addressing the India's water crisis. Right. So, micro irrigation not only address the problem of water crisis at the same time, it also increases the yield of the crops. Okay. So, here, so the overall benefits of micro irrigation. It can increase the yield and decrease the water consumption and decreases the fertilizer. Okay. Overall, the total inputs consumption. Okay. It decreases water fertilizer and the labor requirements. Actually, micro irrigation is one of the precision agriculture technique. Okay. So, precision agriculture technique. So, here precision agriculture means we apply the inputs exactly precisely in the where it is required. Okay. So, we conduct soil testing. We conduct site-specific management under the micro irrigation. So, they all consider precision agriculture. So, here in the precision agriculture, usually we don't waste the resources, the inputs. Okay. So, maximum, we can achieve maximum conservation of resources through precision agriculture. Right. So, by applying water directly to the root zone, so how can we conserve the water through micro irrigation? So, here in the micro irrigation, especially in the drip irrigation, so we apply water directly to the root zone of the crop. So, that practice reduces the loss of water through, we can avoid the conveyance loss. Conveyance loss. Okay. So, here the conveyance loss means we take water from the source to the field. Okay. So, during its course, usually we deliver the water through canals. Right. So, we can avoid the conveyance loss because on the conveyance, the common conveyance losses are the evaporation, percolation, they are the conveyance losses. Okay. Right. Then, runoff loss also. Okay. Runoff loss, excess runoff. Sometimes, in the flooding withers, it's very common. Okay. The runoff loss is very common in the flooding wither africation and then deep percolation and evaporation. So, these are the very common losses of water. Okay. Pre-irrigation losses. So, hardly we can achieve only 40 to 50% of efficiency. The water efficiency or irrigation efficiency in the traditional methods. Okay. So, these losses are unavoidable in the traditional irrigation practices. So, micro irrigation, so through its water saving approach, how? In the micro irrigation, we deliver the water through, in case of drip irrigation, we deliver the water through the pipelines, so the network of pipelines and tubes. So, we can avoid all these losses, other runoff loss, conveyance loss, the percolation and evaporation loss because we deliver the water only through tubes, network of tubes and pipes. And, moreover, we deliver the water drip by drip near the root zone of the crop. So, it exactly reaches the root zone. So, we don't irrigate the field unnecessarily. Okay. Only where it is required. We irrigate the water where it is required. Okay. So, through its water saving approach, it has paved the way for higher water use efficiency around 75 to 90% and among all the micro irrigation techniques, so drip irrigation has a maximum efficiency, nearly 90% okay. So, 80 to 90% we can achieve. We can improve the water conservation technologies. Right. So, another resource saving practice possible through micro irrigation is fertilization. So, apart from the conveyance, we can avoid conveyance loss, runoff loss, deep percolation and evaporation loss. And, the micro irrigation also enables the use of fertilization technology. So, here the fertilization is nothing but application of irrigation, sorry, application of fertilizer through irrigation. Okay. So, it's a combination of two words. Fertilizer 30 and irrigation. So, 30 plus irrigation. Okay. So, fertilization. Right. So, the fertilization results in balanced nutrient application. Reduce it also ready. Okay. We can deliver the water to the crop plants at the same time. We can also reduce the nutrient consumption and the fertilizer consumption. Okay. So, 7 to 42%. So, we can reduce the cost of cultivation for the farmers. Right. So, these are the advantages of the significance of micro irrigation. Right. So, we have to emphasize, okay, these points, the various losses in the traditional method. And, how can we avoid these losses through the micro irrigation technique? And, what is the efficiency level? Okay. Right. And, we can also give an example of the case to real case study. So, the Israel, okay, Israel is one of the best example. And, they are a little advanced in the micro irrigation techniques. Okay. So, a desert nation, you know, it is in the Middle East. Okay. So, a desert nation of the water scarcity has become a water surplus nation because it adopted the micro irrigation practices, especially the drip irrigation. So, that saves almost three fourth of the water user for the open canals. Okay. Right. So, now the conclusion part. Okay. So, here are the challenges. So, after giving all these justification, so, we can write the challenges. So, what are the challenges in the micro irrigation techniques? So, the challenges, the first and foremost problem. Okay. So, the low adoption of micro irrigation systems in India. Still, the micro irrigation, okay, the area covered in the micro irrigation is less than one person something. Okay. So, the low adoption of micro irrigation, the main reason is high cost, involvement of high cost. Okay. It requires a huge cost for the initial infrastructure. It requires a huge cost. Okay. The establishment of the pipes and tubes, the micro irrigation systems, everything again. So, it is not possible for the small and marginal farmers to practice the micro irrigation technique because in India, nearly 85 percent of the farmers are small and marginal farmers. So, small and marginal farmer means it is based on the classification is based on the land holding size. So, the land holding size around less than two hectares. Okay. So, less than two hectares small farmers and one to two hectares, okay, they are sorry less than one marginal farmers and one to two small farmers. Okay. So, less than two hectares of land, nearly 85 percent of the land holdings are less than two hectares. So, mostly they are small and marginal farmers. So, it is not economically feasible to invest in the micro irrigation technique. Okay. Moreover, they are not mostly they are poor farmers, especially in the dry land regions. So, not economically not feasible in such a small farms, okay, to adapt micro irrigation systems. All right. That's the main challenge in the micro irrigation techniques. So, we have to, even though the government is providing 50 percent subsidy, okay, the government is also providing subsidy for adoption of the system, but still it's a huge burden, okay, for the cost-wise, still it's not economically feasible for a small and marginal farmers. Okay. Right. So, that's the main challenge in the micro irrigation system and moreover periodically maintenance. So, once it is established then every 10 years ones or 14 years ones, okay, the periodically maintenance is also a major issue. Okay. Right. And moreover, not suitable for, okay, so the micro irrigation techniques are not suitable for all crops. Okay. So, mostly at present we are replacing micro irrigation only for horticultural crops, mainly for horticultural crops, okay, mostly fruits, sorry, vegetables, okay. Right. So, not for field crops, it's for rice, for sugarcane, I like field crops, it's a little bit difficult. So, the conclusion part, so the future revolution on agriculture will come from only from precision forming. In agriculture, okay, the precision forming is the future of Indian agriculture, because it proposes a lot of the resource conservation practices. So, the future agriculture will come from precision forming and micro irrigation is one of the important technique under the precision forming. So, it plays a critical role in turning India's the looming water crisis. Okay. So, this is the conclusion. Right. So, next question, question number 13. So, what are the saline features of National Food Security Act 2013? And how has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? So, this question again, 50 months question, so three pages. So, this question consists of two parts. So, the first part is a factual saline features of National Food Security Act 2013 and the second part, how it achieved eliminating the hunger and malnutrition in India after its implementation. Okay. Right. So, first, so we have to give introduction regarding the National Food Security Act 2013. So, it aims to provide subsidized food grains to the two thirds of the country's population. Okay. So, in urban areas, it is 50% and rural areas, 70% of population will be covered. Okay. So, nearly. So, in total, 66% age. Okay. So, two thirds of the country's population so covered under the Food Security Act 2013. Actually, it's one of the our PDE system. Actually, it strengthens our PDE system. Okay. Let me have public distribution system. So, the after the coming to force of the Food Security Act, it is strengthened to the PDE system. So, it provides a legal backup to the PDE system, statutory backup to the PDE system. And we are running the world's largest to the Food Security System through the PDE operation, the public distribution system. Okay. So, the enactment of this landmark legislation brought a paradigm shift in the approach to food security. So, from welfare to rights-based approach. Okay. So, now it's a rights. Okay. So, it ensures private statutory backup. So, a 70% rural population should be covered under 50% of the urban population should be covered under the the TPDES, the public distribution system. So, with the uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month. Okay. So, they have the right to provide, okay, to get the 5 kg of food grains per person per month. Okay. Right. So, here while writing the silent features, okay, we can give small subordinates, okay, within the silent features. Okay. And always try to write points by giving number. Okay. So, don't give the blood points. Okay. Don't give any any other symbols. Okay. So, just use the for always, okay, while listing out the points. So, try to use the numbers. Okay. One, two, three, four, five. So, presentation wise, moreover, okay, so that the examiners, they will count. Okay. So, how many points you have written? Okay. It's very easy for them. Right. So, the silent features of the act, so we can give one by one. And even if you're grouping the points, okay, so, you can give a small subordinate. So, under this act, okay, the coverage and entitlement, how the identification of households, okay, how they identify the households under this National Food Security Act. So, the maternity benefit. So, maternity benefit under this act, nutrition support. Okay. So, we can give small subheadings within the major subheading. So, it will give you say extra marks. Okay. All right. And a woman empowerment. So, it has also provisioned for a woman empowerment and grievance retrosal mechanisms. Then it ensures transparency and accountability. And then Food Security Elements. Okay. It also gives food security allowance. So, these are the major the features. Okay. So, almost eight points. So, one out of pages. Okay. We can write. So, because it is equally split it. So, we can write one out of pages for the first part and the remaining one out of pages for the justification. Okay. All right. So, if you're writing almost seven eight points. Okay. So, psychologically we can impact the examiner. Okay. So, he will fill that. So, he has written eight and points. Okay. So, suppose you are giving number. So, there is a chance that we can get maximum marks. Right. So, how has the Food Security Bill eliminating hunger and malnutrition? Yeah. So, here again. So, you have to give the fact regarding the current position. Okay. The current situation of India in the hunger and malnutrition. And according to the global hunger index 2021. So, recently the global hunger index was released in 2021. So, according to this hunger index, still India's rank is very low. Okay. So, one out first. So, India's rank is one out one. But according to this report, there is a slight improvement. Okay. The India has shown a slight improvement in indicators such as under five mortality rate and the standing among the children and the prevalence of undernourishment. So, we have improved in these indicators because in the global hunger index, they also consider these factors. The under five mortality rate, the standing undernourishment. Okay. They are also the criteria under the global hunger index. Okay. So, based on this report, the India has shown slight improvement in the in these factors, in these indicators. So, it's a good sign. Okay. Right. So, we can give these facts. So, how it has helped. Okay. Eliminated hunger and malnutrition. So, you have to provide proper source. Right. And in the actually the Eliminated hunger and malnutrition. So, we are achieving the food security through the our public distribution system. So, already told you the National Food Security Act 2013, the main strength of the NFSE 2013. Okay. The main achievement of NFSE is so, it provided a statutory backing to the our public distribution system. So, actually to strengthen to the public already we are running the world's largest food security program through the public distribution system. So, it further strengthened to the the PDS system because now it's a right. So, right of every the individual. So, to get forgiven from the BPL families to get food grains from the the PDS outlets, the ration shops. Okay. Right. So, this is a major achievement of the National Food Security Act. Okay. Right. So, apart from this, we can also give some other facts to justify this point. Eliminating hunger and malnutrition. So, according to the UN report. So, the international people in India declined by the 60 million between 2016 and 2019. So, again, this is a positive improvement. Okay. And they improved access to the food grains helped improve their hunger outcomes amongst the poor and entrepreneurs. Then, the wide coverage, the wide coverage of nearly 66% of the population will be covered under the scheme. So, it increases the resilience in the poor against income shocks. Right. Then a stunting in children also reduced it. Okay. So, the UN report and at the same time, we have also seen in the global hunger index report also. Okay. So, the stunting among the children actually, we have shown improvement. Okay. So, stunting on children under five years of age have decreased from 47.8% into 2012. So, 34.7% in 2019. Okay. And monitor compensation against wage loss during the pregnancy. Then, access to healthier food options like fruits, vegetables. Okay. So, this also available. Okay. Under the National Food Security Act, then the awareness generated by the ASHA workers, the social activists, okay, have increased the number of infants. Okay. So, 11.2 million into 2012, 13.9 million into 2019. Okay. So, these are the facts that provide justification to the actually the NFSE, okay, that really helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India. So, by providing these facts, we can give the justification, but at the same time, so, you have to okay. So, in the conclusion part, still what are the challenges? So, we have not still, we have not achieved the problem of the malnutrition problem. Okay. So, still India is facing a malnutrition problem. So, hunger, we can eliminate somehow. Okay. So, the hunger is not a major problem. So, we have addressed this problem really well. So, by covering, by covering nearly 60% of the population. So, the hunger almost, okay, we can, so we can tackle the problem, but the malnutrition is still a major problem in India. Okay. So, and more over, the recent drawbacks, okay, the recent the low ranking of India in the World Hunger Index is mainly due to COVID situation. Okay. Last two years, the COVID-19, okay. So, that caused a major problem in the, addressing the problem of the hunger. Okay. So, that's, that provided. There is a main reason. The reason to slip in India's ranking, the World Hunger Index. Okay. Otherwise, so, we have tackled so well in the hunger problem, but malnutrition is still a major challenge for India because through green revolution, we have achieved only food security, not nutritional security. Okay. So, nutritional security is still a major challenge for India. Okay. So, we have achieved only food security. That means we have produced enough food grains, rice and wheat. Okay. But the nutrition point of view, so still, there is a deficiency of the hidden hunger. So, it's a major problem. Okay. So, the hidden hunger is nothing but we have enough protein foods, carbohydrates, but the micronutrients are very less. Okay. That's a problem of the hidden hunger. Okay. So, still India is facing these problems. Okay. So, these are the challenges. So, we have to address, okay, moreover, still, the problems with the PDS system also, public distribution system. Okay. So, still, there are many problems of PDS. You can list out two, three, the challenges of PDS system and the malnutrition problem. So, way forward. Okay. So, finally, way forward, how to address these problems. Okay. So, still, okay, the strengthening of PDS system through computerization. So, we have to compute the situation and increase the accountability and transparency of the PDS system and include the promotion of millets. So, these are the solutions. Okay. The way forward for addressing malnutrition challenges. So, because millets are the excellent source for micronutrients. So, they provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, everything. Okay. So, we have to provide millets in the PDS system. So, this is the only way we can achieve nutrition security also. Okay. All right. So, then question number 14. So, what are the present challenges before crop diversification and how does, how do the emerging technologies provide opportunity for crop diversification? Right. So, this is again a very general question. So, again, this question is against monocropping. So, you know, in India, so, these are the major the problems. Okay. The first question is also again ready to, one of the questions ready to India's the major, major problem in India that is unscientific method of irrigation, the flooding method of irrigation. Okay. So, that's why they ask you that question on the micro irrigation. And here again, one more problem in India, in Indian agriculture, the one more problem is monocropping. So, monocropping is highly prevalent in India and monocropping of mainly rice and wheat. So, still India, more than 40% of the land are occupied by rice and wheat alone. Okay. And in some areas, they practice monocropping regularly, generation of generation. Okay. So, in the cover delta region, they grow the rice for all three generations. In the Punjab, Haryana and those regions, they grow only rice, wheat, crop rotation. No other crop. Okay. So, in the, in some parts of Maharashtra only cotton, cotton is the monocropping. Okay. They follow the cotton monocropping and in some parts of E.P. they follow the sugarcane monocropping. Okay. So, the monocropping is highly prevalent in India. Actually, that's also one of the reason for the loss of soil fertility at the same time, high water consumption, the loss of water in the irrigation. Okay. So, high water consumption. Right. So, to avoid this problem, the crop diversification concept is against monocropping. Okay. All right. So, here the crop diversification refers to addition of new crops and the cropping systems to aggregate production. Crop, climatic zones in India. And they are grouped into 15 major climatic zones. Okay. So, there are 127 climatic conditions. Okay. Climatic zones in India and they are grouped under 15 major climatic zones. The Indo-Gangetic Plains, Deccan Plateau, East Coast Plain, West Coast Plain, then the Himalayan region. So, we have variety of the climatic zones in India. So, it is possible to grow variety of new crops, vegetables, fruits, almost all type of crops. Tropical crops, temperate crops, subtropical crops. It is possible in India. Okay. So, the crop diversification we can achieve. So, why? So, what is the significance of crop diversification? So, we have to, in the introduction, we have to give you all these points. Okay. So, why we have to promote crop diversification? Because, wider choice in the production of variety of crops. So, the consumer will benefit from by growing variety of crops. Okay. So, the consumer will get lot of crops. Then, it reduces the risk of the farmer instead of practice the monocropping. So, the monocropping, if one crop fails then, the entire income of farmers, okay, they will lose the entire income. So, here we can reduce the risk of the farmer and better soil health management by rotating various crops. You can better manage the soil health. And we can also, okay, that also promotes agro-processor industries by growing variety of crops, vegetables, fruits. We can promote agro-processor industries. Okay. So, these are the main benefits of the crop diversification. Right. So, constraints, okay, what are the challenges? Now, come to the main part. So, this is the introduction and the present challenges. Again, this question consists of two parts. Okay. So, present challenges and the technologies. Okay. So, the challenges, the constraints are challenges in the crop diversification. Rainfall dependent, okay. And still in India, nearly 50% of the area covered under rain-field irrigation and only 45% of the area covered under irrigation. So, here the problem is, okay, for in order to adapt the variety of crops, more number of crops, the areas, okay, the more areas should be covered under the irrigation facilities so that we can adapt the variety of crops. Otherwise, in the rain-field situation, we can grow only a handful of crops. Again and again, most of the farmers are in the rain-field situation. Most of the farmers are small and marginal farmers. So, it is not possible to grow a variety of crops. So, either we can follow only the rain-field crops like millets or oil seeds or pulses. So, they are highly suitable in those conditions. Okay. We cannot grow highly water and density crops in the rain-field situation. Okay. So, that hampers. Okay. So, we have to increase the irrigation potential in the irrigation area under coverage of irrigation. Okay. That is necessary. One of the main challenge in the crop diversification and inadequate supply of the seeds improved cultivars, the technological challenge, inadequate supply of seeds and improved cultivars. So, the improved varieties are not available for every crop and quality seeds, good quality seeds for every crop. That is also another challenge. Then, the fragmentation of land holdings. So, in India, we classify the farmers based on the land holding size, small, marginal and big farmers. And see, near 85% of the farmers are small, marginal farmers. That means, the lands are highly fragmented. Less than 2 hectares, less than 1 hectares. It's very common. Okay. Marginal farmers are more in numbers. So, the highly fragmented land holdings, okay, in those situations, it is not possible to adopt new technologies. We cannot adopt mega irrigation. So, we cannot grow variety of crops. We cannot use missionaries. Okay. So, they are the challenges. Okay. The fragmentation of land holdings still, it's highly fragmented. Okay. So, it's not possible to adopt new technologies at the same time. The operation of formation is also a major problem. So, that's also one of the challenges in the crop diversification. Then, inadequate post harvest technology. Okay. So, we can promote food processing industries. But the problem is, okay, if you grow more variety of crops, and the post harvest technology is not available for every crops. So, we have to find out the post source, okay, proper the post source technology to process to increase value addition of those crops. Okay. Then, the basic infrastructure like the road network, the irrigation facilities. So, they are the cold storage facilities. They are essential. Okay. Still, there is a lack of the cold storage facilities. Again, India, majority of the cold storage facilities is only for potato. Only for one crop. Okay. So, majority of the cold storage facility is only for potato. So, the basic infrastructure is lacking lack of basic infrastructure. Road network, storage facilities, marketing, and irrigation facilities. Okay. So, these are the challenges. Again, we can here, we can give small subheadings. Okay. Instead of writing in the points, okay. So, you can give the numbers and you can give small subheadings for each point. Okay. And then, you can explain. So, what are the emerging technologies we can follow the opportunities? So, to promote the crop diversification. So, recently the the IT, okay, the use of ICT in agriculture, the informational communication technology. So, it has a great role. Okay. It will improve the aggregate situation. So, the information community technology, we have developed several apps. Okay. And moreover, the private companies. Okay. So, they purchase the products directly from the farmers. Because the problem is, one of the main problem is, just now I told you, the basic infrastructure, the marketing facilities, even if you grow variety of crops. So, we have to find a suitable market to sell the product. Okay. So, here, through the information communication technology, so by developing the apps, the private companies, okay. So, we can, the farmers, they can sell products directly to the companies. Okay. So, that promotes crop diversification. So, moreover, they also promote the value addition technology, the postage technologies. Right. Then, precision agriculture also that promotes crop diversification. So, here, we can conserve the resources, the inputs. Okay. So, that promotes crop diversification. Then, we can also try the recent techniques. Okay. The urban farming, aquaponics, vertical farming. Okay. So, aquaculture. So, here, we can cultivate crops as well as fish culture. Okay. And aquaculture. So, it's a combination of crop plus fish culture. So, we can promote the diversification and digitization. Okay. Financial inclusion and digitization. So, through proper credit supply for the adoption of a micro-regulation system and for adoption of the formationaries. Okay. So, digitization and financial inclusion. Then, the precision techniques, okay. The interpretation, micro-regulation, several schemes are available. Okay. Then, the dry land agriculture also. Okay. We can because the main problem is adoption of the crop diversification is a major challenge in dry land agricultural situation because the water scarcity is a severe problem. So, in the dry land agriculture, we have to find out suitable technologies. Okay. So, to adopt the crop diversification. So, I have given some examples here. Then, soil health management also. Okay. So, in the soil health manner, okay, by providing, again, by following the precision agriculture, it's a correct amount of at least reuse and develop organic farming, natural farming and the soil health cut schemes. Okay. So, these are the techniques available through which we can better manage the soil health and we can improve the crop diversification. Okay. Right. So, these are the emerging the technologies. Okay. So, they promote crop diversification by consuming the resources. Okay. A less amount of resources, less amount of inputs. Right. So, we'll writing the way forward in the first question in the micro irrigation. So, in the way forward, you can also write about the scheme. One scheme, okay. The very good scheme. In the Pradhan Mantri, Prishi Sinchai original that promotes micro irrigation scheme, micro irrigation sector. So, you can also the government is also implementing the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai original. Okay. So, it's a good initiative on the part of the government to promote micro irrigation. You can also mention the scheme name. Okay. In the conclusion part. It will give you extra marks. Right. Okay. Thank you.