 If you want to achieve the sustainable development goals, then you can't give up on the extractive industries. We need the metals and we need the fuels to achieve the economic growth that's essential to poverty reduction. This is inescapable as we can't get all the materials that we need from recycling. Wind turbines aren't constructed out of recycled plastic bottles and cardboard, they need new metals. We need new fuels for our urban transport systems. So we need environmentally sound ways of extracting materials to support the economic growth that we need to achieve the sustainable development goals. Many countries are still going to be dependent on old energy technologies using fossil fuels. But as we try and ease those fossil fuels out of use, for example in electricity generation, we have to be mindful that we're going to need new materials, particularly the metals, to build the new renewable technologies of the future. The extractive industries for development programme that Wider has been running has covered all of the major issues from macroeconomics, the problems that you can get into running the economy with extractive sectors, to the impacts on communities, to the impacts on the environment and the interface between the extractive industries and climate change. The lesson for extractives is don't give up. Manage it in ways that are politically and environmentally sustainable.