 While talking about challenges and issues related to informed consent, I have talked about some of the problems which are very much the parcel of the layout of the informed consent. But there could be some which are related to the participants as well. So participants' perception is an important challenge for the researcher to be looked at when informed consent is being dealt. Most participants perceive that study trials will put extra burden on them. So receiving an informed consent from them is difficult. For example, in some clinical trials, disclosing too much information of the potential side effects may unnecessarily scare the patients and they may take them away from the study. For instance, I would like to give you an example. For example, if we read any medicine's side effects, they are very serious to the minimum. Let's say we talk about the simple side effects of pannadol extra. So they can be reported live threatening for vomiting and excessive use of it. So you will get multiple side effects of it. Similarly, if we explicitly document the informed consent to participate in that research, the perception of the participant is that it is a very harmful study and I can have a lot of potential threats by participating in it. So they may just simply refuse to be the part of that. Whereas in fact, it is not a dreadful study that is going to produce so much harm. But because explicitly everything has been provided under the clauses and under the elements of informed consent, it is a very heavy study that is being done to see if the participants start avoiding participating in it. Then talking about children, where research involves children which are particularly under age of 18, consent has to be obtained from parents as we earlier mentioned. If child is above 7 years of age, then child's ascent is also mandatory. That is to say, even a child should be asked if they want to participate in this research is important and this is known as child's ascent. Because in some situations, parents give their consent while child refuses to ascent. Such situations can happen where parents consider that this is a good opportunity for a child to learn and allow it, but the child is uncomfortable and says that he does not want to participate in this research study. Maybe it is a simple study of running that if students run, then how much thrill and excitement they feel after that. Parents allow it, but the child says that he does not want to participate in this running study because after that his heartbeat becomes very fast and discomforts him. The child's ascent is also important if the child is above the age of 7. Then vulnerable people and groups, it includes people who are absolutely or relatively incapable of protecting their interest. So vulnerable populations who cannot protect their interest themselves, we also have to look at the clauses of informed consent for them. For example, working with people with some learning or other disabilities, special care need to be taken while taking consent from them. Because if their understanding is not so much that they can fully understand informed consent, then we have to tell them in easy words or in some special circumstances, that they can waive some of their informed consent. Then another important thing which is very, very challenging is the format. If the material is complex and participants may have difficulty understanding the material, the IRP may suggest that researchers format their consent forms so that they could easily be readable and to be understand. If it is written in a very complex way, in such a format, in such a font size, in such a spacing that it is not easily read and understood, then it is very important that it is described in an easy way so that all participants can easily be a part of it. Techniques such as the following can help to achieve that goal. These are some universal techniques that everyone should use according to the APA standards following the ethical guidelines, wall face title within the document, headings that describe the basic structure of the study, then liberal use of white space, then readable font size and bullet list. So, a document in which you have given proper headings, bullets, you have given white space in between one paragraph and the other paragraph, and the font size of it, you have given Times New Roman or any general font size which is very easily readable. Because there is a very fancy font size in which it is not easy to read. So, conventional font size, their reading is easy for every participant. Similarly, if it is typed in Urdu exclusively, then Urdu also has some typical writings that are easy to read. It should be done in that font size, such as Nestleek or Times New Roman or 12 font size, then it will be easily readable. So, if we overcome these challenges, then the document of informed consent becomes a very easy and comprehensive document. And with that, it becomes very easy in our research. And easily, we fill our informed consent with our participants and formally start our research. And a major milestone, which is a very ethical milestone, to sign informed consent, we can fulfill that process in a very good way.