 Good morning everyone after a week of without political science 303. I know you've missed this class very much Therefore you have an in-class assignment. I know how much you missed writing papers for this class So you have an in-class assignment on Thursday at 1 p.m. So that we write it down in about 25 minutes Okay on Thursday 1 p.m. You you must have received an email Through stars airs if you haven't done so you have to see either me or somebody else For this the in-class assignment will be on Brexit okay, why Brexit happened? According to one political scientist Who teaches on? Refugee issues might migration issues and globalization and especially globalization of labor and migration, so Please watch the TED talk. It's going to be a TED talk as Announced it's less than 20 minutes. I think it was about 17 minutes or so I found it very, you know amusing to watch it was It flows it's a nice talk by a colleague from the UK and I we will be asking you one question out of it Which is more of a discussion question rather than okay. Tell me What year did Brexit or what day Brexit happened or what day? The referendum on the Brexit Happened okay, so so rather than an information question think about a discussion Question or discussion topics okay for this Assignment you're entitled to bring you're allowed to bring one page With your handwritten notes not in pencil But in colored pen okay or in colored pencil Whatever you want, but it shouldn't look like a photocopy like a Xerox copy. I want you to Note down your ideas your own ideas therefore, I won't Allow any plagiarism either from a text or from a friend of yours Okay, no copying so so please follow the instructions you will be handing in the a4 paper or paper with your With your in-class assignment Before I continue with this you will be writing in total two assignments. I will be giving three assignments You're entitled your you can write only two of these You can't write a third So pick and choose the fight You want to pursue? In each of these in-class assignments, it'll be something similar to this a Video or an article or an article and a video on a current issue that Reaches or that is at the top of the political agenda of these Case countries, okay, so in total you you're required to write two You should be able to pick two out of three But the this is the upside to it the downside to it is that There will be no makeup for an in-class assignment so if you miss if you don't take the first and And miss the second you will be losing five points According to our contract, which is the syllabus, okay? So so please make sure that you either take it or you don't fall sick Okay, so that you come to class and write the assignment now any questions on anything on the assignment or or Britain Any questions about Britain which we have completed last week around this time? We didn't have class on Friday Because of the jumul yet by gamma the republican day or republic day. I'm sorry So My plan today is to discuss. It's to start my discussion on France Okay, so And in about two weeks Will write a midterm So the midterm will be comprised of questions in Or on Britain and France compared so two major cases But think of these at the back of your minds, but there won't be any direct question coming out of those pieces that that you have That you've already written a quiz on the results of the quiz will be announced before Next class on Friday. So we're still going over them And and here is France if there are no questions No questions All right We'll do exactly the same thing for France in comparison to Britain Remember we first talked about The British history in this or the British history or state tradition in historical perspective So we'll do French state in historical perspective or history of political history of France how the French Republics came into being in the 21st or 20th century and then where we are in terms of You know Politics and power in the 21st century then political economy of economic and social policies economic development social development Followed by governance and policymaking where we'll look at the executive and its relationship with the other organs of state and And also the French model of Statehood, you know, what's the administrative system like in France fourth? We'll talk about representation and participation and finally we'll We'll discuss some current challenges and then we'll be writing our midterm. Okay, so Whenever you we I talk about or you think about France think of it in comparative terms With what we've discussed for Britain Okay, so so you should you should keep that in mind all right a little bit to start what does France look like you know where France is on the map and We have 22 plus five regions In France that make up France Five of these are overseas regions Corsica, which is off the coast, but Guadeloupe French Guyana Martinique and reunion are the are the other areas other regions of France We have 96 to 100 I Mean 96 departments Plus five overseas departments around 100 101 Overseas departments departments think of departments as Provinces or small-scale provinces Compare that to to Turkey if you if you will France is in the Temperate climate or enjoys a temperate climate as you can see it has its coastal It has coasts on the Mediterranean and also on the Atlantic Right across is the is the is Britain as an island. We've got the channel the tunnel and Which which which connects? Britain to to France of very large quite large one of the largest areas in Europe one of the you know largest countries in Europe Populated quite densely about 63. I'm sorry. It used to be 63 now. It's 66 million So we have 66 million inhabitants in France It is very much fertile. So it is very amenable to agriculture Also because of the temperate climate it enjoys and The French state as we shall be talking about is a unitary state. It's a highly centralized Unitary state so unlike Britain we have yes a unitary state But this is a more centralized form of unitary states Okay, very hierarchical the the center is very much powerful in comparison to isn't tight in comparison to what we've seen in France Population-wise it is widely it is heavily populated But in comparison to To Britain which is about 60 million Which is around the same But when you compare that to to Germany, which is around 80 81 million it is less densely populated Let me now turn to after this quick introduction some history things start with the fifth century the breakup of the Roman Empire for 75 Right for about five centuries. France can France remains to be part of what's called the Holy Roman Empire The principalities Kingdoms and all that And then it it comes under the domination of Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties Charlemagne by about the 8th century or 800s becomes the king So France Charlemagne Charlemagne France Then Capetian monarchs dominate France In the 14th century it was almost Being dominated by France are dominated by Britain But then defeats Britain in what's called a hundred years war. So by about Istanbul was conquered the war ends 1453 Then something Important happens. We have all throughout 16th century. These are basically highlights in French history or milestones in French history All throughout 16th century we have religious conflict War of what's sometimes referred to as the war of religions Protestants the newly born stream within Christianity and Catholics come in conflict for almost a hundred years all throughout the 16th century Then we have Henry the fourth Through the addictive not Providing toleration or religious liberal liberties to the French Ugueno's or sometimes refer sometimes pronounced as ugueno's So so French Protestants Are being given religious tolerations. So that's about the end of 16th very early 17th century Okay, so that's that's important then France rivals England in Its claims to North America up north French territories in Quebec Which I mean part of Canada is called sometimes in history. It was called Nouvelle France new France so Quebec was the area there and Down south we have Louisiana which which came under French influence. So so French the French and the British the English then Really rival one another are competing for those territories in North America They want to colonize those places. They want to keep their colonies to themselves and they fight over those colonies Overseas, okay, so colonial wars with Britain but overseas As you can see there's so much competition between Britain and France in the 17th century 18th century but then France was defeated in seven years war in 1750s 1760s But about this time Let me go back to 16th century another milestone in in French history, which we Talked about very briefly when I was talking about the absolutist regime remember We've got the Ancien regime which crystallizes in the 17th century. So early 1600s yes throughout the 1500s there were there was some Century pedal tendencies some centralization Emerging in France in the French lands back then but with this 17th century we have The Bourbon regime Controlling much of contemporary France and builds What's called, you know the absolutist state Absolutist states are characterized by strong bureaucracies and That they were territorial remember we talked about this in much more detail these bureaucracies were of two kinds tax collection and Very good military bureaucracies so Louis the 14 says let us say more The state it's me So he says okay. I am the absolute ruler here. It's a certain type of Early modern state that comes to the historical scene and It really lays the groundwork for what's called the modern state, okay? and by about the mid 17th until about the mid 18th year 18th centuries We have frequent war and stagnant economy so France comes under war It's there's there's this frequent war with with her neighbors And also its economy stagnating so and and And compare that to Britain When did industrialization in Britain start in Britain first industrialization 18th century So by about mid 18th century industrialization starts in Britain, but we have stagnant economic activity here in France So France did not industrialize When Britain industrialized it became a follower It became because of its stagnant economy because economic activity was low in terms of levels it remained In in some sense underdeveloped or undeveloped or in a way backwards Okay in comparison to her arch rival Britain Stagnant economy the regime pressures pressures peasants even more with taxes and From one standpoint, we've got the French Revolution. We'll talk about this in more detail But what's important here is that? Absolute a state so a certain type of state reigning France or dominating France the Bourbon dynasty It's a monarchy. We've got the king with absolute powers coming to power and frequent warfare stagnant economy then we end up with the French Revolution. What does the French Revolution look like? in this Juncture critical juncture we have The monarchy and the ancien regime being toppled Okay, Parisian crowds Rain or they they they run into the French State-controlled prison in Bastille, which is in central Paris. They raid Storming into Bastille and they freed the prisoners So the prisoners of the ancien regime have been freed so we have a new new regime That is in the making This was a revolution Quite a big social Change political change with all kinds of ramifications cultural ramifications, but also social religious Political as well as economic it was a nationalist or national Revolution in the sense that people Were given the right to choose or people thought that they were given the right to choose Which nation they wish to belong? and and by this The monarchy the Bourbon monarchy the ancien regime was undone So so it was in that respect a national or nationalist revolution. It was abolished But later state institutions as we shall be seeing state institutions were reinforced that was the irony of the French Revolution, but it was also an international Revolution which inspired all of Europe and also elsewhere so the ideas of or the ideals of The three ideals of the French Revolution which inspired not only societies Peoples in Europe, but also elsewhere. What were these three ideals which represents which represent the flag the French flag? Liberty liberty equality and fraternity brotherhood Liberty is the blue equality is the white and brotherhood is The blood okay is the red so so these ideals have influenced Not only societies right next to France, but also elsewhere You've you've we've all Read about the decline of the Ottomans for example in our in our history textbooks It was in a way a liberal Revolution because it brought with it Individual liberties the idea of or the motto of liberty so the idea the ideal of liberalism or Individual liberty, but also secularism the idea of secularism. Okay, it's it's We had the entire 16th century one century of bloodshed in the name of religion Catholicism versus Protestantism Okay Therefore the the French the new system the new regime after the revolution meant Excuse me, so so let's forget about the past. Let's start a new new future and Let it be this time secularism by secularism the French mean Laicite the idea of what's the difference between laicite and secular way of life? Laicite and secular way of life secular way of life Yes, you may be religious, but you I mean you you you put your your religious ideas ideals on the side and you lead a life So you'd I mean you'd your your your life It's not dictated by the precepts and the principles of religion This is for individuals or societies, but if you want to describe a state a secular you you generally refer to it with the With the separate it's a specific term called laicite so so when it's when we talk about Statehood when we talk about states secular states we we refer to the French word Laicite the ideal after the 16th century the entire 16th century with the French Revolution the with the you know liberal revolution we refer to it as the You know laicite secularism in that respect it was a democratic revolution in the sense that from Those years onwards. We have all citizens All citizens are being on an equal footing or all citizens should enjoy equal Rights qualitative as well as quantitative rights all all different kinds of rights So so this was in a way as a a revolution which brought with it all kinds of changes transformation ruptures not continuities like or as opposed to what we've seen in Britain remember the glorious revolution we don't talk about all this kind of stuff. Yes, you know religious Did the question of religion had been resolved? But but this was a massive rupture with history whereas in Britain We had some kind of incremental change or incremental progress, but here we have the old order being undone abolished a New system was put into place and then we will have we will see that new systems will also be being put in place later on Immediate aftermath of the French Revolution. We had a reign of terror The revolutionary regime was brutally intolerant and they were so hostile toward women that the All those ideas about the revolution the fraternity Egalité liberty were really betrayed then French destabilizes once again All these instabilities Come and go Let me highlight those Sequences one by one So the French wished to call Every regime every stable like regime a Republic okay What happened was with the French Revolution the idea of a Republic as a Regime emerged. What's what does Republic mean? Republic I Don't mean Plato's the Republic, but what do we mean in in political science? What do we mean? when we say Republic It's a form of government Yes, we've got citizens instead of subjects. Okay. Yes, but what's important here is that Compare not necessarily compare that to the Ancien regime Not necessarily generally Not necessarily but generally yes, but what's important here Contrast that to the monarchy in Monarchies we have rulers with Blood ties so it's hereditary in Republics, it's a form of government in which we do not have hereditary Institutions or hereditary power. Okay, so rulers They don't they don't follow a dynasty okay, they change over time all right so the ideal of Republicanism or Republic here is that there was a rupture between The Ancien regime which was a monarchy centralized monarchy versus Republics okay, so whenever we talk about monarchy's we don't talk about Republics So in that respect is Britain a nation-state Somebody said nation when I asked Republic is Britain a nation-state It is a nation-state. Yes. Oh, you said now. I'm sorry is Britain a democracy Yes, is Britain a Republic? Okay, is that clear do we understand the difference between Republic and monarchy and and these categories of democracy nation or nation-state or nationalism and and Republic anyway, so first Republic immediately after the great the French the great revolution Napoleon Bonaparte who was an army general installs a coup and Declare himself as emperor 1802 He declares himself as the first emperor. Okay, so he installs an empire But then in about 15 years he was defeated by the English So again French British rivalry and the monarchy is restored meaning that the first Republic ends Okay, so first Republic ends because monarchy is restored restored Second Republic About 30 years later There was an uprising against the ruling monarchy in between these these republics that there was a revolution and There was a republic for three years Okay, so a new regime comes to power Louis Napoleon who happens to be Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew and his heir Says I'm the the emperor. I'm the king but later on Franco-Prussian war and The revolutionary people producing the Paris commune civil war 1870s weaker government democracy for a year. So again everything goes down the drain For after three years and then it's aftermath we go back to some kind of monarchy and instability Third Republic after the Paris commune 1871 This becomes more durable in which which lasts about 40 another 30 about 70 years Okay, we see the emergence of a parliamentary system. So we have a parliament with a weak executive because the The founding fathers are thinking These were strong executives Let's now change it to Weak executive and the strong parliament, okay but This system also Ends up with the Nazi invasion Nazi occupation 1939 1940 so So the Third Republic Gets undone when we look at the period between the early 19th century and the pre-war periods pre-World War two period we see an oscillation between Strong parliament weak executive or weak parliament strong executive Republic versus Monarchy so monarchy and some kind of radical democracy those democratic ideals Whether it it would fly But when we look at this we see Frequent regime change So regime the French mean in this period for about more than a hundred years We have frequent turnover in terms of Not so lasting regimes right first Republic monarchy second Republic upheaval third Republic upheaval well war and Then there will come the fourth Republic. So up until the fourth Republic and the World War two we have French system French state being Really imbalanced and also very I mean the French system as as in very highly unstable system. Okay, so Political instability could Characterizes all this this almost a century and a half the enduring questions linger state autonomy so Remember that this comes from a French a French style absolutist state So the the French way of organizing your state Autonomy from society state autonomy from others insulated state or insulated policy making from its societal sectors versus democratic participation of of Internal groups which was which emerged especially after the French Revolution. So the pendulum swings between not only monarchy and Radical democracy, but also state autonomy versus democratic participation and State autonomy democratic participation state autonomy democratic participation. So so it's it's a back and forth movement all the time highly unstable secularism 16th century War of religion or religions But the French ideal of secularism had not been settled. Yes, it is there in the French Revolution It is an ideal But still an unresolved question at the back of the French psyche in terms of its citizens Political conflict continues Instability continues In the meantime So when we look at I mean we talked about the fact that Britain industrialized by about the mid 18th century, you know Light industries late 18th century head industries. We have all throughout this period up until World War two almost Slow industrialization slow growth. We have a large peasantry We have Limited natural resources Except for some coal which is neighboring France Alsace-Lorraine underdeveloped entrepreneurial spirit that was also unlike Their neighbors right across the tunnel or right across the English Channel Slow population growth, that's also important and high protection through tariffs protecting French industries against its competitors through high tariff walls, okay, so which meant that efficiency of the Manufacturing sector, which was limited anyway was low Productivity was also low because it wasn't in competition and Also the French ideal of Civilizing mission What they call the mission civilization civilizing mission. It was also very important by this The French meant its white man's burden Like the British its white man's burden to expand to to expand French ideals Republican ideals Economic growth economic progress to elsewhere so bring about change elsewhere But this was used more of more or less as a pretext For finding markets as well as natural resources Just like in the case of Britain to a certain extent So Then comes war We have a new regime installed throughout the war it's more or less a puppet regime it Enters into an armistice with Hitler the French state Which divides France into two in the north we have direct German control in the south We have an independent or quasi independent or independent looking or seemingly independent puppet regime in Vichy, which is a central city in France So so it controls some parts of France, but the northern parts are controlled by the Nazis, please Ha Oh, I don't know that we should look into that it may have been the case But would Vichy regime include Southern part of it may be true. It may be true. I don't know that but it's it's it's worth looking it up So so France is divided into two the north is under the Nazis the Vichy government in time throughout the war years was fiercely opposed by Different segments in society especially by communists by Socialists and by progressive Catholics so So there was much reaction to The German occupation up north But there was also much reaction to the puppet regime in Vichy the French state government in Vichy and Dugol general Dugol Sees his power he gains control over all those that rally against the Vichy regime and Says okay, I propose a new regime with strong leadership and citizens vote for this for this regime and They say no, we don't want that so general Dugol retires immediately but immediately after we see the emergence of an Opposite type of regime where we've got a strong parliament and the weak executive. This is exactly what The goal insisted against he said I want a regime because we had so much instability I want a regime of strong executive weak parliament, but it was defeated in the polls by citizens and we see the emergence of a force Republic with a strong parliament and the weak executive and Proportional representation so so as you can see not winner takes all system, but a more proportional system more democratic system In its ideal form, but which but this brought all kinds of instabilities with it The in the in the in the ensuing elections There was economic development Yes But the French were involved in Vietnam in the 50s 60s they withdrew from Vietnam and they also Wanted to crush an anti-colonial Rebellion in Algeria, but they the French state the government could not do that and then there emerged general goal out of retirement and says hey Let me change things once again and he emerges As prime minister and installs a new regime, which is called the fifth republic so He and his associates draft a new constitution Which gives much stronger role to the executive and much weaker role to the parliament so as You can see strong parliament strong legislature weak Executive now turning upside down strong executive weak legislature So so that's how the fifth republic comes into being What's important here is that we see again Again in the 20th century the swinging of the pendulum from strong executive weaker legislature to strong legislature weaker executive back to strong Executive and weaker legislation Okay, so and that's where we are and and many observers think or see that this is going to endure I mean this this last version limited parliamentary power weaker Legislature and stronger executive will last For some time some more time that this is more in tune with the French Administrative system or administrative psyche any questions Now that we are with the fifth republic Any questions until now so what I want you to remember here is that we've got We've got the pendulum swinging back and forth between radical democracy and monarchy Radical democracy monarchy, okay, so one republic after another but With this disruptions in between okay, either instability or outright war or outright puppet regime like the Vichy regime so first republic Second republic third republic fourth republic fifty eight 1958 fifth republic Okay, so that's that's where we are in terms of How France enters into the 20th century? I mean post-World War two period Some regime was installed but but this was untenable this was unsustainable then a System which was quite in opposition or quite opposite to The fourth republic emerges, okay, I think it's time to take a break