 Thank you sir. I would like to thank the organizer for this opportunity to share on the water factors in China, India relations. I was, when I was doing Enfield on the topic of China's policy, China policy on TV. I had a chance to come across many people, many experts, many books, articles regarding India-China relations and I developed keen interest in this topic in this area. And now, in recent time, I have a research scholar who is doing on eggist policy, problem and prospect in Arunachal Pradesh. And I also have some students who are studying in my university from whom I got a many information regarding the impact of the China policy on water in especially the people living in the nearby the river Brahmaputra. And then I start doing research with the help of these people. And I am drawing today, in today, I'm putting forward this with this small experience and the kind of research I had done. I mean, I have done recently. Here, I will not go details about it, but I will try to focus on three questions. One is why water is so important to India-China relations. The other question is how water factors determine China-India relations. And the other one is issue of contentions between India-China relations with the water factors. Now, as the previous speaker, Kino Andres and George Major General had pointed out many areas which is very, very important. And I will not go details again, because I was trying to put something, put forward something regarding those areas also. So it will be a reputation. I will go straight to my topic. India-China relation has not been cordial since India independent. Many issues in China-India-China relation is border dispute. TVA issues since 1999. China military built up. China infrastructure development in nearby the international border. India helped extend to the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Refugee and water factors or water conflicts, which people used to term water conflicts. I mean, many people, many scholars, used to term it water conflicts. These are the main issues. And today I'm going to dealt with water factors. Water is one of the core factors that saved contemporary India-China relations. And why water is so important today to India-China relations? According to UN World Water Development Reports, about 2.2 million people currently do not have access to safely managed drinking water. And 2.2 billion, that is 55% of the world populations, are without safely managed sanitation. Water use has increased sixfold over the past century, and it's rising by one person a year. And according to World Economic Forum, the world is set to face a 40% of shortfall water supplies by 2030. This is the scenarios of water situations, which is there for the whole humanity today. Then India and China have been facing water scarcity and worsened in recent years, as we all aware. Now I will not focus, I will not talk about Indian water scarcity or water problems, but I would like to put forward here the China situation. China compares almost 20% of world population. However, it has only 7% of the world fresh water. At least one third of China's legs and rivers are unfit for human use because of the pollution. And 73% of water seeds that supply water to China's fast-growing city face medium to high pollution level. And how water factors determine India-China relations? As we know, there are trans-boundary rivers between India and China. This trans-boundary rivers originated from China and are a major source of water for many parts of the country. China, in order to solve water scarcity, started many water projects, building dams along the Indian trans-boundary rivers, including Brahmaputra. A sharing of water, water of this trans-boundary rivers, particularly Brahmaputra rivers, is an issue of contentions, as we are aware. Now, I would just want to show the main four rivers in India originating from China today. Now, as you see in the map, see Indus River originate from Mount Kailas and Pakistan and then Arabian Sea. The other one is Sattles River and then River Ganga and then Brahmaputra. As the previous keynote speaker mentioned, China not only controls water flowing down to Indian territory, but also the other South Asian countries. If you can see here, the Yangtze River, the other one is Mekong River which flows to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and then Salawin to Brahma and then the other many small rivers are also there. Now, this is an explanation only, so I would not go details about that. Brahmaputra, the most contentious river in India-China relations, it is originated in the east of Mount Kailas and marched with Kichu River of Central Thivates. Flowing through Yolong Singpo is a name which China named Brahmaputra, then flowed through the eastern region of India becoming Brahmaputra and it's then descend into Bangladesh and finally to Bay of Bengal. Now, issue of contention between India and China. One very important issue here is China hydro hegemony. China being the upper-reparant nations control all these rivers which we have, which I had mentioned before. The source of water for many part of the countries, not only for many countries. Now, China started to use this river water unilaterally regardless of lower-reparant countries concern including India. China have a very strong point, a strong control over these rivers, asserting that these rivers start from their territory and it is theirs, so therefore they control. They refuse to sign international treaties regarding sharing of water with the lower-reparant countries. China started building up dams and water diversions projects for generating electricity to supply and to supply waters to men and China without the consent or without the knowledge of India. Now, these are the, I will show you this Yalung Jingbo of Bama Putra which start from Mount Kailas. If you can see here and it flows down and then here great bend here and then it flows down here and Bama Putra and so. So, this is the area, this is the place where many dams of water projects constructed and been constructed. Now, this is a very famous dam, one of the biggest dam, Jammu Dam construction, started in 2009. Then this is the completed Jammu Dam. It is functioning now. Then there are many more and the impact of these constructions of dams and water projects, hydro projects, is not affecting not only to India and Bangladesh but also in China, especially in the areas where Tibetans, poor people are living. One very important, I mean one of the serious impact here is valley over flooded. Here in Tibetans, the Tibetans are mainly nomad people. They used to move place to place and they depend on cultivations and this one, Keter Railing. So, for them a big problem mainly because of the valley over flooded and number two, loss of properties because of the flood and the building of dams, loss of cultivable land and loss of grassland and grassland as I said is very important for them because the the main cultivation agriculture and as I said Keter Railing. Now that impact in India, flood, equation and unexpected loss of property and kettles which I need to explain and the other one is fear among people because they don't know when it will come and then the third one is contaminations of drinking water, erosion, adversely affects the rich geo-environmental and biophysical setting. Now, this is a picture by one of my students. It was taken, you can see the color of the water. The people hardly don't know what is going on because without rain, water become so dark and it is assumed that this water pollution is the result of construction dam and water project construction in Brahmaputra and this is the other picture. It is the Sian River, it is the Brahmaputra in Arunachal. This is another picture recently took by one of our students. Then this is flood and the outcome of flood as we all aware of this. Then fear among people as I see, they don't know what is going on especially people living near the river. There are many villages that are not only in Bihar, not only in Assam, but also in this hill Arunachal, this one, state. So they don't know what is going on, sometimes flood came all of a sudden and then go soft and so on and so forth. So they are living in fear because of such activities. Now, this is another village and if you can see in the middle of the village there is a river that is Brahmaputra. Then the other very important issue here is suspicion and mistrust, which General also mentioned about it. The suspicion and mistrust is mainly because of like of communications or refused to communicate by China. In 2000, there was such a case happened, release of waters was there and sudden flood and many people died. And after Doklam standoff also, China refused to release share the hydro data, hydrological data. Therefore, India, many people, especially living near the river Brahmaputra had serious problems. Now, it was found out that this data hydrological data was sharing with Bangladesh and not with India. China claimed that it was not possible to share with India because a lack of data and there are technical problems with them. Therefore, it was not. But later, as I see, the data was shared with Bangladesh. Now, then the third one is the absence of water treaty or concrete mechanisms of water sharing between China and India. China has made a huge investment in dams and has not entered into any water sharing agreements with India. This is another problem which leads to suspicions and misunderstanding. China, depriving India of water during land seasons, becomes a possibility. It's in the hand of China whether they release or they stopped water. Now, several dams project, especially in Yalung Singapore, that is Brahmaputra assumed significant since India is directly and indirectly affected. Now, to conclude, I just want to put forward some points here. Now, water scarcity is a serious problem and will be a worsened in the near future. The continuous water-related issue tension between India and China can lead to serious threats to development, peace, and security for India as well as for South Asian countries. Therefore, there should be a serious dialogue and concrete agreements on water sharing between India and China. Government and academicians, researchers of India and China needs to collaborate to find out possible solutions because almost all the time government agencies always involve and living behind or living out academicians. Academicians need to come together and join in this regard because we need to study more details about this issue. Then the interests and grievances of the people who are directly and indirectly affecting the negative outcome of such issues, especially the poor people living in India as well as in China, needs to look into their interests and grievances are required to look into in these regards because they are the ones who are suffering without knowing exactly what is going on. China and India should also encourage the neighboring countries to come into treaties and agreements because they are a part and partial. So in last week, I had attended one international conference where the Nepal professor once argued that not only China, India also refused to share or come into treaties regarding the sharing of water and he was strongly, boldly spoke out because there are many Indian scholar also present that in the seminar stating that it is not right just to blame other countries. Those areas also needs to look into and invite the other neighboring countries, lower reparent countries to come together and have a dialogue and sign treaties and agreements. These agreements and treaties should be however on the basis of understanding natural benefits not only for India and China, but for also neighboring countries to have a lasting solutions. Thank you.