 Dear students, in this module we are going to discuss the process of transformation of family institution. Traditional family structures has changed over time with a shift from extended to nuclear families, economic factors such as urbanization and modernization have played a key role in this transformation. Particularly women's participation in the workforce has led to the greater emphasis on individualism and self-reliance. So when we see this transformation of family within the Pakistani society, we would see that many of its aspects are more prevalent and more visible as compared to the others. For example, we see that these transformations are more visible in urban areas. Especially the traditional gender roles are changing, the family structure is changing and the family functions and expectations are developing differently. The first major focus of the family was on child care and child reading. Today the major focus of the family's transformation is on economic activity, economic prosperity and especially on the education of the child. So these major transformations have led to the modern consumer culture, in which the unit of the family is more focused, particularly on media advertisement. If you pay more attention, you will also be able to understand how the modern family is targeted and focused so that products or commodities are made in the same way and sold in the same way in which the family can be more engaged. Similarly, the transformation of family is a major aspect in which we see these reflections. That is that our sense of religiosity is gradually changing. The sense of religiosity means that your traditional family was more focused as compared to modern families. So the attachment with religion is that the values of the traditional family were more attached to it because of this. The ideology of modernization, because it is not compatible with the religious ideology, the trend is increasing in the modern families that they tend to be less religious as compared to those traditional families. Another important thing in which we see major transformation in families are marriage patterns. In different marriage patterns, we see that the conventional way of marriage is now shifting. For example, the relationship between relatives and friends used to offer potential idols or a conventional spouse for you. Now in this place, there are special institutions which can be called marriage bureaus and social media or specialized websites play their role in this. So these third party organizations are a list of potential spouses and you have a choice available on their basis that you can choose an adequate spouse from there. All these transformations are very important for the students of sociology so that they can see how the transformations in families are reflected in different consequences. For you, the food for thought is that what are the factors of transformation in Pakistan and what are the consequences of it.