 the Philippines. So, Nina, are you there? Yes, I'm here. Can you hear me? Yeah. What time is it? It's 1.21 in the morning. Oh, if you were last, somebody wasn't looking. Okay, can you listen to my shared screen? It's okay. Okay, great. Go ahead. Go ahead. Okay, so let me start. One way to transmit racial waves at great distances is by letting it bounce back and forth through the ionosphere. So, in this vision, ultraviolet light from the sun collides with atoms, knocking the electrons loose. This then creates ions that cause reflection and absorption of visual waves in this layer. So, the ionosphere can be treated as a collection of electrons and ions moving in a uniform magnetic field. And this is called the Appleton model, named after the 1947 Nobel Prize for Physics Laureates in the Appleton. In this model, the dispersion relation or the index of diffraction is given by this equation, where omega here is the incident wave frequency and omega p and omega c are the frequency parameters related to our ionosphere. So, plotting this equation, you see negative refractive index values, which suggests that the medium or the ionosphere is a lossy medium. So, from the previous work of my advisor and his colleagues published an optics lattice, they have proved that metals which are a lossy surface produce beam shifts. Hence, we then ask the following questions. Can we obtain beam shifts due to the ionosphere and are these shifts measurable? Good evening or good day depending on your time zone. I am Nina Zambale from the Photonic Research Laboratory of the University of the Philippines, and I will be talking about our study entitled Transbrist Ships Experienced by Asia waves due to ionosphere. So, first, it begs the question, what are beam shifts? Essentially, as early as our high school physics, it was already taught to us that light-shedding interface can be reflected or refracted. By law of reflection, light bounces back and by law of reflection, it bends. Another lying assumption of these two laws is that the incident light is a ray or technically what we know as a plane wave. Generally, all phenomena describe the geometrical optics assumes that light is a ray. However, in reality, physical beams are not made of one day of light but is composed of multiple rays having a finite width and energy. Due to this, real beams experience what we call beam shifts. It happens when, instead of light going out from the same point like your law of reflection, the reflected light becomes displaced or shifted from the expected point of reflection. Beam shifts were proven to rely on the incident light and material interface properties. In this study, we have focused on one type of shift called the transbrist or inbred feather of shifts and we have chosen specifically this kind of shift because its basis states or polarization states coincides with the states used in the derivation of the ionosphere index equation. Our goal then is to calculate the ionosphere induced transbrist shifts. By following the steps, the first is to create the ionosphere according to the Alcotton model, consider circularly polarized ratio waves as incident waves, and finally calculate the corresponding transbrist shifts. And here are our results from the plots. We observe large transbrist shifts when the ionosphere behaves like an epsilon near zero medium, and we have obtained a maximum shift of up to 30 dimensionless units, which corresponds to a physical shift of up to 150 meters. This means that the reflected signals from the ionosphere can experience shift of up to 150 meters. Thus, one outlook of the study is to be able to use the shifts to correct signal transmission of visual waves from the ionosphere. Second is we notice that the shifts are highly sensitive to the incident angle and the frequency ratio. Hence, we can then use the shifts and work backwards to measure the frequency parameters related to the ionosphere properties such as its electron density and the magnetic field. Hence, by measuring the shifts, one can then characterize the ionosphere. As a summary, we have presented the transbrist shifts to the ionosphere, described by the Alcotton model, and we determined that these shifts are measurable and can be expanded to possible outlooks, such as correcting signal transmission of visual waves and proving the properties of the ionosphere. I thank the ICTP for this opportunity to participate in this school and share our research. Thank you so much for your attention. Thank you very much. Yeah, very nice. Okay. We're open for, and Henry's got a question. Thank you, Henry. Yeah, very nice and really didactic presentation. I am ashamed by mine. But let me ask about the shift and how are you measuring it and if it's possible to measure by different ranges or is a total overall shift that you estimate? Okay, so thanks for the question. Actually, what I've presented are just the first calculations for our study. We have yet to implement it, but to implement it experimentally, we're going to use Asia and tennis. And I think what you mean is that we can use an angular stand such that we can measure the shifts in the ionosphere that answered the question. Another question? I think another question. Okay. All right. Well, thank you again, Nina. Really great. Like your enthusiasm. All right, that concludes our short talks from participants, from you. And now I'd really like to move on because we need to close. It's getting late. Nina, if it's 1.30 in the morning, you're really a trooper, I gotta say.