 Gwyl angen iawn, mae gennym i allan i ni'n gweithio. Felly mae gennym i chi i gynnwys arall, mae gennym i chi i chi i gynnwys ar gyfer y llunau am y gweithio, mae gennym i chi'i gweithio, wrth gwrs, y newydd Robert Harris, y nodl, y ddechrau, mae'n mynd i'r llunau'r llunau. Mae'r llunau'r llunau'r llunau pa'r hynny. Mae gennym i chi, mae'r llunau'r llunau'r llunau. Mae'r llunau'r llunau'r llunau yn y gweithio, ..on mynd i wych yn cyflwyno cymaint. Mae ydych chi'n llyfrgyngau ffordd yn gyfwysig... ..y cym machwyr o'r cyffredig sydd wedi hynny... ..y hoffa'r cyfrwng cymaint. Mae'r llyfrgyngau i'r cywysig yn cymwyno cymaint. Mae'r llyfrgyngau i'r cyfrwng cymwyno cymwysig... ..y hoffa'r llyfrgyngau i chi ymwysig. Mae'r llyfrgyngau i chi i gael i'n wasbydd. Yn clygu'n ddod i fod ychydig. Ond y bach yn ymweliad gagwyddeni gwaith yn y bwysig ymweliad, ond hefyd Haynray yn ddefnyddio'r gynhyrch. Roedd ymddir ein gwell pan o Haynray's saffaars, o dda i fwy ffwrdd ar оed yn gyfrifio'r tynnebolau trath研au a oed yn EU. Yn 1930-1944 yn chassis ymweliad. Yn amlwg debyd ar hynny wedi'i gwirio amddangos i hefyd, ac nid dweud y bynnag y ffawr achos iddynt yn rwyth â'r ofa ar ychwr. a we'll talk about some of that later on. Henry, of course, has been defined recently much more by his marriages and rather trite television dramas than by whom he truly was. I think it's time to reassess England's most famous monarch as a man merely rather than being a mere showbiz character which he has become. Happily, his embryo civil service, has left us thousands of documents that reveal the minutiae of his life and much more can be found elsewhere in, for example, the archives of the Vatican and the city-state of Venice. If one is brave enough to stray far from the well-beaten path of his six marriages, we can construct a fuller, much more rounded picture of this autocratic king. New research has uncovered much more about his physical and mental condition in his last years and just how ruthless he became in eliminating his enemies. On the 9th of May, 1514, the chapter of the most noble order of the garter, meeting for their annual feast in Windsor, confronted a disagreeable item on their agenda. Three of the 24 night companions had been executed for high treason. Should their names besmirch the register of members or should they be scratched out as they deserve? Some maintain that the beautifully illustrated book would be named ugly by these erasers, so the chapter sought the phlamic wisdom of Henry VIII who had given them the volume six weeks, six years, I'm sorry, before. The register should remain untouched, he decreed. Say for the derisif Latin phrase va proditor, fae on you traitor being inserted above the malefactor's name. Entrys for Thomas Cromwell, elected at garter 1915-37, but executed for treason in July 1540, were among the first to phase, and there is Cromwell's name with the prototype written on the top. His name appears several times in the register, and it's quite interesting, one of those erasions, a prototype which stroked out obviously by a supporter of Cromwell. So the Tudors were always a threatened dynasty because of their tenuous and legally fragile claim to the throne of England. This was based on the dissent of Henry's formidable grandmother, maybe but Margaret Beaufort, from John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III. And this rampant insecurity was the chief motivator behind the king's determination to neutralise any opposition of any kind to his rule. And it was shared and suffered by future Tudor monarchs. In Henry's case, there were also psychological factors driving the autocratic rule. His self-obsessive behaviour comfortably fits into the classic profile of an individual suffering from grandiose and narcissistic behaviour disorder, characterised by exaggerating feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a chronic lack of empathy towards others. When boxed into a corner, he would lash out violently. Ladies and gentlemen, you might well recognise that some of today's readers may well suffer from this disorder. In Henry's case, the short conviction that he ruled with divine approval intensified the symptoms immeasurably. When God's deputy on earth was on his knees praying, he always knew that God listened. In later years, I believe he was also afflicted by Cushing syndrome, a rare endocrine abnormality caused by excessive levels of the hormone cortisol, probably caused by the traumatic head injury suffered whilst jousting in 1536. Henry became paranoid, if not psychotic, deeply suspicious of all those around him, even those he loved. Henry regarded treason as the most heinious of crimes, and a raft of new penal measures was introduced that punished those who challenged the King's ecclesiastical supremacy after the Great Blue Row, always entitlement to the crown. Up to his reign, treason was defined by an act of 1351 that described the crimes plotting them on its death, waging war upon him, or aiding and abetting his enemies. In passing, I should mention that the statute still remains on the statute book, much amended, and recently there's been quite a lot debate about his application to returning jihadists. The last time it was deployed was during the trial of William Joyce, the Lord Horhor, in 1945. After Henry's new legislation, the law now judged miscreants to be traitors, simply if they didn't follow his pet addictions in religious institutions and beliefs, refused to support his latest choice of wife, or the changing status of his offspring. From 1532 to the King's death in early 1547, there were 970 treason trials in England and Wales, resulting in 336 executions when they condemned face the horrible traitors' death of being hanged, drawn and courted. 216 of these were executed after the northern rebellions of 1536-37 and a further 15 for their involvement in the Yorkshire conspiracy of 1541. The Tudors invented propaganda, in its modern sense, and we would recognise as propaganda. They utilised the power of the printing press. They used drama, spectacle and pageantry to manipulate Henry's subjects' minds. Now they would create laws which ruled not only what people thought of what people said. Defaming the monarch by a written or spoken word became a capital offence, such as branding him a heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel or usurper. 64 executed if another 10 died in prison in 1532-40 for uttering felonious words. These included disparaging comments on the King's love life, that his ability to procreate criticism of his ministers or policies or spreading rumour about popular dissatisfaction or unrest. So if we lived today under the mailed ffest of Henry's laws, I would be guilty of high treason for flagrantly writing the rather unflattering statements about the oldest part of my new book. If you read those perilous words aloud or lent my book to a friend, so would you. You would be liable for that one-way trip to the scaffold. Luckily for everyone today, here today and indeed my book sales, and the expurentive measures were repealed in 1547. One class of traitor escaped Henry's vengeance but never his wrath. Those renegades who defected to the papal cause and escaped to Europe. The King always demoulded their immediate extradition and when these moves failed, as mostly they did, I was happy to order these fugitives abduction for murder. Chief amongst them was carpal regional Paul, whom Henry castigated as England's arch traitor. Paul fought tooth and nail to defend Holy Mother Church and became a magnet to the disaffected. He had told Henry your butchers and butcheries and horrible executions have made England the slaughterhouse of innocence. As the King massacred his kith and kin in 1539 and 1541, he wanted to sympathise. When Paul was dispatched to France in 1537 to seek support for the pilgrimage of grace rebellion, Henry demanded his arrest and repatriation. But Francis I of France, you can see why his subjects call him old long nose. Francis I in France found himself in a difficult position between the proverbial rock and hard place and one hand he's got a monarch demanding that he fulfills his treaty obligations on the other hand he has the pope bearing down on him telling telling him not to touch a hair of Paul's head. So Francis merely banished the Cardinal to the Spanish low countries. Henry was incensed and sought to secretly appoint some fellows to kidnap the Cardinal adding we would be very glad to have Paul trust up and conveyed to Calais which was then the last English stronghold on the European mainland. His chief minister Thomas Cromwell also launched a covert operation sending Sir Thomas Parma and four accomplices into Flanders to assassinate him with handguns. But Paul escaped Henry's vengeance despite the reward of 100,000 crowns upon his head alive or dead. Now in today's money that's just over 15 million pounds and as a point of comparison you'll see even the CIA only have a price price money of 7.7 million for leaving jihadists being captured being recaptured with guilt. About 130 lesser clergy or laymen with allegiance to the religion of their forefathers fled England between 1534 and 1546 and Henry's feverish attempt to lay hands on them is a sorry tale of frustration diplomatic fiasco but sometimes farcical mishap. Aside from Paul there was one traitor that fed Henry's neuroses more than any other the so-called Blanche Rose who was hiding in France and his non-declun Blanche Rose is the clue for the Henry's illogies as it suggested that he claimed to be a long lost member of the House of York. The White Rose threat to the Tudor crown believed finally neutralized when the king destroyed Paul's extended family. But in reality this man of mystery was one of Henry's subjects called Dick Housia the son of a cobbler or tailor who had spent eight years in a stinking Parisian prison after his release the king sought his arrest and repatriation but the French procrastinated claiming that he was born in Orléans even though you could barely string together a few words of their own tongue. Their fare rungled on for some years with Henry's ever more irasable demands for the return of this detestable traitor and murder meeting with the blank wall of French obduracy. A final demand for his expedition was included in the ultimatum delivered as a planute to war with France in June 1543. So diplomacy has failed Henry to his fury as brother monarchs refused to fulfil their cheap treating obligations and to hand over those traitors and rebels who had escaped his retribution excuse me and we're now busy plotting against him on the continent of Europe it was time for more direct action. Henry's frequent forays into the clandestine world of kidnapping blackmail and assassination have not perceived the attention they deserve. For example he apparently planned to kidnap his nephew James of Fizz of Scotland to compel him to acknowledge English suzerinty over Scotland. He also tried to abduct Cardinal Mark Grimani, the papal negate of Scotland, who's ship narrowly escaped anwish on the high seas and who later evaded another kidnap attempt by fleeing Glasgow in dawn in disguise. In May 1546 another of the King's bednoirs Cardinal David Buter, the self-appointed Lord Chancellor of Scotland, was assassinated in his castle in St Andrews. Henry had agreed to fund the murder provided that he was not implicated publicly as his involvement in the conspiracy stressed with sublime hypocrisy was not meet for a king. In a dawn, the 29th of May, 17 assassins broke into the castle's gatehouse. They killed the porter and held his body down into the ditch. The noise brought Beaton out, Beaton out of his chamber and he was promptly hacked to death. His mutilated corpse was thrown out of a window and left hanging in midair tied hand and foot by a pair of sheets as an object lesson to others who might consider messing with Henry Tudor. A string of further assassination attempts was also mounted against Pol when all proved unsuccessful. A compelling solution appeared in 1544 while the English were sieging the French port and the stronghold of Benoit. A dashing Italian mercenary colonel appeared one day in their trenches and had the temerity the scoff just how badly the siege was being conducted. He made no effort to hide his contempt at the amateurish efforts of the English troops. Kneed deep in foul mud and water with French cannonballs whistling about their ears, the English found him a thoroughly irksome visitor, particularly his well-dressed, clean, handsome and worse still a notable foreigner. The William Padgett, Secretary of State, told John Lord Russell, his Italian, which was called Ludovico di Llami, was a subject to the Bishop of Rome who had previously served the French government. He was a nephew of the gouty Cardinal Lorenzio Cappegio, who with Woolsey had resided over the Aborted Tribunal at Blackfriars on Henry's Divorce from Catherine of Aragon back in 1529 and he certainly wasn't Henry's favourite Cardinal. Russell thoroughly mistrusted Italian mercenaries declaring neither he nor any other Italian should have tarried there in the trenches and seen our doings for I know well their natures and treasons. Despite that black mark put up by my uncle, Henry recruited to Llami ostensibly to hire mercenaries illegally in Venice, but in reality to murder pole. He was the king's gangster, the perfect criminal type, vain, violent, plausible. He was brash, swaggering, bursting with Italian charm and brio and utterly, utterly ruthless. In January 1545 Llami arrived in Venice on a generous monthly salary of 50 grams or about 6,000 pounds a month in today's money. That year the three Venetian magistrates commissioned four religious paintings to decorate their headquarters in this palazio just up from the Rialto Bridge. One was the slaughter of the innocents depicting the new testament story of the massacre of the infants by Herod soldiers. The arch-nake picture now in the academia in Venice shows a tall bearded figure non-shortly watching the murder and mayhem going on around him. Next to him stands a retainer holding a shield with a coat of arms. This heraldry belongs to the Llami family and his eloquent dress resembles that worn by the assassin later when he was arrested. This must be Henry's gangster. If so, this painting must be considered the most expensive wanted poster in the history of criminology. In Rome, Cardinal Nicolae Nicolae Ardingheli, the newly appointed prefect of the apostolic Siccantora and heavily involved in the Holy See's secret services, feared the Llami's presence in Italy. He probably climbed and paid for the unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in Italy that much staged by a mercenary captain called Sincondo backed by a team of 12 desperados. On the 5th of May, Ardingheli summoned Francesco Venier, the Venetian ambassador to the Vatican, for a confidential chat over a glass or two of good Italian vino. He revealed that Henry kept a number of persons in its pay in diverse places for some purpose which must be considered sinister, his character being such as it is. One of them was the Llami whom the Vatican demanded should be expelled immediately from Venice lest it appears that he enjoys the Dome Jane's favor. The Venetian ambassador was worried about the implication of this. He feared that Henry would retaliate against the quite large community of Venetian merchants in London and knowing his repatiousness could happily confiscate their valuable investments in England. Queryrously, he suggested, might it not be more prudent to proceed somewhat moderately with Henry? A cart more rustly swept aside such caution, his holiness does not require the scenery to do as he would do if he could hold a Dlami who is his rebel and has committed so many crimes. Instead, the pope merely required his expulsion lest through the scenery's protection he may find an opportunity for perpetuating some enormous outrage. The Venetian knew very well what Ardingheli was talking about. He had heard whispers in the Vatican corridors that the Dlami was plotting some mischief and it has some treacherous design against Cardinal Paul attending the church council at Trento. Three days later, the ambassador found himself leaning before 77-year-old Pope Paul III who was anxious to learn of what firm action was planned by the city-state against Henry's assassin. He disclosed that Dlami and his accomplices were planning a terrible crime and the latest intelligence indicated they were only awaiting Henry's commission to be delivered by a gentleman of his privy chamber who was expected in Venice during the next 12 days. We see this villain close at hand, said the pope. He is our rebel and on many counts would deserve a thousand deaths. We perceive that the King of England who is a heretic has no other enmity in Italy other than ours and in several quarters he's plotting I know not what mischief. Should any disturbance arise it would be unfitting for it to have originated in Venice. Paul added the council is sitting in Trento. We do not know what direction Henry's thoughts may take. There is a particular case of Cardinal Paul whom these refruffians may have been ordered to kidnap or take some other sinister action against. The new doger just appointed Francesco Donato and the city's council of ten were then honoured by a visit by the papal noncio who reinforced the pope's demands with some warmth. They responded by summoning the army or questioning in the Dupal prison but the bird had flown. He had departed Venice reportedly on the King's business and the scenery were allowed to discover that he'd gone to Trento. Whatever his mission was it went unfulfilled. Paul remained alive and well and went on and married the first rain to become the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury. By August 1545 the army was back in Venice and had his own personal scores to settle. He was involved in a running battle with the permission might watch in which one guard was badly wounded and the penalty for this trial was death. Heaven's half of the English ambassador explained it was all a dreadful mistake as the army had mistaken the watch for a gang of his enemies. Venetians meekly but meekly believed this lived by explanation and were prepared to overlook the matter to please Henry, whom they held in great reverence. They also valued their alliance with England. However it was then revealed that the army had hired assassins to murder an army officer in Treviso. They had stabbed and slashed at him two or three times with swords which he survived before they crambered back over the city walls to escape. While assailant was captured later rather stupidly hiding in the army's house in Venice the assassin was now a wanted man with a price of £100 on his head. Presently he called at Harville's official residence and explained that the attempted murder was only an act of hot-blooded vengeance for the victim's theft of a mercenary fee. Harville couldn't reassure him on his safety so he roamed post haste to England via Brussels and on to Henry's court where he spent a few months carefully building the persona of a faithful servant wrongfully accused. So William Padger, the Secretary of State, now thoroughly approved of him writing admirably of his vengeful wit and that he was naturally disposed to work mysterious. He added chillingly such a man at such a time is to be cherished. Henry, who was now nearing his end, required that the Venetians grant his agents a five-year safe conduct but this was rejected by the Council of Ten for the peace of Venice. Five days later they reversed their decision for His Majesty's gratification and by reason of our ancient friendship with him. In November 1546 the Italian merchant banker, Matthew Bernardo, was killed brutally in a pine forest near Ravenna. He had been stabbed 18 times. A letter was found in his blood-stained doublet that had been given by an army to the Cuthreds. His intimate comrades. A warrant for the bankers arrested had only been issued by the Venetian authorities after allegations that he'd divulged state secrets and had been involved in treacherous and treasonous negotiations with the France. So the motive for this killing, this murder, remains unclear. Was Delamine involved in his own secret treacherous dealings with the French? Did he fear that Bernardo knew too much about his own conspiracies? So did he have to silence him before he could plan? Delamine wrote to Henry after hearing that his master was so ill that the doctors had no hope of his living and his sorrow was turned to joy by a subsequent report that the rumour was quite false and he subsequently thanked the king for his continued munificence. This letter was probably triggered by Harville's growing suspicions about his sinister activities. Three weeks before the ambassador dispatched a messenger to London to deliver by word of mouth warnings about Delamine's proceedings which the king should know. He begged Padgett to keep Sassling's secret for all I have written of him has been disclosed to him and he has moved against me. The assassin wrote on, wrote again to Padgett on 11 December from Venice including a casual reference to his latest escapade. If perchance you hear anything of the death of Matthew Bernardo, which seems to touch my honour either privately or as the king's servant, tell them who malign me that I've always proved myself studious of my master's honour and my own. Five days later the Venetians established beyond reasonable doubt that Delamine had ordered the bankers' murder. Again fear of Henry's displeasure stayed their hand in wreaking justice upon a felon now regarded as being as odious to the state as words can express. If the king opposed his execution for this fresh outrage you should immediately recall it from Venice so that all cause of scandal and disturbance may be removed. In London Padgett told the Venetian ambassador that Delamine was no longer in favour and he was certain that his iniquities which caused him to be in such disgrace when the entire court would greatly displeas the king. Henry's death in the early hours of the 28th of January 1547 changed everything. Delamine's commission was immediately cancelled. He fled Venice that month and headed for the Duchy of Milan riding fast on hired horses without servants. Seeking the protection of large crowds he attended a glittering entertainment but made no effort to look into his figures other than wearing a mask. His taste for showing fine clothes became his downfall as it was reported that everyone stared at him. He was recognised and immediately imprisoned in Milan Castle. The Venetians were determined to repatriate Delamine as soon as possible and such was his reputation that they sent 200 cavalry at an escort to prevent any any rescue attempt. On the journey back it was ordered that he remained handcuffed and should he refuse to eat the food should be forced down on his throat after of course first testing it for poison to prevent his suicide. On suddenly the 1547 the prisoner was condemned to death on Saturday next when he should be taken between the two pillars in the Piazza San Marco where on a lofty scaffold his head should be severed but they didn't work that long to execute him. The rector of a near of Birbniw by Church was permitted to hear Delamine's confession and provide spiritual comfort until his hour of death. Early the next morning the prisoner was brought out of his cell in the Ducal prison and under heady guard walked a short distance along the broad waterfront to the place of execution and his head was severed from his body between those two pillars. The status-conscious city of Venice noted his passing in the official obituary role of a nobleman who had died that month. 12th of May Louis Vicky of Delamine beheaded by order of the most illustrious council of 10. The world was finally rid of Henry's gangsta. As I said at the beginning our view of Henry VIII has been defined more by his six marriages and those often inaccurate television dramas rather than by who truly was. I still treasure a memory of one shot in one series of a Boeing 747 jumbo flying over the Siege of Beloyne. My book, Hayley VIII, The Decline of Fall of a Tyrant covers the last seven years of his reign and reveals a geriatric king crippled by osteomiliters. One could smell the stench of his legs two rooms away and requiring a primitive lift to hoist him up to the first floor royal apartments as well as a kind of sedan chair to lift him around. The dashing athletic Renaissance prince had disappeared long before. He now weighed 178 kilograms or if you're like me 28 stone with a body mass index of 52 kilograms per square meter well off today's national health service scale. Time was running out for him to achieve his childhood dreams of personal vala defeating the despised French and finally fulfilling the ancient English claim to the crown of France. But he had become a vulnerable and lonely old man. A 1542 Whitehall inventory of royal possessions reveals Henry's hidden helplessness. Three warping ourselves all fitted with whistles at the top are listed as our two leather trunks or loud halers used for shouting and the king was rarely alone but now needed to summon help in an emergency by blasts on its whistles or bellowing through his shouting trunk. He dreaded falling down and now required considerable help in getting him back on his feet. Despite his doctor's pleas despite eight weeks in bed he's still incestuous on evading France in 1544. And he proudly led his host out of Calais behind the bravely flying green and white Tudor battle inside towards Beloy where English troops were already digging siege works. Our proud burst of almost tropical intensity at Marquith 20 miles from Calais on the 25th of July was a salutary lesson and a defining moment. Standing around in a quagmire of mud wearing soaking wet clothes is one thing but watching your expensive armor rust about you is something quite different. You must have suddenly realised at last that he was medically unfit for a prolonged arduous campaigning far from home in all the weathers. His cherished dreams of battlefield heroics evaporated like incense in the Vatican in the grim realisation of his age and infirmities. The grand strategy for capturing Paris in concert in Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor was unilaterally abandoned and instead Henry was content to capture Beloy. Under papal pressure his ally made a separate peace with France, leaving Henry to fight on alone. The costs of war bankrupted England exacerbated by his reckless borrowing at high interest rates from the Antwerp bankers and his fraudulent devaluation of the coinage. He would take his successors more than two decades to rebuild the Tudor economy. His decline continued. Henry never enjoyed papal work and from 1545 he gave up signing state papers. His failing eyesight meant that he bought wire-fraining spectacles from generally tempers at a time. Clearly he loses them as regularly as I do. Instead of signing state papers a wooden block with the royal signature carved in rainds letters was impressed on documents and the imprint inked in. Of course there were safeguards against misuse. Documents signed with this dry stamp were listed every month for Henry's approval but after a year he even stopped examining this ledger. The King had handed over the levers of power to those around him. So how should we remember Henry VIII? He established the Royal Navy and his diplomacy placed his dominions firmly at the centre of European politics instead of being regarded as a remote group of rain swept islands on the edge of the known world. Knowing his fondness and jealousy of his sovereignty I think the European Union would be complete anathoba to Henry VIII. His warships laid the maritime foundations for the creation of the British Empire. Because of that insecurity of the Tudor dynasty, because of the fear that the dynasty could be destroyed, a heart beat away, Henry became a rampant part of the country. And he reformed the medical profession. He outlawed quacks the impact of religion and superstition and firmly placed it in the realms of science. His regulatory regime led the foundations of a modern healthcare system. Remember Henry VIII when he next visited your doctor or local hospital. But his dreams were thought even down to the grandiose monument he planned for himself in St George's Chapel Windsor, which was still unfinished in his death despite being worked on since the beginning of his reign. His last remnant is a sarcophagus which he'd earlier filched for walls his tomb and was reused more than 250 years later by a parsimonious government for now since the monument of the creative support of Europe. Despite what we regard today as his genocide of the civilian habitants of Scotland and northern France and the harsh totalitarian regime he inflicted on his hard tax subjects, one can still feel a scintilla of sympathy for the pain-wracked old overgun. The Tudor dynasty was to continue for another 56 years many more to die as Henry's offspring, likely a father, fellen on to the crown of England. Thank you very much indeed ladies and gentlemen.