 In this session, we are going to discuss the limitations of the state capacity. What is state capacity? The ability of the state to attain policy goals, whether in democratic or international domain, by having an idea behind as it is not uniformly capable to fulfill all requirements of political arenas. So what is state capacity? Basically it is related to the ability of the state because the capacity of state here cannot be described in general terms but with the reference to the capabilities in particular spheres. State capacity on the one hand is obviously very simple. Whether the state can achieve all the targets and objectives, it is so capable that in order to satisfy its people, or on an external front, it is available to make its own. This is a very interesting debate in today's time period because when we talk about the state capacity, then actually we have to understand that whether the state has the elements which like to maintain the law and order within the state, like to achieve the economic targets, like to achieve the political objectives or whether the state has the capacity. We are not talking about whether the state is democratic or not. We actually want to understand the capabilities of the state through which the law and order, social justice, its economic development targets, its political development targets can be achieved or it has no capacity. There is a sort of competition among states, whether for rapid industrialization, being abreast of competitors or to achieve technological advancements, the situation under comparative analysis reveals a variation among states for mobilizing capacities to gain a collective investment effort. Historically, if we analyze it from the beginning, there has always been a competition among states on how they can make themselves more competent as a competent party. We have seen industrialization as well. We have seen that some states, technologically, want to achieve their target after advancing themselves. We have also seen that in this competition, some states use interconnected ways, i.e. they do the same with each other and cooperation with each other. In other words, to enhance their capacity, they also join certain groups and sometimes they compete with other states as well. So the transformative capacity enables states to be adaptable according to external world order created by the new means to govern industrial change. But here is a very critical point which we need to understand specifically as the students of political sociology, that when there is a transformation, i.e. states do not have much capacity, they have made a way to improve the situation with their cooperation. Now, in this transforming phase, what is the world order at the external level? What are its implications on the state's internal capacity or capability? Because if you start taking more than the outside, then the implications and complications start happening within your system. For example, for artificial development, if you take a lot of loans and ultimately you have to pay back the loan, or if you want to give interest to it, the side effects of that will further weaken the state's capacity. So where it is important that the state has the capacity to satisfy the people within the state and to effort the state for its status, we also need to see that the state's capacity in its transforming stage is not so much involved that its side effects, its implications will have to be faced later and ultimately, the person who will be affected will have more chances to be affected by the state.