 Wow, I can only say wow what happened here. It's fantastic because in the 50s my grandfather Used to kill slaughter one or two pigs from our small farm in February in winter and this was a fantastic day for me as a small boy because from the Hamlet the people came helping hear a lot of Noise of activities, but one activity was fantastic It was a job of the women this tells you something. It was a job of the women to clean the entrails what is You are seeing Dario pulling out they had to clean it So they were sitting behind the barn in the chairs in the snow as a basket of steaming entrails in front of them the guts of the pigs chatting gossiping Scratching off the fat and the other stuff and then this very magic moment happened one of the women will take the gut and inflated and this transparent Delicate thing would spiral out like a tube into the cold air fantastic Little did I know that actually the most important stuff was crept away Now if I tell the story people say to me, are you interested in trails? I say no in sausages Because the casing was the important part now what I would like to tell you is a story on Entrails and how it has a connection to cooking now, you know you can use stomach trippa Like Dario say for cooking. I don't want to talk about this what I want to talk is what happens After we add after we chewed and swallowed our food now Actually the world is against entrails because the word entrails itself means from Latin coming the internal things That's all I mean, I'm a native German speaker and the intestine is called down I think in Danish it's similar which goes back to an old German word Which means whole so I don't know what the old German thought about what kind of and they were describing With this and but what it tells you is simply Eat it and forget it Nothing good comes out if you think about it. So there is a hidden story with the Relation between cooking and entrails and when we talk about it about our own entrails not the end of the big So our own then we have to start with evolution because human evolution is dominated by our brain Brains are very expensive Those of you who have college kids know Okay But also metabolically speaking very very expensive because Let me see if I can get this in yes Because it makes only in average two percentage of our body mass But it uses 25% of the resting energy we have to absorb So to give you some numbers a person 75 years old Normal height normal weight normally eat it. It's not me. Okay This person in the lifetime of 75 years will have absorbed 55 million kilo calories 12 million from it only for keeping the brain going This is 2,000 kilograms of food 7,000 liters of water to hydrate the brain It's an incredible and those who are technically interested in you It's 1000 liter of kerosene if you want in comparison. So brains are really expensive Now if you think about what kind of gut we must have to keep this brain developed working Then we can take the laws of biology and they tell us it must be a gigantic gut Maybe I'm coming close slowly to this what biology demands But actually it's not like this if we do and another me we find that actually our gut is reduced We have even less fat cells than we should Don't look at me, please it is moment But it is really like this that we have actually a two small gut for this brain So let's let's see the gut now If you stretch it out if Daria would have stretched out the gut from the big you would have a different length but our In the body it's 5 meter Outside of the body is 9 meter if you take all the Producers which are on the inside of the gut and you are and you flatten them out you get a gigantic surface 4500 square meter 5,000 square yards Incredible this is a surface which has so much spare capacity It can absorb everything so This surface is not only for absorption. It has to be also defended now Not only it has a big for surface. This is a very dynamic organ 70 billion of the epithelian cells you will lose at this very moment Sitting here and listen to me Actually throughout the day and this has to be renewed. So this is an it's a turnover. It's turning away in you And it has a brain I think most people don't know that we have an autonomous brain in our gut actually the older sister of this brain and It binds us to all the other animals Down to the very very small polyps of corals They all have nervous systems around the digestive tracts Now this brain has a very interesting Connection as you all know it has a connection to emotions The brain talks with a big one with a big sister. So for example at this moment my gut brain would say sir what's for lunch and And the sir would say come on shut up. We have a stress situation here And the gut would answer. Okay, let's get the butterfly is going You know and I have a little bit butterflies going around now in my stomach because I cannot help it the Olympic system The emotional system is found directly To this brain now the brain has another job then keeping me emotional alert in front of you It has actually the job to control digestion. So everything what you eat has to be Analyzed by this brain and then the right reaction and the right manipulations have to be Chosen from a whole pre-program set of Different programs which are there. It's actually like a kind of computation if you want and then the most important thing It has actually to defend our surface our body 60% of our immune system is Concentrated in the gut and then the biggest job of all and I think some managers You know managers actually think only with this gut brain So they should learn from it because this brain is actually managing 10 trillion cells of bacteria in your colon This is 10 times more than you have cells on your body So we have to ask the question. Are we walking bacteria and we only have a heekle for them So so you see we have a paradox. We have this huge energy Demanding brain and you have a shortened cut So, how do we solve this paradox? Actually it was solved for us by our ancestors They invented one of the most profound technology It's so profound. It's supervasive That we even don't recognize it, but it's a very very broad If you want platform on which Today and in our future we can still build Actually, it's cooking Cooking is this technology with cooking you allow the gut to produce their energy Which your which your brain needs so cooking is a way of releasing the energy But more than this it also generates taste. I mean, I don't have to tell you I mean, it's it's a story of the taste and the taste goes directly to our rewarding system and our rewarding system in the big brain And the big sister is here to reinforce our memory When our ancestors found some very tasty mushrooms, it's better to know where the mushrooms were okay, so It's a wonderful technology Which not only helps to build the brain which actually speaks to the brain So I would propose but sometimes people get angry about this. I will propose that we are actually cockty wars We are not omnivores. We eat cooked food and the better so Once I say it even the philosophers should change their mind. We should say Coco ergo zoom I cook Therefore I am because without this cooking we would not be here Maybe they would met would be madness, but we would not be part of it Okay, so cooking is a very very important Invention so important that we have forgotten actually to give it the right position within all technologies now When you cook when you have learned cooking and you have a large brain like most I think you have Then you have a fun of fantastic feedback loop created This is what actually gastronomical gastronomical art and Technology and food technology and food science is all about this feedback Because you respond with the senses to this what is cooked and at the same time you make choices You make decisions you create through your senses through the expectations of your senses what the cooking should be So actually cooking forces you not only to memorize It generates also coordination social interactions. I Mean I have the little dissident Idea that actually language came with cooking and of the other way around Because I mean I could imagine that in the prehistoric time something was cooking and The person cooking hitting the other and said don't look in the box makes a table Yeah, don't look before I'm finished Even man started to talk What's for dinner honey So I think it's a it's a very central thing being human is cooking But I think as I said before there is a second part to the story and the second part is the gut What does the gut brain has to tell us about cooking? Actually only negative things if it didn't work out if you screw it up. Yes, we get brought it We get pain we get Many different states, so I think it's very important to learn about this language Now why would it be important because the gut is the center of health and The sister is a center of delight. So we should put things together We should ask ourselves. What is the taste of health? For this we have to learn the talk of the gut brain now There are some experiments done which show that in what form you eat food If you take a normal breakfast if you throw this breakfast in a blender make a soup out of it You will have your body reacts differently. I think this is trivial what I would propose is to takes a very moment where our gut actually Learns to do what it has to do and to see what at this moment The gut has to learn for understanding the world around it because you are born in the womb from the womb of your mother Your gut does not know what to expect outside It has all the breed programs, but what program to run? What will be there of this beautiful protected area? I get ejected into the cold tri bacteria infested world so Evolution have found a solution. Do you know what it is the solution? mothers milk Milk is actually the only food nature has evolved Everything else we exploit We don't miss the Kate. We simply take without asking Milk was developed only for one single reason and actually all the milk is mother milk to be honest It's only one reason. This is to get the baby a very good start to put it in a healthy state To become an adult to propagate its chains So milk is a very fantastic liquid. It started 320 million years ago When the ancestors of the mammals split off on the evolutionary tree and they started to secrete liquids 160 million years ago our class the Mummy fairs the the mammals split off because they had a complete secretion system for lactation now milk takes care of everything of course of energy building blocks and What you need when you are a baby to build but our in destine is immature We are born sterile. There are no bacteria in us and bacteria cell actually life-saving If you don't have them you will die But actually how do you decide what should be in and whatnot? so Milk controls provides first every single nutrition, but controls also the health so bioactives That's a lot. It's a very complex mixture, which is produced in the mammary gland of the mother for me the most amazing thing is that actually The mother seeds the baby with the right bacteria Bifidus longum infantis you need this because this bacterium provides the ecological niche for a healthy gut flora The mother is so clever. Well, if you want nature it was so clever That in the mother milk there are sugars, which cannot be digested by the mother No more by the baby only by the bifidus longum infantis So if you breastfeed and which is a very very important step and start for a baby You actually feed also the bacteria in the colon and you take care that I'm speaking of the mothers Of course, you take care that the right bacteria grow So milk is a fantastic liquid, but I would in relation to entrails Think about what are actually the The ways how liquid could have been I mean milk is a very strange Solution why it's not a white pool, you know, it's like you come in the can't give the baby Okay, baby grows has all the energy. Why is it so complicated made and to help you a little bit? I have put in an analogy and the analogy looks like this Let's take the fat and make it the size of a beach ball You know 64 centimeters 24 inches If you look then you see a whole hierarchy of other structures Lactosomes, which were recently discovered The calcium it's like a little Dennis ball and it's like a tennis ball because it has hairs on the surface And then you have this little pee which is a whey protein Why the hell is it so complicated? I mean this has to be assembled in the mammary gland The beach ball has to be covered by a membrane to stabilize it So for 100 milliliters of milk the mother has to provide the membrane for two square meter I mean the mothers dissolve themselves literally into the milk to have this Structure made now why is this structure? Because the milk doesn't remain liquid when you eat it in the baby stomach. It curds. It makes fresh cheese So the little tennis balls lose their hair Then stick together Trap the beach balls and the rest separates from it What it tells you is actually that milk has built in a self-control of digestion And it tells you that structure Is the language of the gut brain because our stomach is a mechanical sensor and If you make a curd the stomach senses it it can exercise fullness Emptiness if you have an empty stomach you generate a Hormone grayling which says I'm hungry if you have a full stomach It tells the big balls here stop eating in my case, I think it's not always listening the big boss, but It talks it talks with signals of hunger and signals of sediation And this is because it separates its sequences its digestion That we can become healthy humans that our brain can develop this creativity is because the milk trains the gut For the world which is a bone the baby when it grows up And it trains for providing everything. So I think I Have to give you an example We we use goji berries. I don't know if you know them. This is Chinese orange berries Which are tried and then they're eaten in a soup and a tea you can eat them with milk You increase a little bit the absorption of the orange color, which is a very potent and Antioxidants very good for the eye for the UV stability of your retina But if you mill these berries together with cousin you generate Actually a structure and this was tested in the University of Hong Kong with porridge this morning porridge For the people who took part in this study and you see that we have tripled the absorption of The six and in of this antioxidant because of the presence and the intimacy between the six and in and the proteins So coming to the conclusion I Think the entrails being still bias by language bias by our very strange Hygienic frenzy we have with all these spheres when we talk about This center of life if you think about this structure this surface This is what you what you actually see and how your body actually experience the environment I Would say especially to you because you are the people with a Closest intimacy to food, but not only you understand food and you are creative about it You also understand human psychology. You know what is our envy? You know our desires if we could learn To understand this language we would have you would have an ocean for new creativity And I think the fermentation which is now becoming a walk in the cuisine. I think this is the right way to go so Bring it to one sentence What's the taste of health? Thank you