 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this course we continue to study Ach Sandhi or Vavil Sandhi. We said that Ach Sandhi is a substitute in place of a vowel or vowels. This Sandhi could be a consonant or a vowel as well. We classified Ach Sandhi into two. The current classification that we are studying is Dvisthanika Ekadesha. The first classification that we have already studied is Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where there is one substituent and it is replaced by one substitute Ekasthanika Ekadesha. There are two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha namely Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Eko Yenachi and Ayavaya Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Echo Yavaya Vaha and there are some more Sutras explaining the Ayavaya Sandhi. We have studied all these Sutras in this course before. Coming back to the Dvisthanika Ekadesha, this is different than the earlier one because here there are two substituents Dvisthani and one substitute that replaces both these substituents Dvisthanika Ekadesha. This is stated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekapurva Parayoha 6184, a very important Adhikara Sutra. Ekaha means one substitute and Purva Parayoha which is 6 slash 2 means in place of previous that is Purva and latter sound that is Par, Purva and Par in place of both of them. So one substitute takes place in place of two sounds, previous and latter. The diagrammatic representation would be this, where you have A followed by B both in the Samhita mode in which we can say that A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after A, thereby they both confining the mutual environment. And in this environment in this Samhita A plus B one of the rules in 6184 onwards up to 61112 this particular section applies and substitutes both A and B by C. A and B both are substituents and C is the one substitute A and B these are the two sthanis Dvisthani and C is one substitute Ekadesha. So the input is A plus B, B and the output is C. Remember in Ekasthanika Ekadesha the input was A plus B and the output was C plus B only A gets replaced by C, B remains unchanged. There are five instances of Dvisthanika Ekadesha namely Guna Sandhi stated by the Sutra Adgunahan 6187, Vruddhi Sandhi stated by the Sutra Vruddhirechi onwards, Vruddhirechi is 6188, then there is Pararupa Sandhi which is stated by the Sutra Engi Pararupam 6194 onwards. Then we have Savarna Dirgha Sandhi which is what we are studying currently, stated by the Sutra Akash Savarna Dirgha 6111 and finally Purvarupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha 6117 onwards. So let us come to the Savarna Dirgha Sandhi, let us concentrate on this Sandhi which is the fourth type of, fourth instance of the Dvisthanika Ekadesha. This is stated by the Sutra Akash Savarna Dirgha. We have already studied this Sutra in the previous lecture but let us take a recap. Akash Savarna Dirgha has got three words, three padas, Akaha 5 slash one of Ak and Ak means five sounds, a, i, u, ru and lu. So the Pratyahara Ak captures the sounds stated in the first two Pratyahara Sutras, Ayun, Ruluk. So Akaha stands for immediately after Ak. Savarna is 7 slash one of Savarna, Savarna is homogeneous sound and what is a Savarna? We studied this concept in detail in the previous lecture where we studied the definition of Savarna given in the Astadhyayi namely Tuliyasya Prayatnam Savarnam and Nath Jhelao 1, 1, 9 and 1, 1, 10. We also while studying the concept of Savarna we also noted down which sounds are not to be considered as Savarna as part of Nath Jhelao and also the traditional interpretation So coming back to Savarna, Savarna means immediately before a homogeneous sound. Dirgha is one slash one of Dirgha meaning long vowel as the substitute. Words continued are achi, 7 one of ach meaning immediately before any vowel, ach means vowel. Ekapurvaparyoho meaning one substitute in place of two the previous or the earlier and the latter substitute events. When we put all these things together we get the meaning of the Sutra Akasavarni Dirgha as the following immediately before a homogeneous vowel Savarna achi and immediately after Akk, Akkaha in place of both of them Urvaparyoho place the long vowel Dirgha as the one substitute Ekaha. I repeat immediately before a homogeneous vowel Savarna achi and immediately after Akk, Akk is a iu, ru, lu, akkaha in place of both of them Urvaparyoho place the long vowel Dirgha as the one substitute Ekaha and we have already studied the concept of Savarna when we studied the Sutras, Tulyasya Prayatnam Savarnam as well as Nath Jhelao. Now let us study the examples of Akkasavarni Dirgha and these are the template examples. So on this slide 8 such templates are presented where we have Ur followed by Ur. So Ur is Akk followed by Ur which is a homogeneous sound homogeneous to this Ur and also a vowel and so in place of both of them we substitute the long variety of this Ur which is Ur. So Ur plus Ur is the input 6-1-1-0-1 applies and returns Ur long vowel as the output. Similarly, the second option is Ur followed by Ur in the Samhita mode. See this is Ur is Akk, Ur is Akk, Ur is also Savarna to Ur and therefore now 6-1-1-0-1 applies and in place of both of them both Ur and Ur returns the output in the form of long vowel Ur. The third option available is Ur plus Ur, Ur is Akk and Ur is the Savarna of it. So 6-1-1-0-1 applies and returns the output in the form of the long vowel which is Ur and also Ur plus Ur and the output is long vowel Ur. Similarly in case of E where you have short E plus short E obviously they are Savarnas and so 6-1-1-0-1 applies and the output generated is the long variety long vowel of E namely E. So in all these four possibilities the output is long vowel long E and the inputs are E plus E in the first case E plus long E in the second long E plus E and long E plus long E and the output in all these four cases is long E the long vowel Dir Gha. This is the Savarna Dir Gha Sandhi. Similarly is the case with U where you have U plus U both short and 6-1-1-0-1 applies and the output generated is long U. Similarly U plus long U long U plus U and long U plus long U in all these four cases the output generated by 6-1-1-0-1 is the Dir Gha vowel of U namely the long U as shown here. Similar is the case with Ruh where you have Ruh followed by Ruh followed by long Ruh long Ruh followed by short Ruh and long Ruh followed by long Ruh and the output generated is the long Ruh and then we have one case of Lu where we have Lu followed by short Lu both are short Lu's. Lu does not have a long variety so that is not possible. Now the output generated by 6-1-1-0-1 is something different over here. So because there is no long variety of Lu however the tradition has made a statement Ruh and Lu they both are homogeneous they are to be considered as homogeneous with each other and so the long variety of Ruh can become the substitute over here Lu plus Lu and the long Ruh will be the substitute. Now let us look at these template examples and the specific examples in detail. So first let us look at Ruh plus Ruh and the output is Ruh. So the first example is Atruh followed by Asthi. In case of this word Atruh there is Ruh coming at the end Asthi has got Ruh at the beginning these are two different fathers this is a sentence and both Atruh and in Asthi they both are in close proximity in the Samhita mode and so now 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes both these Ruhs by their long variety namely Ruh. So the output generated would be Atruh, Ruh and Asthi. When we join them together we get Atruh Asthi. This is the example of the Savarandirna Sandhi that happens in between fathers as part of the sentence. Now let us look at this Sandhi happening in within a Pada or inside a compound. So here is the word Dharma followed by another word Artha. So Dharma ends in short Ruh. Artha begins with short Ruh because they are in Samhasa in compound so Samhita is obligatory. So both of them are in close proximity and so 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes the long variety of Ruh in place of both of them. So we have Dharm, A and Rthuh as the output. When we join them together we get Dharmarthuh as the output. Similarly if we take a preverb and verb Pruh is a preverb or Upasarga and Atati is the verb. Pruh ends in short Ruh. Atati begins with short Ruh. Since this is a Dhatu and this is an Upasarga. This is a combination of Upasarga plus Dhatu and therefore Samhita is obligatory and so in this case in place of both of them 6-1-1-0-1 will apply and replace them both by their long substitute namely A. So we have Pruh, A and Tati and therefore Prathati. These are the examples of a plus a generating the output in the form of long vowel a. Next is a plus a being the input and a being the output. So here we have Atra and Agataha. Once again the sentence, once again these are the two padas part of the sentence Atra and Agataha. Here we have a coming at the end of this first padha and a coming at the beginning position of the second padha. So we have a plus a. Now in place of both of them we get the long substitute namely A. So we have Atra, A and Agataha as the output generated by 6-1-1-0-1 on this particular input. So we have Atra, Agataha as the resultant combination in the sentence. Now let us look at the compound form. This is very famous, Deva plus Alaya. So here we have a followed by A because this is a Samasa or compound. So the Samhita is obligatory and therefore now in place of both of them 6-1-1-0-1 will apply and generate the output in the form of Dev, A and Laya. That is Deva Laya. So we have several examples in Sanskrit as well as in modern Indian languages which follow this particular pattern. Deva Laya, Himalaya, Karya Laya and so on and so forth. In all these examples we shall follow this particular pattern. Deva plus Alaya, Karya plus Alaya, Himalaya plus Alaya and in place of A and A is substituted 1-A. So there will be Him Alaya, Karya Alaya and that is Himalaya, Karya Alaya and so on and so forth. Similarly when we have a preverb or Upasarga followed by a verb Dhatu, Supra plus Aap. Supra ends in short followed by long A and so in place of both of them 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes 1-A in place of both of them. So we have pre-A and punoti. When we join this together we get prapnoti. Now let us look at the examples where A plus A is the input, 6-1-1-0-1 applies and generates output in the form of long A. So we have Asha plus Ava Baddhati, Asha plus Ava Baddhati. This is a sentence. These are the 2 paddhas and here we have A followed by A, Asha and Ava Baddhati. This is A at the end of this first paddha followed by A which is at the beginning of this second paddha. So now in place of both of them, we will have one substitute A and so we have Asha, A and Ava Baddhati as the output generated by 6-1-1-0-1, Asha Ava Baddhati that would be the final resultant form. Similarly if we have A plus Ach, so A and Ach this is a compound and so Samhita is obligatory. So we have A plus A and in place of both of them we substitute long variety of both of them namely long A. So we get Ach as the output generated by the application of 6-1-1-0-1, so the final form result will be Ach. This is what is used in the sutra, Na Jhalau. This is how the traditional commentators they explain the word Ach as having A plus Ach as the combination. So Na Jhalau is segmented first of all to have the 2 segments namely and this Arch, Na and Arch and then Arch is further segmented into A plus Ach and then the traditional commentators they derive an extra A over here and they interpret it then accordingly. Okay, let us come back to the third example. This is Ha Ha plus Us. So Ha Ha is the name of the Gandharvas. If when we are deriving the Panchami Ekavachana or the Shasti Ekavachana ablative or genitive singular of Ha Ha, we have Ha plus Us and then Ach as subarnadirgha applies 6-1-1-0-1 and in place of both these R plus R there is one substitute namely the long variety of them namely long R that is placed. So we have Ha Ha's as the resultant form Ha Ha Ha is the finally derived form. This is R plus R as the input and R as the output. And finally we have A plus A as input 6-1-1-0-1 applies and long A is the output. The first example is within a puzzle namely Ha Ha plus A we are deriving the instrumental singular of the Pratipadika Ha Ha. We have just now seen that Ha Ha is the name of the Gandharvas and so the instrumental singular suffix I is added to them. So we have Ha Ha plus R. So now we have A plus R 6-1-1-0-1 will apply and substitute in place of both of them the long variety that is R. So we have Ha Ha and R one substitute in place of two and then we join them together and we get Ha Ha. This is the instrumental singular of Ha Ha. So this example shows the Sandhi happening within a puzzle. Now let us look at the Sandhi which happens between two puzzles. So Atma plus Avir Bhavati these are the two puzzles and here we have A at the end and here we have A at the beginning. There is Samhita mode and this Samhita mode is Vivakshita by the speaker desired to be spoken by the speaker. And so since the Samhita mode is on so we have A plus A in close proximity. So they both of them get substituted by the long variety that is A. So we have output generated by the application of 6-1-1-0-1 namely Atma A and Vir Bhavati. And when we join them together we get Atma Vir Bhavati. This is the Sandhi between two puzzles as part of the sentence. Then we have A plus A within a compound. So Vacha and Arambhana. Vacha has got the word A at the end and Arambhana has got A at the beginning because this is a compound. So Samhita is obligatory and so in place of both As 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitute the long variety of A that is A and so we have Vacha, A and Arambhana as the output. When we join them together we get Vacha Arambhana as the finally derived form. This is an example of A plus A as input and A as the output. Now let us study the next template that is E plus E as input and long E as the output. So here we have Asthi plus Iha. In Asthi there is short E coming at the end and Iha has short E coming at the beginning of the padha. So these are the two padhas part of the sentence. And so Akassavarni Vir Gaha applies and because there is Samhita intended to be spoken by the speaker and so 6-1-1-0-1 applies and returns the output in the form Asthi, E and Her. When we join them together we get Asthi, E, Her. Similarly, we have with D plus Ishta now the compound. Since this is a compound Samhita is obligatory and so E is immediately followed by E in the Samhita mode. So 6-1-1-0-1 Akassavarni Vir Gaha applies and returns the output in the form of Buddha, E and Shta followed. So we have Buddhi Shta as the output. Then we have Adhi plus Itya. Adhi is an upasarga or a preverb and E is the verbal root. So here we have E followed by E and 6-1-1-0-1 applies and returns the output as Adhi, E and Tir. So we get Adhi, Tir as the output. Then we have E followed by Long E and the output generated is Long E and the examples are these. First Abhi plus Epsa this is a compound and therefore there is Samhita which is obligatory. So we have E followed by Long E and 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes both of them by one long E. So we have Abhi, E and Saa. Join together it gives us Abhi, Saa. Similarly, Pari plus Ekshate. Here we have E followed by Long E. Pari is a preverb or upasarga, Eksh is the verbal root. So Samhita is obligatory and therefore we have E followed by Long E, 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes in place of both of them the long variety namely Long E. So we have Pari and Kshate that is Pari Kshate, Pari Kshaa and so on. Then we have Kavi plus Eha. Once again a compound and in this case also E is followed by E, Samhita is obligatory. So 6-1-1-0-1 applies and we have Kavi Eha that is Kavi Eha as the output generated by the application of 6-1-1-0-1. Next we have E followed by short E and the resultant output is Long E. So we have Devi plus Ekshate. This is part of the sentence where there are two words Devi followed by Ekshate, Long E followed by short E. Samhita is intended by the speaker. So in place of both of them 6-1-1-0-1 applies and substitutes long variety of E that is E. So we have Dev, E and Kshate. So we join them together and we get Devi Kshate. Similarly we have Nadi plus Kshate. This is within a puzzle. This is the compound. So here there is Long E followed by short E because this is a compound, Samhita is obligatory and therefore 6-1-1-0-1 applies and generates the output in the form of Nadi and Shtar that is Nadi Shtar. Then we have the example within a puzzle where the word Wataprami is followed by E. This is the Saptami Ekavachana, Locative Singular. In place of both of them we substitute the Long E and so we have Watapram and E, so Wataprami. The word Wataprami is derived in two manners. One by adding the suffix E to the verbal root ma and then by adding the suffix krip to the verbal root ma. In this case Wataprami is the word that is derived by adding the suffix E and therefore we have the Savarnadirga and the Saptami Ekavachana or the Locative Singular of this particular form is Wataprami that is all. Now one note is added over here namely E, Long E appearing at the end of forms like Hari, Mati etc. which denote dual number does not undergo this operation or any other Sandhi operation. It retains its own form that is Prakriti Bhava because of the Sutra 1-1-11 there is no substitute or no Sandhi happening. That is why those examples cannot be taken. And finally we have Long E followed by Long E where we have Gauri plus Iha the example within a compound and so we have Long E followed by Long E because this is a compound so Samhita is obligatory and so we get the output after the application of 6-1-1-0-1 namely Gauri, Iha, Gauri, Iha. Similarly Kartri plus Ekshate these are the two words in a sentence and Samhita is intended by the speaker so Long E is followed by Long E they both are in Samhita mode and therefore in place of both of them Long variety is substituted. If you count the Mathras that the time span needed for pronunciation of both these vowels this Long E needs two Mathras as far as the traditional calculation is concerned and this Long E also requires two Mathras for its pronunciation. So put together there are four Mathras of substitute event and ideally we would need a substitute to match both of them of four Mathra length but the Sutra does not specify that it says that in place of both of them substitute the Dirga and that is the reason why we substitute only E over here. So we have Kartri, Ekshate that is Kartri, Ekshate that is the resultant output generated by the application of Akassabharana Dirga 6-1-1-0-1. To summarize we studied the template examples of 6-1-1-0-1 in this particular lecture. We also studied the specific examples that fill into these templates we have not seen all the examples and we have not also seen all the templates but we have seen them partially these examples explain the process of Sandhi at different levels within a Pada, Haja plus A etc in between Padas, two Padas part of the sentence in the compound and so on. Next we study the remaining specific examples of Akassabharana Dirga 6-1-1-0-1 in the coming lecture. Thank you for your patience.