 Good morning everyone and welcome to this workshop on pedagogy for effective use of ICT in engineering education We have about 140 remote centers that have joined and a warm welcome to all of you and We hope to be with you for the next four weeks Not just three days now, but three days now a week online another three days and another week The first session today will be by professor DB Farthak from the computer science and engineering department of IIT Bombay and Professor Farthak doesn't need any introduction at all to this audience. He's the PI and The chief architect of the teach 10,000 teachers program and you would have seen him perhaps in many other workshops So I'll hand over the mic to him. He will deliver the inaugural session Welcome. Thank you, professor Sanna and good morning and welcome to all of you so in this introductory session I wish to tell you about the Indian efforts in using ICT in education particularly in engineering education The objectives of course are to enhance and Improve the quality and enhance the reach of education using ICT now You note that there are three things which are required in the educational process, which are fundamental One is of course the good quality content the second is Dissemination problem in which you need to take these contents to people The third is the excess problem in which the learners need to affordably Excess these contents which are being disseminated from their own place of work If we regard these three as the fundamental pillars of use of ICT in education Then there is a fourth and the most important factor, which is the glue which combines all these three and This glue is actually the teaching and the learning that happens in our Educational institutions currently as well as learning that happens when the students or learners attempt to learn things on their own Using the affordable excess that has been provided What I wish to emphasize is that the role of teachers will continue to be paramount in one Taking the advantage of the technology to all learners to to be mentors to the learners in the process of self-learning and three Blend the technology efforts in the conventional education processes that obtained in our colleges today It is in this context that we should see how we have tried to innovate and develop affordable solutions We have tried to use an enhanced open-source content and software tools and we have initiated MOOCs And we are planning to deploy them on large scale. So these are the Essentials of the Indian efforts. Let us very quickly go through the Details of some of these first and foremost we must appreciate the problem of scale in India All of you would be familiar with this but just to rekindle your memory We have one of the lowest gross enrollment ratios in the world in higher education today We have about 20 million students in higher educational institutions The proposed increase in gross enrollment ratio will have about 30 million that is only three crore people by the way out of these 1.25 million students annually enrolled in about 3500 engineering colleges and 1500 other professional colleges as opposed to this 20 million students studying nine standard alone in the school and Please understand this Gigantic figure 352 million Indians are younger than 14 years Out of these hundred billion Indians are younger than four years Now all these people 352 million people are waiting to receive high quality education at The place wherever they are trying to learn that is the gigantic challenge No other country by the way has this kind of challenge including China which is slightly an aging society It has less number of younger people Striving to learn something new Let us look at the three pillars as I mentioned first the content you must be aware of the national mission on education through ICT Under this the national program on technology enable learning or NPTEL has created over 1200 courses Originally these were created as lectures which are video recorded or web lectures, etc. Etc. It was found that while the content were open sourced and people were able to access them They are not accessing them because students in the regular engineering colleges felt that they were not getting Material which was relevant for their own syllabus and their own examiners NPTEL in its second phase is Correcting that process it is actually factor in the conventional Examination pattern and the syllabi obtaining in various universities and are redesigning these There is an important initiative on spoken tutorials taken by my colleague Professor Kannan Mouthgalyar Those of you are interested can see the spoken tutorials website It's an exciting mechanism of preparing a low payload contain because it does not have video of the teacher It has only the slides and the audio Presentation it's a ten minute tutorial designed on the Khan Academy style But because it is a low payload low volume Material it can be downloaded in terms of umpteen such tutorials Forming a continuum of a course Currently they emphasize training people in open source software But this technology is being adopted by our T-10 KT workshops and others including our MOOCs preparation to prepare low payload video recorded lectures or explanations etc There is an important initiative on virtual labs Which permits people to conduct laboratory experiment from wherever they are Although they might not have access to the costly equipment which is required to conduct those labs A large number of institutions typically led by all IITs have been participating in it This important initiative is coordinated by IIT Delhi and I would urge all teachers who are attending this workshop And to tell their colleagues also to try and explore these Exciting virtual labs which will make it possible for students to understand things better Even though they might not have the experimentation facilities in their own colleges Let us look at the dissemination problem This is being solved by the national knowledge network which provides connectivity to hundreds of universities and thousands of colleges Interestingly fiber connectivity is being established to hundred thousand panchayas We know we have six lakh villages and one lakh panchayas each panchayat each block Will actually have a fiber connection within next one and a half years more importantly The end point will not just be panchayat, but the end point will be connecting one school and one hospital in each panchayat So within about two years we would have very high Bandwidth connectivity available across the country the internet availability is also increasing rapidly Having said all of this, please understand that the internet bandwidth Available even in our institutions of higher learning is rather limited In fact, it is said that the best Bandwidth is actually a train full of CDs and DVDs being taken from one place to another That is because you take your own engineering college You would have excellent local area network in which hundreds of students can pile on to a local server connected on a high bandwidth LAN or VAN However, when it comes to access to internet, the entire college might have 10 Mbps, 20 Mbps, 50 Mbps, 100 Mbps kind of link Which is completely inadequate if you have 4000, 5000 students all wanting to do something simultaneous IIT systems are lucky, we have a 1gbps bandwidth and even then we fall short of the panel So till such time that the internet bandwidth increases significantly And the access is provided to every working student from a college We may have to depend on the local area network bandwidth What it means is that very good quality content may be available on national servers including clouds But they must be replicated in local servers for people to easily access those content The access amounts to providing affordable devices to these learners Now most institutes of higher learnings have servers and PCs on local area network as I mentioned We have conducted successful pilots with affordable access devices Many of you would have heard and seen Aakash, we have more than 300 Aakash sort of centers Which are actually many of them are our own remote centers And if you are working from a remote center, you should be able to see Aakash tablets In fact, many of us have used these tablets to conduct online quizzes and so on The affordable tablets need to become available to all the people commercially Government is taking some steps to make these access devices They are now taking the form of network computers Professor Kannan again is spearheading this effort About 5000 rupees a network computer which runs Android as well as Linux is now available We are testing that Simultaneously large clouds or server forms have been created, are being created In fact the national mission cloud is almost ready, experimental release has happened And we might soon be hosting our national books or massive open online courses on this cloud Here is an experiment that we did some time ago on affordable clicker devices These are devices which we use for conducting online quizzes in the class The first one was designed in about 700 rupees And the second one was designed and developed in about 1200 rupees I have given dollar prices which are slightly inflated But these devices permitted us to conduct online quizzes In fact, I recall fondly that only when Professor Sahana Murthy came back and joined us We did some initial meaningful experiments in conducting online quizzes using clicker devices These have now been ported on to the Aakash tablet Here is an example of affordable engineering experiment You would have heard of Arduino boards which are about 35 to 40 dollar experimental boards Which are available in open source design Our teams here under Professor Kannan Mautgalli have designed an Anu Duino Anu is the atom in Hindi So Anu Duino is a small or a micro version of Arduino board Actually the board is just this small That's all And this board houses a particular LM35 sensor which can sense temperature This is connected on a USB cable to the Aakash tablet The software which runs on this tablet is actually a temperature data gathering and displaying software Which can run on any Android tablet The point that I am making is not only the tablet is affordable But this entire gadget including the Anu Duino board, the sensor and the USB cable cost only 90 rupees I would like to emphasize that engineering experiments which have been traditionally done using very costly equipment Can be successfully replaced by much more affordable equipment without geo-paradising the essence of the experiment that is being conducted and that is being learnt by the students And I would urge you to think more innovatively on adopting such digital technologies for a variety of educational purposes The Aakash as many of you may know also runs Sylab, it runs on Android, it also runs on Linux Both of which are operating systems available on the Aakash tablet as well as on the network computer Just to emphasize the economic gains or the affordability Sylab is actually a software which corresponds in functionality to the more popular commercial product called MATLAB Which is used by scientists and engineers all across the world Many of our own teachers and students use them in educational institutions But sadly without bothering about the license they just copy which is a plagiarism which is wrong Those who need MATLAB must obtain a license properly by paying the fees and then use it But otherwise they are encouraged to use open source variant Sylab practically permits everything that MATLAB does and it being open source it costs 0 rupees Anybody can download it on your machine and run it, we have ported it successfully on Android and Linux platforms on tablets Here is a network device which we are experimenting with as I said Unlike an Aakash tablet it does not have a touch screen but it has a keyboard This keyboard facilitates students to input their assignments, their reports, etc, etc Much more easily than what a tablet does Currently it costs us about 5000 rupees plus taxes which is still an affordable device as compared to any other laptop that we can Incidentally this runs full-fledged Linux, it has USB ports, you can actually connect a terabyte drive externally to this You can connect it to internet through Wi-Fi and or using a dongle you can connect it to 3G or water service We believe that these devices will herald a new era in using ICT effectively by the learners You are all familiar with T-10KT project, in fact we are conducting this workshop under this project We have established 300 remote centres and we are in the process of establishing more As you know these are teacher training workshops in which up to 10,000 teachers can be trained simultaneously in a subject It is a two week faculty development program, interactive live lectures such as these are broadcast from IIT Bombay or IIT Kharagpur which are the two hubs And labs and tutorials are held at the remote centre, we have trained over 85,000 teachers in this fashion so far And our mandate is to train 150,000 teachers in another year and a half This is a map, this is a slightly older map but these are our remote centres, you can see they are spread across the country But there are few areas in the country where we still seek to establish more remote centres Typically when we conduct a workshop, two months before the main workshop such as this We actually collect all the workshop coordinators from different remote centres, bring them to IIT Bombay This makes sense in any subject specific workshop because we want to ensure that the labs, assignments, tutorials which are done at the remote centre in the afternoon in the main workshop are conducted with the same rigor and have the same quality As if they were being conducted in IIT Bombay So what we do is we collect all these workshop coordinators and make them go through a drill of a one week rigorous drill in which we conduct jointly the experiments, lab sessions and tutorials sessions That would eventually be given out to all the participating teachers We have seen that this helps very much because different teachers teaching in different colleges have a slightly different notion of how a subject is being taught This kind of coordinators workshop brings everybody at the same pace We also exchange ideas about what is the syllabus that is being used in their colleges, what is the exam pattern etc And we try to tell them the advantage of using the IIT style of education where students are constantly challenged with tougher and tougher problems So that they live up to the challenge and learn more Of course in the Paragaji workshop where this is not a regular subject that is being taught We did not conduct this kind of coordinators workshop, I believe we conducted only online workshop That is because the workshop coordinators, you people and us All of us are roughly at the same pace because Paragaji for using ICT effectively is something completely new It is not that we have some experience in IIT Bombay but it is not that we have become experts So issues in Paragaji are still evolving All that we are attempting to do with this workshop for example is to share with you the learning that we have had through our experiments And urge you to do similar experiments at your place Coming back to the coordinators workshop, after the coordinators workshop the main workshop is held This typically shows the teachers at a remote centre I have particularly liked this particular remote centre because you see a large number of lady teachers participating In fact we have got queers from many participants who said that being ladies it is impossible for us to leave our town And go to IIT Bombay or IIT Kharagpur or any such place for a two week workshop We could attend this workshop only because it is being organised in a remote centre which is in my own town etc We are very happy to note that and that means a very large percentage of lady teachers who can otherwise not participate in such national workshops Are enabled by using this technology So you can see the power of the technology being used even in these teacher training workshops We have started using online approach for T10KT workshops So some of these workshops are conducted in the mix mode Part of the workshop let us say for one week is done online The actual duration is about 5 to 6 weeks And then the other week is phase to phase In this particular instance also as you will notice We have 3 days of phase to phase interaction Then we have an online activity and then again we have a concluding 3 days of phase to phase interaction We find that effectiveness is enhanced particularly for those participants who are serious Meaning they seriously do the online portion of the work without which they will not be impacted or benefitted as much as they ought to We currently use Moodle which does not scale beyond 2000 concurrent users We propose to use the Swayam MOOCs platform which I will describe shortly I digress a bit and I would like to share with you the grand challenges for engineering Which were released a few years ago by National Academy of Engineers Even I was not aware of these Recently I participated in a delegation meeting of Indian National Academy of Engineers with the US National Academy Where the emphasis came on how these engineering challenges are going to be met by engineers and professionals in this century And towards these what steps are we taking to educate our students, engineering students better Let us look at these grand challenges very quickly Making solar energy economical, providing energy from fusion Developing carbon sequestration methods, managing nitrogen cycle, providing access to clean water Restoring and improving urban infrastructure, advancing health informatics Notice all of these are complex problems. There are 14 challenges. Let me list the remaining 7 Engineer better medicines, reverse engineer the brain. This is the most ambitious of the engineering challenges Reverse engineering the brain to understand how brain functions so that we can better appreciate how even learning happens Or how decision making happens etc. Preventing nuclear terror, securing cyberspace, emerging important area Enhancing virtual reality I have written in bold the 13th grand challenge which is advancing personalized learning I will comment more on it later on in the talk But this is the grand challenge which is directly in the realm of the educational processes And we as teachers are fundamentally responsible for ensuring that we can solve this mystery and puzzle of advancing personalized learning The last challenge is engineering the tools for scientific discovery itself It is well known that major scientific discoveries could happen in the last century Because the tools which were engineered to provide measurements, experimentation etc to further the scientific discovery This process is expected to go on and in fact gather more steam in this century As I said I will comment on these challenges or the nature of these challenges and how we approach these later in the talk But just notice one thing all these grand challenges which have been listed by the US National Academy of Engineers Are multidisciplinary in nature There is no challenge which says I am an electrical engineering problem or I am a mechanical engineering problem or I am a civil engineering problem Or I am a physics problem or I am an economics problem I would like you to appreciate that when we discuss this later Massive open online courses many of you have heard and many of you have participated Indian learners participating in the global efforts by the way are about 20% All the courses were offered by EDX or Coursera or Udacity or any number of new players were coming Offering through global consortium of top universities such online courses In India the NPTEL certified course was run as an online course about 1500 students were certified through a supervised online examination The course builder was used and the Google platform was used to run this course IIT Kanpur jointly with Commonwealth of Learning have developed a platform and they have started offering some courses Professor Prabhakar is leading the effort here For the NPTEL I believe Professor Mangal Sundar and others are leading this effort Professor Prabhakar actually offered a course on MOOC on MOOCs I mean it's a massive open online course on massive open online courses So how to do when you are registered for these courses how to learn how to design these courses etc It's a very beautiful course I would urge most of you to actually go and look at The archived version of this course is very useful IIT Madras is simultaneously working on QEEEE a platform is being developed to integrate a view of Amruta University IIT Bombay has built a Bodhi tree platform which was developed by my colleague Professor Kameshwari For the T10KT we actually used it in the computer networks course that she offered We will be incorporating the features of this Bodhi tree platform and of course the common things about the IIT Kanpur work Or anybody else's work into the larger effort which we call Swayam Swayam is the Indian name it stands for study webs for active learning for young aspiring minds You can notice that we have used an American method of forming acronyms First we form an acronym and then figure out what should be the long expansion of that name But this does make sense this Swayam is an Indian open source platform which is based on OpenEDX It has been built using Python and Django framework and IIT Bombay has been working on this Under T10KT project because our project review committee guided that we should start developing our own open source large scale platform to use in T10KT at least Now this will cater to native languages and this will permit offering of blended MOOCs I had written a paper many of you may be aware of it it will also be available for school education and for vocational training So large scale national rollout will unfold very shortly before that some major problems are being sorted out These are the glimpses of Swayam which is built on OpenEDX You can see that this platform currently permits people to understand MOOCs both in English and in Hindi So this is a registration page in Hindi We will soon be designing a platform project that has been approved under the National Mission to IIT Bombay It has not yet started but over the next three years we propose to make this platform completely amenable to Indian requirements and particularly catering to multiple Indian languages so that the content if translated properly into different Indian languages can be made available in the form of massive open online courses on this platform in any chosen Indian language that the learner chooses to use There are several policy issues currently the credits and marks are not recognized by universities and colleges which insist that the students must appear for the normal examination then only their grades should be recognized If we can supervise online examination and if local assignments and assessments can be conducted by the local teachers then a MOOC grade can be accepted this is largely the thesis that I have presented last year and it is being accepted increasingly You may soon find a blended MOOCs being accepted by the University Grants Commission and by the University Once the credit recognition happens then transfer of credits across universities which is high on the agenda of the Ministry of Higher Education currently as all of you know and recognition of credits which are earned by learners who are actually not part of a university system today So if I am not a registered student but I earn credits through MOOCs would a university recognize these credits and give me a degree Currently open universities do that but that too through their own brand of teaching and learning and not through MOOCs We believe a lot will happen now the issues are being addressed currently through various regulatory bodies Let me very briefly describe MOOCs at IIT Bombay We collaborate with open edx community China and France have been the early adopters they already rolled out their national MOOCs platforms We have successfully used this platform for blended MOOCs locally in IIT Bombay Last year we taught about 540 students of computer programming my colleague Professor Supratik and I conducted this course and we have excellent results commensurate with what has been observed earlier by Professor Kannan Maudgaly who used the flip classroom or Professor Sridharayar and Sanna Murthy have done concrete experiments on how engagement of students increases We are trying to build consistent multilingual framework which still remains a challenge Now this may be of interest to you Since Swayam launch has been delayed it has been decided that IIT Bombay extension services will offer 3 online courses These are the courses which we have already offered to global learners on edx These with their Hindi translation will be available in subjects of computer programming, thermodynamics and signals and systems Now this only means that many of the students who are studying these subjects in your colleges may benefit if they choose to attend these or to register for these But more importantly we are also simultaneously going to run 3 special T-10KT workshops These will be recognized workshops by IST These workshops will be titled Effective Teaching and Mentoring of Learners in Computer Programming in Thermodynamics and in Signal Senses We will be opening up these workshops only for those teachers who have successfully completed the 3 training workshops that we had earlier conducted in computer programming and thermodynamics from IIT Bombay and signals and systems from IIT Kharagpur These 3 special workshops will soon be announced I will be sending an email to roughly about 4000-5000 teachers of each of these subjects who successfully completed that workshop They will have an exciting opportunity to learn on how to teach a blended MOOCs course in their own colleges Plus how to mentor students on discussion forums in the online courses So there will be a training workshop that will soon be announced for our participating teachers If some of you have attended these workshops, please start thinking about how you would like to participate and contribute I will be sending an email shortly to all the teachers Advanced personalized training is something that was mentioned as one of the grand challenges And as I said earlier, this is something which directly concerns us as teachers This requires us to appreciate the way people learn because they do not learn the same way Some people learn slowly, some people learn fast Some people have a better background, some people have an inadequate background Some people solve quizzes directly, some people are methodical, they go through the lessons, everything, everything That means the current system which can only capture the symptom that is the test score Does not tell us about how the people learn An online platform on the other hand can capture the entire sequence of actions At which point a student did what is actually captured Now this results in a very large amount of data We already have got data from the global courses that we have offered The MOOCs platform will continue to collect more such data What is required is to do a heavy analytics of these event logs And this big data analytics which is an area for immediate attention will permit all of us to understand Not just how an entire class behaves but how individual students behave while learning Just to give an example, if there are 100 students who get 40 marks out of in a paper Whereas all others are getting 60 marks We understand from this symptom that all these 100 students require special instruction But what we attempt to do even through intelligent tutoring systems Is all these 100 students are given the same extra material Now while all of them might have got 40 marks, each of these 100 students might have completely different ways of learning And this personalized training is not actually being personalized It is being addressed to the entire group based only on the symptom That is they received 40 marks in the score Imagine now if I know that these 40 marks were achieved by these 100 students In different ways of learning Then will I not be able to cater to these different ways by giving a personalized additional material to each student Which may be different for different students And that might significantly enhance the learning of each individual student We need to therefore create systems like an active data warehouse For an active educational data warehouse to get to this Of course there are a whole lot of technological innovations and research involved IIT Bombay is committed to do that We will soon request any number of participating teachers in these workshops join hands with us in these major efforts Educational animation is another important thing which can actually happen only through the ICT intervention In a printed book animation at no place This is an area of great importance and relevance You may want to visit a distillation column animated using blender Blender is an open source animation software This is a very good engineering experiment which cannot be explained even through a video If you conduct a video because video will only show a distillation column externally Whereas an animation shows the cross section and what happens inside a distillation column Such educational animations are desperately required to be included in our digital content material As it goes online for the benefit of students You can also provide interactive animations A lot of work is happening already on this And therefore this is an area in which I would like many of you to continue to participate Incidentally Professor Sridhar Iyer used to run a project called Oscar project But now it has been superseded by the open source blender movement Those of you are interested might want to participate in using blender for animation So there are a large number of collaboration opportunities between all of you us Among smaller groups among ourselves First to ensure content portability that is a long term thing Many of you may be aware of SCORN which was actually a standard Which evolved about 15 years ago much before online education Its current version TINCAN looks promising But currently no online platform has any standardization for content So if you design a course in one platform you have to practically redesign it on another platform There is no choice I have already talked about advanced personalized instructions Huge amount of research collaboration and active experimental collaboration is possible Last but not the least the blended MOOCs for engineering education Including pedagogy and teacher training are very very important for us These are something which are doable immediately And the present workshop in fact is a serious attempt in furthering the last part In the last 5 minutes I would like to strongly suggest that our current engineering education which is divided into different categories Such as electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering etc etc Actually creates silos of education I would like to suggest that these silos were created by us knowingly And that is because the human knowledge grows so fast in each of these areas That to do justice properly to a particular field It was important to create a separate branch of that field That is how the original engineering which was essentially mechanical engineering Regarded as mother of all engineering evolved into civil engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering and so on In fact engineering itself came out as an applied sciences thing Please understand that the grand challenges which I had mentioned can be tackled by our future engineers whom we are currently training Only when they understand to apply their mind for the multidisciplinary problem solving Which is unfortunately an experience which is completely lacking in our current education More important than that even when we teach a subject We often do not relate the teaching of that subject to the entire dimension of the field itself For example when I am teaching databases Do I actually emphasize interesting things that are happening in the computer science and engineering And how to relate the learning that we do in this particular course with the larger one Once you understand that you will understand that you need to then relate it to problems in mechanical engineering Problems in electrical engineering, problems in aerospace engineering and so on And more importantly is a realization I had recently where Professor Richard Miller actually outlined The true nature of these engineering challenges he mentioned and its impact on the education So let us look at what exactly are we doing and what exactly ought to be done So let us look at engineering and science Engineering and science actually define the feasibility of solving a problem So what are the technologies that need to be used? How exactly I can create instruments, equipment etc etc to solve a problem These all come from the scientific principles and are engineered into large systems It is important because this is the crux of any problem solving in the real world where engineering and science is required But please also appreciate that simultaneously for the real world to actually work on the solutions And to adopt these solutions you require commerce and finance What commerce and finance do is they establish viability You might build a solution, imagine a lacquer stablet which was designed with all kinds of fancy contents and so on But it costed 10 lakh rupees, it would be completely useless Now affordability can be obtained through engineering innovation But the need for the affordability is established by proper financial analysis and commercial viability That is why viability is established by commerce and finance I mentioned this to emphasize that in our engineering and science education we hardly talk of these things We have probably one course, one elective in industrial economics and probably one course in management Which is done very perfectly by people and generally ignored by almost all students and teachers But it is extremely important when it comes to large scale problem solving in this society And then the third dimension which is equally important, humanities and arts What do these fields bring in for the grand challenge problems to be solved? They bring in the desirability As engineers and scientists we appreciate that any technology is actually a dualized sword It can be used for positive things, it can be used for negative things The same technology works for giving us energy, the same technology can work as a nuclear disaster in terms of bombs Why we use a particular technology, what for we use it? What is the desirability of using that technology is actually brought about by the thinkers of humanity By the exposition of arts Unfortunately again we do a mere lip service in our engineering curriculum for these important topics So if I were to draw three circles representing the focus and therefore the attention span of the learners In each of these I will probably get a circle which is science and technology or engineering and science circle Another circle which is probably commerce and finance And a third circle which is humanities and arts I would like to submit that what we are looking for is to enhance this intersection In terms of the understanding, the appreciation in the minds of our students And the learning that goes along with it That in order to solve the grand challenges facing the world in the 21st century They need to truly understand and appreciate almost all the dimensions of all these three spheres And not limit themselves to only one sphere This is where I would seek your kind collaboration, contribution, joint efforts To try, we can demolish this silo But to try to bring in as much knowledge, as much understanding, as much appreciation of these other circles into your education To begin with I would urge all of you to tell your students at least the names of these 14 grand challenges Indian national academy is in the process of identifying some 8 or 10 challenges of these And add one or two more which are relevant to India That list might come out in the month of February this year But what is important is not only all of us teachers understand these challenges But we actually spread the message to all our students through a very dedicated one-hour lecture Saying these are going to be the challenges in front of all of us So why you might be studying civil engineering, computer science or IT or electronics or chemical or whatever Please understand that you will be participating in small or big way in attempting to solve these larger problems And in order to appreciate and solve these problems properly, you need to understand all these three spheres So please remember that we emphasize to our students that while we teach them feasibility They must appreciate viability and they must also appreciate desirability That's all I wanted to share in the beginning session The rest of the workshop is going to be, well I would say rather path breaking for some of you Because many of you may not have used technology in your educational processes But let me tell you without ICT there is no chance for our country To reach out to those 352 million students who are yet waiting None of them have come to the college yet They will all come to the college, many of them will come to engineering And it will be our job to use the appropriate technology and appropriate pedagogy To make them the most effective professionals for the 21st century Thank you so much