 The study reports that SLE patients have increased levels of BAF on circulating CD3 plus T cells and CD14 plus monocytes as well as increased expression of BAF in lupus skin lesions compared to healthy controls. Additionally, an increased serum level of BAF was confirmed in lupus patients. These findings may provide insights into the pathogenesis and predictors of BAF antibody treatment response, as well as potential targets for skin therapies. This article was offered by Yongjian Chen, Mingyang, D.I. Long, and others.