 This study found that patients who had high levels of surgical fear prior to their operation were more likely to experience post-operative pain. Additionally, those who had lower levels of optimism and self-efficacy were also more likely to have post-operative pain. Furthermore, patients who reported having higher levels of pain before their operation were also more likely to experience post-operative pain. This article was authored by Hinarch Wolf, Hans Christian Dinges, Thomas Wiseman, and others.