 The development and dispersal of the Indo-European languages are variously attributed to the upper Paleolithic, as we shall hear a little bit today, the Neolithic as the Renfrew and the Bronze Age, the Co-Gam hypothesis, the last of which is currently the most favoured by linguists. Identifying the point of origin, the Proto-indo European homeland, and the timing of the dispersal of Indo-European has depended largely on archaeology, i ddweud yn digon'u ddim yn rhaglen ddiwedd. Y gweithio'r llwstwynt yw'r hyfforddiad yn ystafell hynny. O'n ddatblygu y gwylliannod o fath o'r rhaglen a'r gwahodd. Gweithio'r rhydd yn ynnig o'r gweithio'r hyfforddiad, mae'r llwyddoedd hynny yn mae'n ddwylch o'r fath o'r rhaglen a'r llwyddoedd yn ymgyrchol mae'n amser yn gweithredu. ..on y basis yn y ffordd y genedig. Mae ydw i'r anhygoelio yn y cyfnodau yng Nghyrch Llywodraeth.. ..y'r anhygoelio yma'r ffordd yng Nghyrch Llywodraeth. Mae'r anhygoelio yn y ffordd o gyfnod, ac mae'n cyfnod.. ..y'r anhygoelio'n cyfnod mae genedig i gwybodaeth.. ..a hynny'n mynd i ymgylch yn fan. Yn y gwirio'r anhygoelio'r anhygoelio.. ..y'r anhygoelio ar gyfer genedig sydd yn cyfnod.. gyda unrhyw wedi'u craffu ar y cyfl waveformi celf ar gyfer, mae nid i'n gwybod a'n cael fod yn iawn i'n ôl yn ddud ag nesaf. Mae cyfl�ori siaradau cyfrifol yw celf adfodol diwrnod i'r argyfiad yng Nghymru drwng gyda'r mae'r gyflomid y gweithio gyflym yn ei 있는, haf mae hwnna'n ddasgwch ar gyfer y bydd yng Nghymru a drwng gyda gan Suturau Mhroe. Mae'n angen i'n ddifeniau o'u gyflym yn yr ymdyn ni, ..teis including, not for that paper, is given place, at a given time in prehistory.. ..by infants is material culture and genetics. For the period beforeagitn records give us linguistic information ling Zucker.. ..to give some indication when gho Sut gyda'i tetrages. I hope, in this paper, to set out a methodology that.. ..can be used to identify the language or languages perhaps spoken in a given.. ..area, at a given time in prehistory. here, all too briefly I'm afraid, strongly suggests that a Germanic language, a predecessor of Old English, was spoken in parts of Britain before the Roman period and that it was not brought through Anglo-Saxon invasions in the post-Roman period. So this goes further than Dathlen Ash Briggs' paper where she am ychydig i'r ddalunio gyda gymeneilol sy'n myxio ar Brytoniaid. Mae'r metodologiaeth yn y ddeud yw i'r anlygu llansgapau a'r Brytoniaid yn unig yw dda i gael gweld yn llunio'n gwneud yn y pre-hwyl gafael a'r meddwl. Roedd y llansgapau yng Ngheilwch yn y Llywodraeth Ynglo yw'r ffordd o'r llansgapau. Mae'r llansgapau yn y brithwyd ar Brytoniaid, between the end of the Roman period, conventionally 410 AD and the Norman conquest, 1066. After that it becomes Middle English and then Modern English. If groups of old English place names indicate a landscape that prevailed in prehistory, then this would suggest that a Germanic language and ancestor to English was being spoken. I set out this hypothesis while working on the evolution of settlement and field systems in the landscape of South West Britain. There was clearly great continuity in the division and use of the landscape that extended back into later prehistory. And some place names seem to be describing the prehistoric land use rather than the medieval. The methodology I used was not original. It had been used before by Professor Charles Thomas back in 1985 to provide a chronology for the inundation of Silly, the island group of the southwestern tip of Cornwall. Thomas used place names to determine the date that the landscape of the Silly isles was drowned, dividing it into an archipelago of smaller islands. The technique is effective only for landscapes that have experienced a major well of evidence changes. So here he found that the Bretonic names for shoreline and waterline went only around the outside of the archipelago, whereas English names describing shorelines were facingwards. So he could suggest that the inundation had taken place in the late post-German period. In fact, this has since been proven to be wrong, but there has been recent environmental work done on the Sillys, which was shown much earlier, but the technique is still an important one. Relating landscapes to place names, I call toponym environment correlation analysis, TECA, matching place names to specific environmental situations. Well, like Thomas, I decided to analyse hydronymic terms, in other words, watery place names, in relation to their landscapes. The old English word for an island, which is pronounced A or E, occurs frequently both in major and minor place names in Britain. I've so far recorded over 400 instances. Names with A elements describe four main types of location. Marine islands like Jersey, Lundy, Orkney, Caldy. Islands in wetlands and levels. These include large areas of wetlands like the Fends, the Somerset Levels, the North West Wetlands, and the Humber Wetlands. There are also a number of isolated wetlands such as Romney Marsh in Kent. Island names with the element include Thawney, Wittlesey, Atheldy, lots on the levels and the Fends. Thirdly, there are riverine islands, like Chelsea and Battersea on the Thames. And lastly, islands in Mears. Mears was the old English name for what we now call a lake. Related to the island names of the last type of place names comprising hydronymic elements such as old English mere and old English pole and old English pool, meaning pool. Many A and mere names are found in areas that are now usually in the Saxon period, too, on dry land. Place names study therefore of necessity attributed a wider meaning to the elements. The element mere is judged to mean also seasonally flooded river valleys on Marshland, while A island is deemed to mean also dry grounds surrounded by marsh. So, in order to accommodate this environmental paradox they've actually adjusted the meanings of what island and lake meant. It can be shown that such an extension of meaning is not necessary, since these areas can be shown to have been mears or islands in prehistory. It is only the premise that English was not spoken that prevents this interpretation. In order to test the hypothesis that A names were given to islands before the arrival of the Saxons, a test area would have to satisfy the following criteria. The area must contain a number of A place names. The area must have been unquestionably believed dry since the Roman period. One area that satisfies these criteria, and there are others, is the Upper Thames Valley, where there is a cluster of place names with the A element, including Oxy, Ampley, Masey, Cerny and Aisey, all island names. This is in the Upper Thames, just to show you the location. A plan of that valley and the white area there shows where a lake must have existed, according to these many place names. In the western mea, Oxy, which means Wax Island, Aisey, another name for an island, a sort of double term. Myndity, which is Wild Mint Island, appears islands above the 85-metre contour. Down Ampley, clearly another island name. A north and south Cerny, also probably islands, are difficult to locate due to the disruption by recent gravel extraction. In the parish of Myndity is the field name Ry Close. There's Walkney, which is fullers or Wilkers Island. I'll run through a quick list of them. Just a massive number of hydronimic names concentrated here. Fringing the mea is a series of hydronimic names, such as Pool Keans, Poolton, the field name None and Up Pool, Nun's Pool and the field name Le Marolise, which means, which is leased by the mea. Summerford Keans, which implies there was a forward that was only crossable in the summer when the water wasn't cascading down from the Cotswolds, suggests there was a seasonal fluctuation in the water level. Sturt or steot, Old English, a projecting piece of land frequently over water overlooks the mea from the south side, while Cricklade, the place name scholar Margaret Gelling, indicates that it's possible to cross the mea by boat at this point. There's also a name Wine Shore, which may be bank with a windlass. In the eastern part of the mea are the islands referred to in the place names Rumsey Meadow, an island name Reedy Farm, the fishery Ayot, Ayot meaning an island. This mea is also borded by hydronyms, including Sturt's again, steot, mea, dimmer, oakie, lechlaed, again a ferry crossing, and Beaumont, meaning bull mea. Between the mea lies Marston Maisie, Marston is Marsh Farm, but the Maisie is Moss Island. The name may therefore, sorry, which is echoed in the name of the nearby parish, Maisie Hampton. Like the islands referred to by Ampley and Cerny, it has either been destroyed by gravel extraction, or is submerged by alluvial and colluvial sediment from the Cotswals to the north. The concentration and distribution of hydronyms in the area between oakie and Cricklade strongly suggests the presence at a time in the past of a large body of water, some 23 kilometres long. The presence of the Irmyn Way, the Roman road from Silchester to Sirencester, crossing obliqually through the centre of the western mea, demonstrates that the mea must have been drained before the 1st century AD. More importantly, it's likely that language used in the naming of places around the mea was an ancestor of Old English. This is part of a wider study of languages in prehistoric Britain, which also involved the study of Roman place names, established in the 19th century, established in place names, established in a framework for when certain place name elements were common, like biog, which is commonly used for early Bronze Age burial mounds, barach, which is very commonly used for Iron Age hill forts, and ham and tun, which appear to be later terms. There are, of course, profound implications of this research on the dating of languages in Britain. My research strongly supports the possibility that a Germanic language was spoken in eastern Britain as early as the early Bronze Age from 2400 BC, and it may well be earlier still. This does not necessarily conflict with the Kurgan hypothesis, or the hypothesis that the Indo-European languages were spread through farming, but it is also possible that a Germanic language was spoken in Britain during the last evident settlement of Britain 12,000 years ago. While the arrival in Britain of a Germanic language can be established from this research as having taken place no later than the 2nd millennium BC, it is not yet possible to determine the period more precisely. It is hoped that the other papers and discussion in this session might throw some light on the most likely chronology. Thank you.