 Hi everyone, welcome to basic science series. We are going to start a new lecture series on biochemistry the first topic that I'm Including is protein synthesis Before we start to the lecture part I want to tell you that which book I am following for my notes The book is principles of biochemistry written by David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox. It's a fifth edition of the book. I do recommend that you read this book This is a fantastic book on biochemistry. All right. Let's start the topic Let's talk about proteins proteins are macromolecules They are the end product of most of the biological pathways they are produced inside the cell by cellular machinery and They perform various function to keep the cell alive for that. They must be Synthesized as well as they must be degraded in a tightly regulated manner To produce a polypeptide chain. We require 70 different ribosomal proteins Additionally, we need 20 different enzymes just to activate amino acid precursors We need approximately 100 enzymes just to process the protein after its manufacture and We need additional 40 rRNAs and tRNAs molecule total 300 molecules to make polypeptide change Nearly 90% of cell's chemical energy is required for protein synthesis 1500 ribosomes molecules and 200,000 tRNA molecules in addition to 100,000 protein work together to form 35% of cells trimase in a typical E. Coli cell Inside an E. Coli cell Protein molecules are synthesized Constantly and at a very high speed these molecules Synthesize 100 amino acid long polypeptide in just five seconds Therefore the regulation of protein synthesis is very important There are three major experimental evidences that were provided to understand the protein synthesis First one is 1950s ball Xemic experiment where he studied protein synthesis by using Redulable amino acids what he has done. He injected those amino acid inside animal rat After injection what he has done is he took the lever of the animal out He tested it for Redulable amino acid and what he has found is those amino acid were present in specialized area inside the cell Immediately after the injection minutes after the injection and those areas were known as ribosomes Here is a quiz question on this experiment While lever was selected as this study organ in this experiment to study protein synthesis Why not brain? Why not gut? Why not heart? Why these organs were excluded? Why only the lever was selected? Please answer in comment section Second major experimental evidence was provided by Mahiyan Hoglan and Xemic where they took the Redulable amino acid and Found that it binds to RNA molecule and gets activated later. This molecule was found as tRNA or transfer RNA Third important contribution was provided by Francis Crick He asked a question that how four letters of DNA can transfer the information in the form of 20 letters of proteins How is that even possible? He suggested a model for that. He said that amino acids had the ability to bind to adapter molecule That further binds to DNA molecule to transfer the information in the form of protein later This process was termed as translation Let's summarize the presentation We learned about the proteins what are proteins and why they are so important how they are synthesized inside the cell What are the different? Historical experiments that were performed to understand the protein synthesis. I hope you like the presentation Please stay tuned for the new videos that are going to come into this biochemistry series. Stay tuned. Please subscribe the channel Thank you and namaste