 2nd semester learners, today we will take the unit 14 that is hypothesis, now they are learners, you see a hypothesis is a tentative supposition, the validity of which need to be tested, a hypothesis at its initial stage may be imagined idea or may be guessed, a hypothesis is based on accumulated previous knowledge, a hypothesis is made in order to find out the correct explanation of a phenomenon through investigation, when by verification the hypothesis is found to be true, a theory is obtained, now they are learners, the word hypothesis is a compound of two words hypo and thesis and literally hypo means under or below and thesis means a reason theory or rational viewpoint, accordingly hypothesis would mean a theory which is not fully reason, in other words hypothesis is a theory starting in order to study the facts and examine the validity of the theory, their learners, meal defines hypothesis as follows, a hypothesis is any supposition which we make either without actual evidence or an evidence aboutly insufficient in order to endeavor to deduce from its conclusions in accordance with facts which are known to be real, under the idea that if the conclusions to which the hypothesis leads are known truths, the hypothesis itself either must be or at least is likely to be true according to Kohen and Nagel, a hypothesis directs our search for the order, it is not essential for a hypothesis to be necessarily true, in fact hypothesis is not a claim of truth but a claim for truth, their learners, hypothesis is a bridge in the process of inquiry or search which begins with some health difficulty or problem and ends without the resolution of the problem, their learners the purpose and function of a hypothesis, hypothesis gives direction to the investigation because it indicates which specific data are to be collected besides this hypothesis guides the enquirer in identifying what procedures he should use in the study together data which are relevant to test the positive hypothesis, to sum up hypothesis is the pivot of a study around which the investigation revolves giving meaningful direction to the investigation with regard to what kind and how much of data is to be collected, their learners the function of hypothesis can be explained as follows, you see the most prominent function of a hypothesis is to adequately explain all the facts connected with the hypothesis it enables us to direct inquiry along the right lines, it suggests experiments and observation, it helps to collect necessary evidence in order to discover the order of pressure it leads to the discovery of laws, it explains facts and laws and thus seeks to verify knowledge, their learners hypothesis determines the method of verification as well as the procedure for inquiry, hypothesis limits the scope of inquiry to a manageable area because instead of random collection of data it enables us to search only for relevant facts, therefore it leads to economy of time and money, hypothesis leads to conclusion which is sometimes very significant for the advancement of knowledge thus significance of an object or event can be determined by a hypothesis, their learners you see the section that is a very very important section that is characteristics of a hypothesis now see their learners first one, a hypothesis should be clear statement of relationship between two or more variables, it should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation of the variables or phenomena it should be stated in simple and understandable terms, complex concepts used in the inquiry should be delineated in simple measurable terms, their learners a hypothesis should be consistent with existing facts and theories in other words it should correspond with existing knowledge, it should be stated in a way that it can be tested for each being probably true or probably false so that conclusion can be drawn as empirical statements their learners, steps of hypothesis you see the truth of a hypothesis involves observation, imaginative thinking and anticipation and deductive verification this can be explained as follows the first stage of hypothesis is observation of facts, observation presents some facts before us to be explained, we come in contact with the facts through observations as a result of this contact questions arise in our mind about the phenomena thus the facts call for some explanation, the second stage is the formulation of supposition, a supposition is made to explain the fact which calls for imagination, at this stage the materials supplied by observation are not sufficient to explain accurately the fact to be explained yet we must make some supposition so that we can account for the fact presently, their learners the third stage is deduction, in this stage certain conclusions are deduced from the supposition thus hypothesis involves deduction now we see the fourth stage, the fourth stage is verification their learners, in this stage verification is made whether the deduced conclusion telly with actual facts or not, if we find that the conclusions telly with facts thus supposition is true or is at least likely to be true if it is proved to be true it becomes a law, otherwise the supposition is not true and thus it is proved to be worthless and must be discarded in favour of another now their learners you see the section kinds of hypothesis, a hypothesis assumes three different forms according to the subject matter about which suppositions are made namely hypothesis concerning agent, hypothesis concerning law and hypothesis concerning location now their learners you see the first one that is hypothesis concerning agent, in some fact their learners in some cases though the law of operation is known yet the particular agent who is to operate the law is unknown in such cases a hypothesis is formed regarding an agent and this type of hypothesis is called hypothesis concerning agent for example finding out the cause of material favour or discovering the planet nafsun etc are some of the examples of hypothesis concerning agent the planet nafsun was discovered by Adam's labourier by a hypothesis of the above kind in 1846 now their learners you see hypothesis concerning law, this hypothesis explains how an agent works to produce a particular effect or even in such type of hypothesis through the agent is known to us yet the law or plan according to which the agent acts is unknown in such a case we frame a hypothesis concerning the law of operation or the way or the manner in which the agent acts this type of hypothesis is called hypothesis concerning law now their learners you take an example Newton establish the law of gravitation by hypothesis of this kind here the agents namely the earth calling bodies on earth the sun the moon and other planets were all known but the way in which this agents acted was not known here it was presumed that their motions might be due to their attraction to one another in a particular way such a hypothesis is called hypothesis concerning law and finally on a basis of such supposition the law of gravitation was discovered now their learners you see hypothesis concerning collocation so collocation means their learners an arrangement of circumstances when a hypothesis is made relating to the circumstances necessary to produce a phenomenon it is known as a hypothesis regarding collocation sometimes it in a given case what the agents and the laws are known but the collection is not known it becomes necessary to form a hypothesis concerning the collocation hypothesis of this kind is called hypothesis concerning collocation now their learners you take an example the agents such as the earth the sun the moon etc were all known but the collocation of their heavenly bodies was not known and Egyptian astronomers Ptolemy about 127 A.D. regarded the earth as the center of the universe and suppose that the sun the moon and the other planets evolves from the earth however this supposition was proved to be false by a foolish astronomer that is Copernicus so Copernicus framed a different hypothesis against Ptolemy system regarding the collocation of the heavenly bodies that the sun was the center of the solar system and all other planets revolved around the sun so you see their learners such a hypothesis is called hypothesis concerning collocation on the basis of such supposition it was discovered that the order of the solar system was maintained due to this type of collocation ultimately the Copernican hypothesis was proved to be true and it was accepted worldwide now their learners you see according to another classification of hypothesis based on purposes hypothesis is of three kinds allostaving who is a model logicians distinguishes hypothesis on the basis of their different purposes now you see first one is explanatory second one is descriptive third one is analogical now their learners you see what is explanatory hypothesis so this is the simplest kind of hypothesis an explanatory hypothesis is formed in order to explain a phenomenon these types of hypothesis account for the occurrence of a certain fact by the interpolation of facts when this hypothesis explains the happening of a phenomenon the interpolated facts are such that an observer can observe them under suitable circumstances here the facts which are supposed are of the same types suspects constitute the data of the problem but another type of explanatory hypothesis the interpolated elements are none of the relations between the occurrences to be connected one well known example of this type of explanatory hypothesis is the Newtonian hypothesis so now the learners you take another one that is descriptive hypothesis a descriptive hypothesis is generally formed to describe a geometrical representation of the movements of the heavenly bodies it symbolizes the order connection of the facts one such example of such a descriptive hypothesis is the rather full verb theory to form a mental fixture of the relations between the elements of an atom so their learners so another one that is analogical hypothesis analogical hypothesis may be developed from descriptive hypothesis an analogical hypothesis is that kind of hypothesis where what is true of one set of phenomena may be true of another set because the two sets possess in common certain formal properties for example Maxwell recognized an analogy between certain problems in the theory of gravitational attraction and certain problems in electro statics now you see the learners both the gravitational formula and the formula of electrical attraction and the laws of the inverse squared do the lesser of attraction in both the cases is different however there is a structural identity between these two sets of phenomena by developing this analogical or structural hypothesis Maxwell formulated his electromagnetic theory of light so their learners this is the first part of the unit hypothesis and a second part of the hypothesis of the unit will be discussed later on and it will come afterwards in a next video