 We'll have two presentations that deal with either ocean fisheries or aquaculture, and the first one will be given by Simone Liberalato, who is a researcher at the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics here in Trieste, and his talk will deal with will ocean feed humanity sustainability approaches to fishery. Simone thanks. Good afternoon. Thank you very much for the invitation to give this presentation. That was giving me the title will the ocean feed humanity sustainability approaches to fisheries. Well, I would like to start with the first question, will the ocean feed humanity by looking at the past. From the past we can see that per capita consumption of aquatic products grew from nine kilograms in 1960s to about 20 kilograms today. This growth is actually in parallel with the growth of population so there is the potential to, we had more and more food through time, and that was accessible to the consumers, seafood I mean. If we look, what are the countries for which this seafood increase in consumption are especially the northern countries, the developed countries. And if we look instead what are the countries that you can see here in the map for which the protein is more important when it comes to fish, you see that they are more in the tropics. So the message is, yes, the ocean was feeding more the humankind. It was, it is actually, it was increasing as a commodity in the northern countries in developed countries, but it is a fundamental resource for of protein for the especially the tropical country is not a novelty of course. And it is important to to remind this, because then it is important to know where is the seafood coming from. And if we look at the global capture and and officials in agriculture we can see that yes this commodity was actually growing through time but especially because of our culture. So, most of the seafood that we are eating nowadays is from our culture worldwide I mean. There's another important signal there that you can see on the on the lower part of the graph. And it's the fact that since the 90s, more or less the fishery production is actually stable stagnant. There is no increase that. And so there are many reasons for that, of course, but the main one is is because of several problems with the resource. In fact, if we look better into the into the data. We can see that there is a different pattern between the tropical areas in terms of total catches and the temperature areas. We can see the countries in the northern part of the hemisphere, or in the temperature areas anyway in the up wellings, reach the maximum of catches in the 90s and then there is a kind of decline in total catches that we can have. This despite all the increasing technologies. We can see that they grow there is a grow in especially in the tropical countries for having seafood. And this is the same from the while I mean this is in the in on the left you can see an example for the global. On the right, the example for the Adriatic for the Mediterranean Sea. So there is this old tendency where there is not only a stagnant, but behind this kind of a stable quantity of catches there is a decline of catches in the developed countries with a longer history on countries and then increase of catches in the developing countries. This pose several problems, because on one side is evident that there is scope for improvement. And on the other side it's also pose some problems because they offer in terms of equality. How can we improve it. So what is the problem of this decline of catches, especially in the temperate areas. Well, it is quite evident that there is an increase of overfishing worldwide through time, you can see on the left graph that graph that more mostly there is an increase of proportion of overfishing stocks through time. So there is a kind of an unsustainable fishing going on in almost 33% of the global stocks. What this means that we are actually for this 30% of the stocks working in a situation that is not very good management. What this means that we are very similar to open assets. So on the red dot there. And actually, we are missing the point, the maximum that is the maximum yield that is actually the blue point where actually we can have the maximum catches from the sea. So there is a scope for improvement in terms of increasing efficiency of fishing, of course, and the question is how and what are the problems behind it. Another way of looking it is this one. This is a global analysis of several stock assessments that is showing on the left graph that there are several stocks that are efficient be above a maximum sustainable yield. So above that maximum that I show you in the curve. Despite that there are several stocks that are not really monitored with the data that we have we can understand that there is a need for better management. Some solutions are coming also from from science of course, and within with integration of data. This is an example where the to improve the management to better definition of protected or management areas fishes management areas. The idea is that combining the distribution what we know about the distribution of species, the data about biological data, the oceanographic information in the fishery dynamics. The identification of the best areas for protecting adults or juveniles for example of several species. So in this way we have a kind of quantitative tool that is supporting the definition of the best area to to protect for the benefit of the resource of course in the long term. So there is another problem with the inefficiencies that we see in the in the stable catches and in the overfishing is that because in some instances, we cannot really avoid to catch undersized specimen, or other species that we don't really collect for commercial purpose. This is an issue because we increase the mortality in a in a way that is not necessary. And of course we need to deal with this. There is a limit where we can improve. You can see on the bottom, there are some differences among different fishing gears, but we cannot ask to the fishermen to change fishing gear. But there is potential here also for the science to help. For example, in a similar exercise like before, combining data about oceanography resources and fishing, we can identify areas where there is a larger proportion of juveniles to be protected. Or anyway, we can give direction to the fishery way to go to have a bigger proportion of adults with respect to the juveniles. So to decrease at maximum the discount ratio and to increase the the efficiencies of the of the fishing without touching the technology. Just understanding the best areas for fishing and and so in some ways helping fishermen to be much more selected. By the way, this work that is done with with data that we collect every year, can take advantages of the new technologies like GPS, etc, to improve much and to have a kind of monthly estimation of what what are the best areas for fishing. But there are not the species are not in isolation in the sea. So one of the problem is that most of the management also the example that they show you before just now, even if even if we are considering more species together, they are not really interacting in our tools. And stock assessment actually is not really considering that several fishing years are catching different species. And actually these species are interacting and see. We cannot, we cannot assume that there is no effect when we actually manage one species that is a predator of many others. And vice versa, we cannot expect that there is no effect when we manage a prey. So the idea is that we need to have integrated tools that can represent several species interacting with several fishing gears. Also accounting for the climatic effects. In most of the stock assessment actually is not really considering stock assessment. At the moment three, 4% of the stock assessments include the climatic information, and therefore explicitly. And therefore the idea is that we should move toward tool that can go from global changes to food web interactions to the fisheries. In our experience, we are promoting the use of several different tools that can represent multi species, and can represent multi gear, and therefore can be efficiently used for for supporting fisheries management optimal fisheries management in a context where for sure there are more than a few species as target. And the point here is that these kind of tools are not operational at the moment. And there is a lot of effort to improve their quality, their accuracy, and therefore to make them really operational for the, for the management, but we are on the way. Here a global example, when you include climate change. This is an ensemble of different ecosystem models for the models, and the ones that I just show you before some of these that are representing the global bio masses of different countries, and they are projected in the future keeping constant the fishing effort, but changing what the climatic factors, according to what are the, the IPCC climatic simulations. You see that there are two, two scenarios. And it's quite evident that what will happen in the future is that there is a declining biomass according to most of the models that we we use that they have been used. So the global scale is forecasted that just for the climatic issue, there might be a change in biomass and negative change in biomass for several species that we are exploiting now. Just to give an example when you go more in detail for the Adriatic Sea, we actually combine in climate, biochemical and photographic model and food and ecosystem model. And then we were able not only to represent the climatic effect but different management scenarios. In the in the bars you see that in blue, orange and gray actually there are different management of management actions that you can do at the Adriatic Sea that can improve in different ways the biomass sea of different species. Well, it is amazing when you include and you represent the climate. And all the benefits of any management is actually depleted so that the message here is quite deep is quite in line with the with the one with the result of the global scale, but the messages that be careful and doing any form of management without considering climate change because it's actually not only hampering but destroying all the effort that we will do. And this is achieved actually through several modeling tools. So, and we think that this kind of approach with the end to end models from most sonography to fishery is actually an opportunity to give us actually an opportunity, not only to predict the effect, but to actually to set the best management also considering the climatic issue. So, just to go toward the end, and with the quantitative tools anyway we can also provide effort to evaluate the footprint of what we take from the sea. Taking anchovy, having one kilo anchovy as an ecological cost that is quite different than one kilo of tuna. You can imagine about two order of magnitude higher energy needed for tuna. It can be accounted not only when we eat fish, but also when we calculate where we can define the sustainability of exploitation. We perform a very quick calculation of this total footprint for the for the fisheries here you can see for the Atlantic. And compare them, the footprint with the net primary production, identifying on the on the ratio between the what we call PPR production required and MPP the ratio between them in the define an index of over exploitation. You see that there is a widespread areas across especially across the coasts that are over exploited, and there is potential anyway to have more areas open in the open sea they can support more fishing extraction. These anyways are not going work that we will, we will refine and we probably publish soon but the, what I would like to say is that also the footprint that we can calculate to this complex models allow us also to score the different, not only the different species that we catch, but also the different fisheries. We apply this kind of scoring to 10 fisheries in the Adriatic in Italy and Croatia, and this allows us to give a quantity of quantitative information about the sustainability of different fishing fleet targeting different fishing species. And what what is how this can be useful to sustain to sustainability of fisheries. Well, simply this kind of indicators quantitative can help providing certificates that we were talking also this morning certificates to food products to see food products. And there's, and therefore can help to guide the consumers to towards the, the products that are more sustainable, according to the ecological in this case indicators and just to go to the end. I think we should always consider the fact that our aim at the end is to be is as a group is to do work around the development of integrated tools from oceanography and climate up to the fisheries, but also because these integrated tools can also include different other sectors or effect potential effect of other stressors that need to be accounted. What we actually we're assuming when we are doing asking for MSY or maximum sustainable yield from the catch the fisheries is actually that the target of society is food. But we know that this is not the sole and the only target of society. And in the sense that, unfortunately, the uses of the sea are many. And in some areas there is preference for, I don't know, tourists, for example, or there is the desire to have more employment and forget about the total quantity of catches. And so, it needs to be the very well defined the objective. And in the recent time where we have the possibility. The idea is to compromise the sector together to use tools that can represent all these effects and the pressures and try to look for the best trade off. And the put in front of the people the fact that in some cases, the objective is not really food is other kind of objective. And, and this needs therefore to use quantitative tools help a lot in moving toward co management where the different sectors can compromise one to another for finding the optimal solution. And I think I can close here, my very quickest courses. And of course I can take your question in case. Thank you. Thanks a lot Simone for the excellent presentation. Other questions for Simone. Wonderful presentation. Since I also work with seafood and aquaculture I wonder if you know where is the biggest a suit of food print for farm fish or for pelagic fish or for me as a pelagic fish if you have explored this. A very good question. You think a CO2 emission in terms of all the costs for for the for the productivity of the differently just for aquaculture part and all together yes. No, but I think there is a big degree of difference between different forms of agriculture and different forms of fisheries. So, actually, I don't have the number here because I'm mainly working on the ecological part. I'm not sure I think they are comparable for for some small scale fisheries. When we go to industrial high trolling. I see trawlers. I think in some cases the benefits of the subsidies are actually taking place so the CO2 emission are very high actually in that case. Yes, because recently I, okay, we are thinking about also project proposal. And I found the latest statistics, which compared the footprint from, for example, poultry, the footprint from cattle the footprint and the for fisheries it was nearly zero so it was really small for pelagic and I wanted to double check with you so if you know this. So a pelagic fisheries is a very broad definition. If you are intending the high open, open sea for tuna, I think there might be some kind of, I don't think they are zero, because they, yeah, they are not really zero, but for example, just to give an example very close there is an fishery with beam trolls, and they are consuming an amount of of gasoline of that is amazing so they have a very high footprint, and I don't think is for sure it's not zero but I actually think it's very impacting. And yeah, but yeah there is a very huge degree of difference within the fisheries sector anyway. Thank you so for the presentation please there is. I've been in a project where we look at fish in relation to environment and one thing we were looking at to major was the impact of environmental pollution on the in the fish biological system. That same impact on human health and animal health. Could you suggest any model that can handle that or methodology that can handle that. And also, we also look at biogeographic, rock environment, leakages, and also agrochemical impact leakages into fishies and demutation the cost. That translates into human mutation if we eat it or animal mutation if that feature is used for preparation of animal feed. Is that possible. And these last question I really don't don't know and I don't have an answer to be honest. Regarding the pollution, the same tools that your previous question. Of course, when it comes to the toxic or the any kind of pollution that can be bio accumulated. And they need to be done a toxic toxic psychological studies in purpose for any species including human but the same tool that I am presenting actually that we are using can also represent this form of bio accumulation. So, it can represent the flow into the food web of the different pollutants. And then of course when you are fishing you can you can you know that the destiny is the humans actually. Yes, it is possible and tools are very similar to the ones that we are using. And the problem there is really understanding the concentration at sea at a level that is useful in the concentration in all the species to develop the best models, but there are of course tools already. We are using them. Yes. Thank you for the chance. Really, I appreciate your presentation. It's very nice. As we know that fish are very important protein sources the high protein contents. So, I think the main problem. The destruction of the decrement of issue sources on the legs. As we know legs are very high source in fish legs especially this fresh water bodies like rivers big rivers, and also legs are very high source of fish rather than from the oceans and others. So, the main problem for the fish destruction is, you know, there is agricultural practice. There are sedimentation, sedimentation accumulation the water bodies that sedimentation again affects the fish production. The other one is fishing materials especially in developing countries. For example, if you take the fishing materials those fishers we fish fishing materials are being they are not selected. All the fish resources all the species are hunted by the fish tray. So, we can't find fish or other species in the water. They are not selected fishing. The small species are collected by net and we lost those very important fish resources. The other one is destruction of forest resources. There are legs, around the legs there are very dense forest. That dense forest is again distracted by deforestation. Why deforestation? Because of agricultural practices. This is some of the issues. Thank you. Yes, important and global issue actually. If you have seen the last slide that the idea is right that to put together the different kind of uses of the sea and the land by the way. And because not only the lakes, even in coastal areas of different parts of the world that what you do on the land is very important on the resources at sea. For example, the utrophication that was considered a problem in the past is actually a benefit for the species to see the utrophication in parts, right? And when there is an optimal level also of the utrophication that this can be very good for the species in the lakes or in the sea. In that case, these kind of tools are also working well because they can compromise and represent also this kind of process. So to analyze and to combine together the potential effect of let's say runoff of nutrients and the effects of the resources. What is a little bit more complicated is usually is to put together the different pieces, the land, the agriculture and the dynamics, everything to produce a model, integrating everything. But we are on the way of doing it in several instances, like in the climate, we are also trying to do that. Regarding the different gears. Well, this is in the developing countries. I know this can be a huge problem. And it's a cultural problem sometimes. In some countries I've seen using mosquito nets for fishing, right? And this is a disaster because it is an idea that needs to be transferred, that any small fish that we kill today is actually a loss for the future, right? And so there is a lot of work to do also on promoting sustainable gears everywhere. Thanks Simone. I think we'll move to the next presentation. Thanks a lot. And the next presentation is given by Dr. Basilio Randazzo, who is a researcher at the University of Udine in the Department of Agricultural, Animal, Environmental and Food Science.